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'''King, Edward, Viscount Kingsborough'''. Bom Nov. 16, 1795, as eldest son of George, 3rd Earl of Kingston, and Lady Helena Moore, died of typhus at Dublin, Feb. 27, 1837. Matriculated at Oxford from Exeter Coll., 1814, and was M.P. for Cork Co., 1818-20. The sight of a Mexican MS in Bodleian Library determined him to devote his life to the study of Mexican antiquities. Promoted and edited, with copious notes, a magnificent work, Antiquities of Mexico (9 vols., imperial fol., London, 1830-48, and a projected 10th vol.), in collaboration with Agostino Aglio (q.v.), and comprising facsimiles of ancient Mexican paintings and hieroglyphics preserved in various Libraries. The main drift of his argument, however, was the colonization of Mexico by Israelites. This work cost him £32,000. Oppressed with depts, he was arrested in connection with a suit by a paper manufacturer, and lodged in the sheriff’s prison where he died.
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'''Kinneir, Sir John Macdonald'''. English Lieut.-Col., traveller and diplomat, b. at Carnden, Feb. 3, 1782; d. at Tabriz, June 11, 1830. Captain in the 24th Madras native infantry, 1818; attached to Sir John Malcolm’s mission in Persia, 1808-09. Travelled extensively through the Orient and was envoy to Persia, 1824. Took part in peace negotiations between that country and Russia, 1828. Author of: Journey Through Asia Minor, etc., London, 1818.—*A Geographical Memoir of the Persian Empire, London, 1813.
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'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Kladderadatsch'''. Berlin humorous journal, 1848, etc.
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'''Layard, Sir Austen Henry'''. British author, diplomat and archaeologist, b. in Paris, March 5, 1817; d. in London, July 5, 1894. Educated in England and on the Continent. Was in 1842 on diplomatic assignment in Constantinople; explored ruins of Assyria, 1845, studying various tribes and sects like the Yezidis, and excavating at Kuyunjik and Nimrud. Returning to England, 1848, he published Nineveh and its Remains (1848-49, 2 vols.), accomp. by Illustrations of the Monuments of Nineveh (1849). His second expedition in 1849 identified Kuyunjik as the site of ancient Nineveh; this was recorded in his Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon (1855). His later years, 1852-69, were spent in politics as a member of Parliament, Ambassador, Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and Trustee of the British Museum (1866). Layard retired to Venice to devote his time to Italian art.
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'''Lemaistre, J. G'''. *Travels after the Peace of Amiens, through parts of France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. London, 1806. 3 vols.
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'''Lenormant, Franqois'''. Renowned French archaeologist, b. in Paris, Jan. 17, 1837; d. there Dec. 9, 1883. Son of an archaeologist, he became one of the best known scholars of the day in his chosen field. As professor of archaeology at the Bibliothèque Nationale, 1874, was engaged in a number of journeys to Italy, Greece and Asia Minor for purposes of study and research. He was also an authority in Numismatics and wrote on the subject. Lenormant was a prolific writer on both ancient and current history, and was on the staff of several French papers. Among his many works mention should be made of the following: Manuel d’histoire ancienne de I’Orient (1868, 2 vols. 8vo), a work which became a classic of the day (2nd ed., 1881-87). Chef-d’oeuvre de I’art antique (1867-68, 7 vols. 4to).—Les premières civilisations (1874, 2 vols. 8vo.)—Les Sciences occultes en Asie, a very important and epochmaking work which consists of two parts separately issued: La Magie chez les chaldéens et les origines accadiennes (Paris: Malmaison, 1874), tr. into English by W. R. Cooper as Chaldaean Magic; its Origin and Development (London, 1878), and La Divination et la science des présages chez les chaldéens I Paris, 1875).—Les Origines de l’histoire, etc. (1880-82, 2 vols.).
Lenormant founded in 1881 the Gazette archéologique and became a member of the Académie des Inscriptions. He died prematurely of a disease he had contracted on one of his expeditions.
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'''Lewes, George Henry (1817-78)''', Vide Vol. VIII, p. 463, of present Series for biogr. data.
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'''Lindsay, James Ludovic''', 26th Earl of Crawford and 9th Earl of Bal- carres, born at St. Germain-en-Laye, July 28, 1847, deceased at London, January 31, 1913. Astronomer, collector and bibliophile, descendant from one of the oldest families of the British Isles; he was the only son of Alexander William Crawford Lindsay, 25th Earl of Crawford and 8th Earl af Balcarres, by his wife Margaret, eldest daughter of Lieutenant-General James Lindsay, of Balcarres. Educated at Eton; attended for a brief period Trinity College, Cambridge, then entered the Grenadier Guards; resigned commission after being elected M.P. for Wigan, a seat which he held until he succeeded to his father’s earldom, 1880. Greatly attracted to astronomy, he organized a station at Cadiz, 1870. for observation of the eclipse of the sun, rendering valuable assistance to the expedition sent by the British Government. Erected, 1872, an observatory at Dunecht, near Aberdeen, equipped with the newest telescopes; became associated with Mr. (later Sir) David Gill, and in 1874, proceeded with him and Dr. Ralph Copeland to Mauritius, {{Page aside|535}}to observe the transit oi Venus. Presented to the nation, 1888, all his telescopes, instruments and astronomical library, for the purpose of establishing an improved observatory at Edinburgh. During the rest of his life, made large collections of proclamations, broadsides, and documents of the French Revolution; his valuable collection of postage stamps, as well as of philatelic books, he bequeathed to the British Museum. Was an enthusiastic bibliophile, adding greatly to the remarkable library inherited from his father. The inception of this library, one of the largest privately owned libraries in the British Isles, can be traced to John Lindsay, Lord Menmuir of Balcarres, second son of David, 9th Earl of Crawford (born 1552). He was one of the Octavians who with the Privy Council governed the land during the minority of James VI. James Lindsay issued a number of Catalogues and handlists, as well as a collation of the rarest books with notes, in a valuable series of four large volumes, entitled Bibliotheca Lindesiaaa, containing the description of the vast holdings preserved at Haigh Hall, Wigan. Though not a professional mathematician, he had considerable mechanical skill and took an interest in the development of electrical engineering, acting as Chief British Commissioner at the electrical exhibition at Paris, 1881. He also rendered active service by scientific explorations in his yacht Valhalla. Elected President of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1878 and 1879, Fellow of the Royal Society, 1878, and Trustee of the British Museum, 1885. It was at one of the meetings of the Trustees that he was taken gravely ill, Jan. 30, 1913, and died the next day, at 2 Cavendish Square. He was buried at the old Chapel of Balcarres House, Fife. James Lindsay was married, 1869, to Emily Florence, second daughter of Col. the Hon. Edward Bootle Wilbraham, by whom he had one daughter and six sons. He was succeeded as 27th Earl by his oldest son David Alexander Edward (b. 1871) who was a member of Lloyd George’s Coalition Cabinet, 1916-22.
Very little seems to be known regarding the occult leanings of James Ludovic Lindsay, and no information of any kind is available on this subject in official sources. However, we learn some very interesting facts concerning him in one of the letters from Master K.H. to A. P. Sinnett (Letter No. VIII, received through H. P. Blavatsky, about Feb. 20, 1881; see Mahatma Letters, pp. 26-27).
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'''Lucian of Samosata (120-200 a.d.)'''. *Sale of Philosophers. Loeb Classical Library.
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'''Lundy, Dr. John Patterson (1823-1892)'''. *Monumental Christianity, {{Page aside|536}}or the Art and Symbolism of the Primitive Church as Witnesses and Teachers of the one Catholic Faith and Practice. New York: J. W. Bouton, 1876. xviii, 453 pp.
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'''Luys, Jules-Bernard'''. French physician, b. at Paris, Aug. 17, 1828; d. at Divonne-les-Bains, 1895. Graduated in 1857. Chief physician of hospitals, 1862. Specialized in anatomy, physiology and pathology of cerebro-spinal nervous system. Taught at the Charité and the Salpêtrière on the subject of mental diseases. His Recherches on the nervous system, publ. in 1865, was crowned by the Institute. Interested in hypnotism, he publ. in 1890 the results of his studies as Leçons cliniques.
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'''Mackenzie, Kenneth Robert Henderson (?-1886)'''. Prominent Mason known as “Cryptonymus.” Founder of present Order of Rosicrucians in England and author of a rare work entitled *The Royal Masonic Cyclopaedia of History, Rites, Symbolism and Biography, London, 1877 [1875-77], 8vo.
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'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mahâbhârata'''. Edited (with the Harivansa, its supplemental portion) for the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, Calcutta, 1834-39. Transi, by K. M. Ganguli and Pratap Chandra Roy. Calcutta: Bharata Press, 1883-96. 12 vols.; 2nd ed. Calcutta: Datta N. Bose & Co., 1923, etc. Also transi, by M. N. Dutt. Calcutta: Elysium Press, 1895-1905. 18 vols.
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'''Markoff, Y. L'''. Vide p. 444 of the present Volume.
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'''Medhurst, Walter Henry (1796-1857)'''. *Dissertation on the Theology of the Chinese, 1847.
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'''Mitra, Piari Chand (1814-83)'''. Hindu social reformer, inspired by Derozio at the old Hindu College. Adopted commercial career, but literature was his real work in life. He contributed largely to local journals and the Spiritualistic journals outside of India, being greatly interested in mediumship. Helped to found the British Indian Association and was in 1868 a member of the Bengal Legislative Council. Sponsored an Act for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Active in the T.S. in Calcutta.
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'''Mitra, Râjâ RâjendralÂla'''. Hindu scholar and antiquarian, b. at Calcutta, Feb. 15, 1824; d. there, July 26, 1891. Educated in his native town in English schools and the Calcutta Medical Coll. Interested for a while in study of Law, but soon devoted his entire attention to mastering Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, German and French. At 22 appointed assistant secretary and librarian of the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal; 1856, app. Director of the Wards’ Institute; retired {{Page aside|537}}on pension, 1880; Pres. of the As. Soc. of Bengal, 1885; played prominent part, 1886, in the second National Indian Congress. Originally from a respected family of the Kayasth or writer caste of Bengal, he rose to the title of Ràjâ in 1888, and was the most learned Hindu of his time. His articles in the Journal of the Asiatic Soc., numbering upward of 100, have been issued as Indo-Aryans (London, 1881, 2 vols.). In addition to many translations of Sanskrit text for the Bibliotheca Indica Series (such as *The Lolita Vistara, new ser., vol. 90, 1848), he wrote The Antiquities of Orissa (2 vols., 1875 and 1880), a similar work on Bodh Gaya (1878), and a work on The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal (1882). He wrote for the Hindu Patriot, exerting considerable influence upon the affairs of India.
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'''Müller, Max [Friedrich Maximilian] (1823-1900)'''. *Chips from a German Workshop. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1867-75. 4 vols. Includes his “Lecture on the Vedas,” and his essay on “Buddhism.”—* Introduction to the Science of Religion. Four Lectures delivered at the Royal Institution. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1873. ix, 11, 403 pp. 8vo. Vide Vol. V. pp. 378-79, of the present Series for biogr. data about the author.—*Sâhitya Grantha. Not identified as such, but is most likely a descriptive term for his Rigveda-Samhitâ (q.v.).
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'''Musset, Louis Charles Alfred de (1810-57)'''. *Rolla, published in 1833 in the Revue des Deux Mondes.
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'''Naquet, Alfred Joseph'''. French scientist and politician, b. at Carpentras (Vaucluse), 1834; d. at Paris, 1916. Graduated as physician; condemned under the Empire for his views and for belonging to secret groups; deputy from Vaucluse, 1871; senator from that Department, 1882. In 1888, he was an ardent supporter of Gen. Boulanger. Was reelected, 1893; demanded in 1894 a revision of the Constitution. Prosecuted for the Panama affair, but acquitted, 1898. Responsible for the divorce law of 1888. Author of: *Révélation antique et révélation moderne. This work has remained untraced.
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'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>New American Cyclopaedia'''. Publ. by Daniel Appleton & Co. Ed. by George Ripley and Chas. A. Dana, 1858-63, 16 vols. Called American Cyclopaedia after 1868. New ed. prepared by same Editors, 1873-76, 16 vols.
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Nina, Saint (276-340). Called the “Enlightener” of Georgia in the Caucasus. She was the daughter of Zavulon, Army Chief of Emperor {{Page aside|538}}peror Maximian. Being a native of Cappadocia, she lived in Jeru saleni until the age of fourteen. She then went to Rome, escaped persecution from Maximian and returned to the East, first to Persia, then to Georgia (315), where she settled in Mtskhet, producing remarkable healings and attracting widespread attention through her preaching. As a result of her efforts, she converted the Emperor, the Queen, and most of the Court, an event which resulted finally in the conversion of the entire population to Christianity. Her work over a period of thirty-five years was peaceful, and she avoided forcing her ideas upon the people. She became the Patron-Saint of the Georgian land.
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