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KENRICK, JOHN. Classical scholar and historian, was eldest SON of Timothy Keurick by his first wife, Mary. He was born at Exeter on 4 February 1788. In 1793, he began his education under Charles Lloyd, LL.D. aud made such progress that in his twelfth year he was admitted to the Exeter academy as a student for the ministry under his father aud Joseph Bretlaud. His first teaching post was at Devonshire 1804. He continued his theological studies till 1807, when he entered Glasgow University. ON leaving Glasgow he accepted a tutorship in classics, history, aud literature at the Manchester College, York. In July 1817, he was granted a year’s absence for study in Germany. He studied history at Gottingen under Heeren. The following summer semester he devoted to classical study at Berlin under
'''KENRICK, JOHN'''. Classical scholar and historian, was eldest SON of Timothy Keurick by his first wife, Mary. He was born at Exeter on 4 February 1788. In 1793, he began his education under Charles Lloyd, LL.D. aud made such progress that in his twelfth year he was admitted to the Exeter academy as a student for the ministry under his father aud Joseph Bretlaud. His first teaching post was at Devonshire 1804. He continued his theological studies till 1807, when he entered Glasgow University. ON leaving Glasgow he accepted a tutorship in classics, history, aud literature at the Manchester College, York. In July 1817, he was granted a year’s absence for study in Germany. He studied history at Gottingen under Heeren. The following summer semester he devoted to classical study at Berlin under
F. A. Wolf, Boeckh, aud Zumpt, aud attended Schleiermacher’s course of philosophy. He returned to York in September 1820, where he remained as tutor till 1840 when the college reverted to Manchester New College. He then became Professor of History, aud held this chair till 1850. Among others, he published The Egypt of Herodotus, &c, 1841; An Essay on Primeval History, &c., 1846; Ancient Egypt under the Pharaohs, &c., 1850, 2 vols; Papers on Archaeology and History, &c., 1864. In 1832, he edited for Bishop Blomfield the fifth edition of the translation of Matthiae’s Greek Grammar, by Edward Valentine Blomfield, the bishop’s younger brother; aud published separately (1833) an hudex of Quotations from Greek Authors contained in it. He died at York on May 7, 1877.
F. A. Wolf, Boeckh, aud Zumpt, aud attended Schleiermacher’s course of philosophy. He returned to York in September 1820, where he remained as tutor till 1840 when the college reverted to Manchester New College. He then became Professor of History, aud held this chair till 1850. Among others, he published The Egypt of Herodotus, &c, 1841; An Essay on Primeval History, &c., 1846; Ancient Egypt under the Pharaohs, &c., 1850, 2 vols; Papers on Archaeology and History, &c., 1864. In 1832, he edited for Bishop Blomfield the fifth edition of the translation of Matthiae’s Greek Grammar, by Edward Valentine Blomfield, the bishop’s younger brother; aud published separately (1833) an hudex of Quotations from Greek Authors contained in it. He died at York on May 7, 1877.
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KLAPROTH, HEINRICH JULIUS, German Orientalist, born in Berlin, October 11, 1783; died in Paris, August 28, 1835. Son of the chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1743.1817). Received an appointment {{Page aside|387}}in the St. Petersburg Academy aud accompanied, 1805, Count Golovkin on an embassy to China. Entrusted with an ethnographical aud linguistic exploration in the Caucasus 1807.1808. Later employed for several years in connection with the Academy’s Oriental publications. Moved to Berlin, 1812; settled in Paris, 1815. In 1816, Humboldt procured for him from the King of Prussia the title and salary of professor of Asiatic languages aud literature. His great work was Asia Polyglotta (Paris, 1823 and 1831) formed a new departure for the classification of Eastern languages. He wrote a number of other scholarly works.
'''KLAPROTH, HEINRICH JULIUS''', German Orientalist, born in Berlin, October 11, 1783; died in Paris, August 28, 1835. Son of the chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1743.1817). Received an appointment {{Page aside|387}}in the St. Petersburg Academy aud accompanied, 1805, Count Golovkin on an embassy to China. Entrusted with an ethnographical aud linguistic exploration in the Caucasus 1807.1808. Later employed for several years in connection with the Academy’s Oriental publications. Moved to Berlin, 1812; settled in Paris, 1815. In 1816, Humboldt procured for him from the King of Prussia the title and salary of professor of Asiatic languages aud literature. His great work was Asia Polyglotta (Paris, 1823 and 1831) formed a new departure for the classification of Eastern languages. He wrote a number of other scholarly works.
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KING, CHARLES WILLIAM. Author of works on engraved gems was born on September 5, 1818 at Newport, Monmouthshire. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, as a sizar in October 1836, and was elected scholar of his college in 1839, and fellow in 1842. About 1842 King went to Italy, aud there spent several years studying the Italian language aud literature aud in collecting antique gems. The collection, formed between 1845 aud 1877, ultimately consisted of 331 engraved stones, more than two-thirds of Which were Greek aud Roman, the remainder being Sassanian, Gnostic, aud Oriental. About 1878, when his eyesight was seriously failing, King sold his collection, aud it is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art at New York.
'''KING, CHARLES WILLIAM'''. Author of works on engraved gems was born on September 5, 1818 at Newport, Monmouthshire. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, as a sizar in October 1836, and was elected scholar of his college in 1839, and fellow in 1842. About 1842 King went to Italy, aud there spent several years studying the Italian language aud literature aud in collecting antique gems. The collection, formed between 1845 aud 1877, ultimately consisted of 331 engraved stones, more than two-thirds of Which were Greek aud Roman, the remainder being Sassanian, Gnostic, aud Oriental. About 1878, when his eyesight was seriously failing, King sold his collection, aud it is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art at New York.


After King’s return from Italy his life was chiefly spent at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was widely read in the Greek and Roman classics, without having however, a minute philological knowledge. He had specially studied Pausanias aud Pliney’s Historia. His short-sightedness always rendered reading difficult for him, though he had “a microscopic power of discernment for objects such as gems. His writings on ancient gems are original, aud evince the experience of the practical collector.
After King’s return from Italy his life was chiefly spent at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was widely read in the Greek and Roman classics, without having however, a minute philological knowledge. He had specially studied Pausanias aud Pliney’s Historia. His short-sightedness always rendered reading difficult for him, though he had “a microscopic power of discernment for objects such as gems. His writings on ancient gems are original, aud evince the experience of the practical collector.


King’s principal publications are: Antique Gems, London, 1860; The Guosties aud their Remains, London, 1664, 2nd edit. London, 1887. (For a controversy as to misprints aud alterations in this edition see London Atheneum, January-June 1888, p. 441, 468, 499, 535, 662, 696). The Natural History . . . of Precious Stones aud Gems aud of the Precious Metals, London, 1865; also a 2nd edit. in 2 Vols., was published as The Natural History of Gems, or Decorative Stones, Cambridge, 1867; aud The Natural History of Precious Stones aud of the Precious Metals, Cambridge, 1867; The Handbook of Engraved Gems, London, 1866, 2nd edit. 1885; Horatii Opera, illustrated by antique gems selected by C.W.K., 1869; Antique Gems aud Rings, Vol. I text, Vol. II illustrations, {{Page aside|388}}London, 1873; Plutarch’s Morals, translated by C.W.K., 1882
King’s principal publications are: Antique Gems, London, 1860; The Guosties aud their Remains, London, 1664, 2nd edit. London, 1887. (For a controversy as to misprints aud alterations in this edition see London Atheneum, January-June 1888, p. 441, 468, 499, 535, 662, 696). The Natural History . . . of Precious Stones aud Gems aud of the Precious Metals, London, 1865; also a 2nd edit. in 2 Vols., was published as The Natural History of Gems, or Decorative Stones, Cambridge, 1867; aud The Natural History of Precious Stones aud of the Precious Metals, Cambridge, 1867; The Handbook of Engraved Gems, London, 1866, 2nd edit. 1885; Horatii Opera, illustrated by antique gems selected by C.W.K., 1869; Antique Gems aud Rings, Vol. I text, Vol. II illustrations, {{Page aside|388}}London, 1873; Plutarch’s Morals, translated by C.W.K., 1882 (Bohn’s Classical Library); Julian the Emperor . . . Theosophical Works, &c., translated by C.W.K., 1888 (Bohn’s Classical Library). King died in London, after a bronchial cold, on March 25, 1888.
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(Bohn’s Classical Library); Julian the Emperor . . . Theosophical
'''KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS'''. German scholar aud mathematician, born at Geisa, near Fulda, May 2, 1601; died at Rome, November 28, 1680. Educated at the Jesuit College of Fulda, aud became a novice of the order at Mainz, 1618. Taught philosophy, mathematics aud Oriental languages at Wurzburg, from whence he was driven by the Thirty Years War to Avignon in 1631. Settled 1635 at Rome where he taught mathematics in the Collegio Romano, but resigned 1643 to study archaeology. His most famous work is Oedipus Aegyptiacus (1652-1655) which together with other works, first called attention to Egyptian hieroglyphics. Altogether he authored 23 valuable works. Vide, BCW Vol. VII, p. 378.
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Works, &c., translated by C.W.K., 1888 (Bohn’s Classical Library).
'''KNIGHT, RICHARD PAYNE'''. Numismatist, born in 1750, was the eldest son of the Rev. Thomas Knight (1697-1764). Richard Payne Knight, being of weakly constitution as a boy, was not sent to school till he was fourteen, and did not begin to learn Greek till he was seventeen. He was not at any university. About 1767 he went to Italy, aud remained abroad several years.


King died in London, after a bronchial cold, on March 25, 1888.
Knight again visited Italy in 1777, and from April to June of that year was in Sicily in company with Philipp Hackert, the German painter, aud Charles Gore. Knight kept a journal, which under the title of Tagebuch einer Reise nach Sicilien, was translated aud published by Goethe in his biography of ilackert (Goethe, Werke, x’xxvii. 1830, pp. 146-218, cf. pp. 320.4) . In 1780 he became M.P. for Leominster, aud from 1784 to 1806 sat for Ludlow.
 
KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS. German scholar aud mathematician, born at Geisa, near Fulda, May 2, 1601; died at Rome, November 28, 1680. Educated at the Jesuit College of Fulda, aud became a novice of the order at Mainz, 1618. Taught philosophy, mathematics aud Oriental languages at Wurzburg, from whence he was driven by the Thirty Years War to Avignon in 1631. Settled 1635 at Rome where he taught mathematics in the Collegio Romano, but resigned 1643 to study archaeology. His most famous work is Oedipus Aegyptiacus (1652-1655) which together with other works, first called attention to Egyptian hieroglyphics. Altogether he authored 23 valuable works. Vide, BCW Vol. VII, p. 378.
 
KNIGHT, RICHARD PAYNE. Numismatist, born in 1750, was the eldest son of the Rev. Thomas Knight (1697-1764). Richard Payne Knight, being of weakly constitution as a boy, was not sent to school till he was fourteen, and did not begin to learn Greek till he was seventeen. He was not at any university. About 1767 he went to Italy, aud remained abroad several years.


Knight again visited Italy in 1777, and from April to June of that year was in Sicily in company with Philipp Hackert, the German painter, aud Charles Gore. Knight kept a journal, which under the title of Tagebuch einer Reise nach Sicilien, was translated aud published by Goethe in his biography of ilackert (Goethe, Werke, x’xxvii. 1830, pp. 146-218, cf. pp. 320.4) . In 1780 he became M.P. for Leominster, aud from 1784 to 1806 sat for Ludlow.
Knight’s first published work was An Account of the Remains of the Worship of Priapus lately existing in hsernia; to which is added a Discourse on the Worship of Priapus, aud its Connexion with the Mystic Theology of the Ancients, 1786. In 1791, Knight published An Analytical Essay on the Greek Alphabet, London, 4to, with nine plates. In 1808 he printed privately fifty copies (London, 8vo) of his Carmina Homerica, hlias et Odyssea. This consists of Prolegomena, the text being added in the later edition of 1820. Knight printed privately—An Inquiry into the Symbolical Language of Ancient Art aud Mythology, London, (reprinted in Classical Museum, pp. xxiii-xxvii, and in Specimens of Ancient Sculptures, Vol. II, new ed. by A. Wilder, New York, 1876). Knight also wrote {{Page aside|389}}for the Classical Museum, the Philological Museum, aud in the Archaeologia.
Knight’s first published work was An Account of the Remains of the Worship of Priapus lately existing in hsernia; to which is added a Discourse on the Worship of Priapus, aud its Connexion with the Mystic Theology of the Ancients, 1786. In 1791, Knight published An Analytical Essay on the Greek Alphabet, London, 4to, with nine plates. In 1808 he printed privately fifty copies (London, 8vo) of his Carmina Homerica, hlias et Odyssea. This consists of Prolegomena, the text being added in the later edition of 1820. Knight printed privately—An Inquiry into the Symbolical Language of Ancient Art aud Mythology, London, (reprinted in Classical Museum, pp. xxiii-xxvii, and in Specimens of Ancient Sculptures, Vol. II, new ed. by A. Wilder, New York, 1876) . Knight also wrote {{Page aside|389}}for the Classical Museum, the Philological Museum, aud in the Arehaeologia.


Knight died at his house in Soho Square, London, on April 23, 1824.
Knight died at his house in Soho Square, London, on April 23, 1824.
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LACOUR, PIERRE. Artist aud painter, born 1746 at Bordeaux. He studied under Vien who was enjoying a reputation at the time, going to Rome later to study the masterpieces there. Though offers came from Paris, he preferred to return to Bordeaux. Up to that time, the Academy at Bordeaux bad limited itself to drawing, but following Lacour’s professorship there, talented painters emerged in every subject area, from portraits to seascapes. The largest collection of Lacour’s paintings remain in Bordeaux, but several are in the Louvre at Paris. His most celebrated work, done in the dominican style, represents St. Paulin, Archbishop of Bordeaux, welcoming the persecuted to his palace. This was Lacour’s last work, aud he died January 28, 1814.
'''LACOUR, PIERRE'''. Artist aud painter, born 1746 at Bordeaux. He studied under Vien who was enjoying a reputation at the time, going to Rome later to study the masterpieces there. Though offers came from Paris, he preferred to return to Bordeaux. Up to that time, the Academy at Bordeaux bad limited itself to drawing, but following Lacour’s professorship there, talented painters emerged in every subject area, from portraits to seascapes. The largest collection of Lacour’s paintings remain in Bordeaux, but several are in the Louvre at Paris. His most celebrated work, done in the dominican style, represents St. Paulin, Archbishop of Bordeaux, welcoming the persecuted to his palace. This was Lacour’s last work, aud he died January 28, 1814.
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LAPOUGE, GEORGES VACHER DE, archeologist aud ethnologist, born at Neuville (Vienne) December 12, 1854. Student of law aud mediclue at the Lyceum, Poitiers; Law doctorate in 1879. Minister of the Republic at Blanc aud Chambon, 1880-1883. Graduate student in history aud philology (Assyrian, Egyptian, Hebrew) at the laboratory of Milne-Edwards. From 1883-1886 studied anthropology, Egypt. ology, aud Chinese and Japanese languages at the Louvre.  
'''LAPOUGE, GEORGES VACHER DE''', archeologist aud ethnologist, born at Neuville (Vienne) December 12, 1854. Student of law aud mediclue at the Lyceum, Poitiers; Law doctorate in 1879. Minister of the Republic at Blanc aud Chambon, 1880-1883. Graduate student in history aud philology (Assyrian, Egyptian, Hebrew) at the laboratory of Milne-Edwards. From 1883-1886 studied anthropology, Egypt. ology, aud Chinese and Japanese languages at the Louvre.  
Assistant Librarian at the University of Montpellier 1886-1893; Librarian, University of Rennes, 1893-1900, aud at University of Poitiers 1900-1909. He taught anthropology aud sociology of Assyria at Montpellier before his extensive explorations of caves aud tombs at Cevenues and Herault, collecting several hundred crania. He was a contributor to Revue d’Authropologie, aud several other scientific journals in France aud Germany. In La Nature, he described a large skull found at the cemetery of Castelnau, as well as older aud larger bones of a fossil appearance indicating a human over 7’ in height. (La Nature, 1890, II, pp. 11.12 with fig.). This tended to confirm an old legend that the cavern at Castelnau was the home of giants. A nearly complete bibliography of 87 entries is to be found in:
Assistant Librarian at the University of Montpellier 1886-1893; Librarian, University of Rennes, 1893-1900, aud at University of Poitiers 1900-1909. He taught anthropology aud sociology of Assyria at Montpellier before his extensive explorations of caves aud tombs at Cevenues and Herault, collecting several hundred crania. He was a contributor to Revue d’Authropologie, aud several other scientific journals in France aud Germany. In La Nature, he described a large skull found at the cemetery of Castelnau, as well as older aud larger bones of a fossil appearance indicating a human over 7’ in height. (La Nature, 1890, II, pp. 11.12 with fig.). This tended to confirm an old legend that the cavern at Castelnau was the home of giants. A nearly complete bibliography of 87 entries is to be found in: Rsum des Travaux Scientifiques de M. G. Vacher de Lapouge. Socit Francaise D’Imprimer et de Librarie, Poiters, March 1909. Doubtless because of its controversial nature, the article mentioned by H.P.B. from Galiguani’s Messenger, is not mentioned. Died 1909.
 
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Rsum des Travaux Scientifiques de M. G. Vacher de Lapouge. Socit Francaise D’Imprimer et de Librarie, Poiters, March 1909. Doubtless because of its controversial nature, the article mentioned by H.P.B. from Galiguani’s Messenger, is not mentioned. Died 1909.


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LAURENCE, RICHARD. Archbishop of Cashel, born at Bath in 1760. He was educated at Bath grammar school aud at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. After graduating M.A. in 1785, he in 1787 became vicar of Coleshill, Berkshire, where he took pupils. He also contributed to the Monthly Review aud undertook the historical department of the Annual Register. In June 1794, he took the degree of B.C.L. aud D.C.L. as a member of University College. In 1796, he was made deputy professor, aud again settled in Oxford. In 1804, he delivered the Bampton lectures.
'''LAURENCE, RICHARD'''. Archbishop of Cashel, born at Bath in 1760. He was educated at Bath grammar school aud at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. After graduating M.A. in 1785, he in 1787 became vicar of Coleshill, Berkshire, where he took pupils. He also contributed to the Monthly Review aud undertook the historical department of the Annual Register. In June 1794, he took the degree of B.C.L. aud D.C.L. as a member of University College. In 1796, he was made deputy professor, aud again settled in Oxford. In 1804, he delivered the Bampton lectures.


From youth Laurence read widely in theology aud canon law, aud in later life he studied Oriental languages. Accordingly in 1814, he was appointed regius professor of Hebrew aud a canon of Christ Church, Oxford. In 1822, after the death of his wife, he reluctantly accepted the arebbishopric of Cashel, Ireland. His erudition is well illustrated by the three volumes in which he printed with Latin aud English translations, Ethiopic versions of apocryphal books of the Bible. The first, the Aseensio hsaiae Vatis. Oxford, 1819, which he dated A.D. 68 or 69, furnished in his opinion arguments against the Unitarian falsification of passages in the New Testament. The second The Book of Enoch the Prophet, Oxford, 1821; (other editions) was printed from the Ethiopic manuscript which James Bruce had brought from Abyssinia aud presented to the Bodleian Library. The third was the Ethiopic version of the first book of Esdras, Oxford, 1820.
From youth Laurence read widely in theology aud canon law, aud in later life he studied Oriental languages. Accordingly in 1814, he was appointed regius professor of Hebrew aud a canon of Christ Church, Oxford. In 1822, after the death of his wife, he reluctantly accepted the arebbishopric of Cashel, Ireland. His erudition is well illustrated by the three volumes in which he printed with Latin aud English translations, Ethiopic versions of apocryphal books of the Bible. The first, the Aseensio hsaiae Vatis. Oxford, 1819, which he dated A.D. 68 or 69, furnished in his opinion arguments against the Unitarian falsification of passages in the New Testament. The second The Book of Enoch the Prophet, Oxford, 1821; (other editions) was printed from the Ethiopic manuscript which James Bruce had brought from Abyssinia aud presented to the Bodleian Library. The third was the Ethiopic version of the first book of Esdras, Oxford, 1820.


Laurence’s other writings include: A Dissertation upon the Logos of St. John, Oxford, 1808, The Book of Job, in the words of the authorized version, arranged aud printed in general conformity with the Masoretical text (anon.), Dublin, 1828. Remarks on the Medical Effects of the Chlorides of Lime aud Soda (anonymously aud privately printed), Dublin, 1832. On the Existence of the Soul after Death; a Dissertation opposed to the principles of Priestly, Law, aud their respective followers, by R.C., London, 1834. Poetical Remains, Dublin, 1872 (twenty-five copies privately printed) , edited with those of Laurence by Dean Cotton. He died on December 28, 1838, at Dublin.
Laurence’s other writings include: A Dissertation upon the Logos of St. John, Oxford, 1808, The Book of Job, in the words of the authorized version, arranged aud printed in general conformity with the Masoretical text (anon.), Dublin, 1828. Remarks on the Medical Effects of the Chlorides of Lime aud Soda (anonymously aud privately printed), Dublin, 1832. On the Existence of the Soul after Death; a Dissertation opposed to the principles of Priestly, Law, aud their respective followers, by R.C., London, 1834. Poetical Remains, Dublin, 1872 (twenty-five copies privately printed) , edited with those of Laurence by Dean Cotton. He died on December 28, 1838, at Dublin.
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LIEGEOIS, JULES. De la suggestion et du somnambulisme dans leurs rapports avec la jurisprudence et la medicine legale. yii, 758 pp. Paris, Evineux, 1889. (Vol. XI of the “Bibliotheque des Actualites medicales et scientifiques.”)
'''LIEGEOIS, JULES'''. De la suggestion et du somnambulisme dans leurs rapports avec la jurisprudence et la medicine legale. yii, 758 pp. Paris, Evineux, 1889. (Vol. XI of the “Bibliotheque des Actualites medicales et scientifiques.”)
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LUNDY, DR. JOHN PATTERSON (1823.1892) . Monumental Christianity, or the Art aud Symbolism of the Primitive Church, etc., J. W. Bouton, NYC, 1876.
'''LUNDY, DR. JOHN PATTERSON''' (1823.1892) . Monumental Christianity, or the Art aud Symbolism of the Primitive Church, etc., J. W. Bouton, NYC, 1876.
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MALEBRANCHE, NICOLAS (1638-1715). French philosopher of the Cartesian school, youngest child of Nicolas Malebranche, secretary to Louis the XIII; born August 6th at Paris. Deformed aud feeble, he was tutored aud subsequently studied theology at the Sorboune. In 1660 he joined the congregation of the Oratory. He was advised to study ecclesiastical history, but . . “the facts refused to arrange themselves, and mutually effaced each other”. In 1664 he read Descartes’ Traite de l’homme, which moved him deeply. For the next ten years he studied philosophy aud Descartes, which resulted in his famous De la reeherehe de la verite. Many other works followed, concerning themselves with mathematics aud natural philosophy, and in 1699 he was admitted as honorary member of the Academy of Sciences. He enjoyed much success aud was sought out in later years by men of distinction; engaging in a metaphysical argument with Bishop Berkeley hastened his death on 13 October, 1715. An edition of his works was published by Jules Simon in 1842, in 2 volumes.
'''MALEBRANCHE, NICOLAS''' (1638-1715). French philosopher of the Cartesian school, youngest child of Nicolas Malebranche, secretary to Louis the XIII; born August 6th at Paris. Deformed aud feeble, he was tutored aud subsequently studied theology at the Sorboune. In 1660 he joined the congregation of the Oratory. He was advised to study ecclesiastical history, but . . “the facts refused to arrange themselves, and mutually effaced each other”. In 1664 he read Descartes’ Traite de l’homme, which moved him deeply. For the next ten years he studied philosophy aud Descartes, which resulted in his famous De la reeherehe de la verite. Many other works followed, concerning themselves with mathematics aud natural philosophy, and in 1699 he was admitted as honorary member of the Academy of Sciences. He enjoyed much success aud was sought out in later years by men of distinction; engaging in a metaphysical argument with Bishop Berkeley hastened his death on 13 October, 1715. An edition of his works was published by Jules Simon in 1842, in 2 volumes.
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MALPAS, PHILIP ALFRED. Born February 24, 1875 at Birch, Essex (Stanway District) England, son of Joseph Malpas, an Anglican curate there, and Mary Meuge. Little is known of his formative years, but his family background may have influenced his later researches. At age 18, he enlisted in H.M. Royal Navy, aud was ship’s clerk on a succession of 9 ships plying the world up to 1896. He then became assistant paymaster on 10 more until resigning his commission to the great regret of his captain on May 1, 1904. In that year, he met the Ponsonby family at Trinidad, showing them an album of photos of the Pt. Loma Theosophical Society, aud soon after, the two Ponsonby girls enrolled there. He then joined the Pt. Loma Society aud taught for the boys department in Horticulture aud Nature Studies, and began his career of writing by frequent contributions to The Century Path, and later to The Theosophical Path, and Raja Yoga Messenger for children. Seeing his natural penchant for scholarly research, Katherine Tingley suggested he take up residence at the London Branch for serious studies at the British Museum. Accordingly in about 1910, Malpas began nearly 20 years of uninterrupted research aud writing, with free run of the entire institution. He was supported primarily by the Branch Lodge until the financial difficulties of 1929 precluded his continuation there, and so moved to Essen, Germany as a private tutor in English, aud lecturer. He is shown as a member of the Fremdspracheclub in 1931. At about this time he formed a small group interested in theosophical studies, including Mary Linue, aud Emmi Hacinter, {{Page aside|392}}[These two women were later jailed as enemies to Hitler’s 3rd Reich for translating the entire Secret Doctrine into German, which manuscript was burned along with their personal library.] Malpas continued in Germany until 1939 when he was instrumental in helping several people of Jewish background defect to England. During the war, he was an instructor for Her Majesty’s Forces at London, aud in 1946, Col. Conger invited him to Theosophical Headquarters which by then had moved to Covina, California. From 1946 to 1950 he was at Covina, until Col. Conger’s death . . . when differences of opinion regarding leadership forced him to return to Germany. There, Mary Linne aud Emmi Hacinter were once again translating the Secret Doctrine into German, at Wirtemberg. Malpas passed away there on July 22, 1958 at the age of 83.
'''MALPAS, PHILIP ALFRED'''. Born February 24, 1875 at Birch, Essex (Stanway District) England, son of Joseph Malpas, an Anglican curate there, and Mary Meuge. Little is known of his formative years, but his family background may have influenced his later researches. At age 18, he enlisted in H.M. Royal Navy, aud was ship’s clerk on a succession of 9 ships plying the world up to 1896. He then became assistant paymaster on 10 more until resigning his commission to the great regret of his captain on May 1, 1904. In that year, he met the Ponsonby family at Trinidad, showing them an album of photos of the Pt. Loma Theosophical Society, aud soon after, the two Ponsonby girls enrolled there. He then joined the Pt. Loma Society aud taught for the boys department in Horticulture aud Nature Studies, and began his career of writing by frequent contributions to The Century Path, and later to The Theosophical Path, and Raja Yoga Messenger for children. Seeing his natural penchant for scholarly research, Katherine Tingley suggested he take up residence at the London Branch for serious studies at the British Museum. Accordingly in about 1910, Malpas began nearly 20 years of uninterrupted research aud writing, with free run of the entire institution. He was supported primarily by the Branch Lodge until the financial difficulties of 1929 precluded his continuation there, and so moved to Essen, Germany as a private tutor in English, aud lecturer. He is shown as a member of the Fremdspracheclub in 1931. At about this time he formed a small group interested in theosophical studies, including Mary Linue, aud Emmi Hacinter, {{Page aside|392}}[These two women were later jailed as enemies to Hitler’s 3rd Reich for translating the entire Secret Doctrine into German, which manuscript was burned along with their personal library.] Malpas continued in Germany until 1939 when he was instrumental in helping several people of Jewish background defect to England. During the war, he was an instructor for Her Majesty’s Forces at London, aud in 1946, Col. Conger invited him to Theosophical Headquarters which by then had moved to Covina, California. From 1946 to 1950 he was at Covina, until Col. Conger’s death . . . when differences of opinion regarding leadership forced him to return to Germany. There, Mary Linne aud Emmi Hacinter were once again translating the Secret Doctrine into German, at Wirtemberg. Malpas passed away there on July 22, 1958 at the age of 83.


His writings are ex’tremely voluminous, thus only an overview can be attempted here. Of articles in Pt. Loma journals between 1900 aud 1949, over 50 appear on every conceivable subject: some, such as ‘Apollonius of Tyana,’ ‘St. Germain,’ ‘Cagliostro,’ aud ‘Siddhartha Buddha,’ extending over several issues. Theosophische Ge-sellsehaft Unterlengenhardt has published his Apollonius Von Tyana, 1962. The following is a list of some of his unpublished manuscripts, nearly all typed singlespaced on 81/2 x 11 sheets with foreign language words inked in by hand, aud accurate diagrams carefully reproduced in ink. Most are translations from foreign language MSS, in the British Museum:
His writings are ex’tremely voluminous, thus only an overview can be attempted here. Of articles in Pt. Loma journals between 1900 aud 1949, over 50 appear on every conceivable subject: some, such as ‘Apollonius of Tyana,’ ‘St. Germain,’ ‘Cagliostro,’ aud ‘Siddhartha Buddha,’ extending over several issues. Theosophische Ge-sellsehaft Unterlengenhardt has published his Apollonius Von Tyana, 1962. The following is a list of some of his unpublished manuscripts, nearly all typed singlespaced on 81/2 x 11 sheets with foreign language words inked in by hand, aud accurate diagrams carefully reproduced in ink. Most are translations from foreign language MSS, in the British Museum:
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In addition, about 20 manuscripts dealing with early Christianity aud its esoteric interpretation, aud miscellaneous subjects exist, aud should be worthy of publication in the future.
In addition, about 20 manuscripts dealing with early Christianity aud its esoteric interpretation, aud miscellaneous subjects exist, aud should be worthy of publication in the future.
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MATTER, A. JACQUES. French historian aud philosopher, born at Alteckeridort, near Strasbourg, May 31, 1791. At 20, he won first prize at the Academic des Inscriptiones with, L’Histoire de L’hcole d’Alexandrie, (pub. 3 Vols., 1840, 2nd ed.) . In 1820, be taught the theological faculty of Stinasbourg in Ecclesiastical History, aud {{Page aside|393}}published Histoire general du christianisme et de la Societe chretienne. Paris, 4 Vols. His next work was Histoire critique du guosticisme, etc., etc. Paris, 1828, again in 1843-44 in 2 Vols., translated into German by Dorner as well. In this work, Matter reviews much of importance to the student of Gnosticism aud comparative religion. He went on to publish several works dealing with Christianity, becoming Professor of the Protestant Seminary at Stinasbourg in 1846, aud died there, June 23, 1864. His son, Albert Jules Timothee, (b. June 3, 1832) was also concerned with these areas, aud among others published; Dc l’Authentieite du fragment de Sanchoniathon cite par Eusebe, Paris, 1848. Matter’s first edition of the Histoire critique du guosticisme does not contain any reference to the Pistis Sophia but the later German translation contains two: p. 69 fn., and p. 163 fn., of Vol. 2.
'''MATTER, A. JACQUES'''. French historian aud philosopher, born at Alteckeridort, near Strasbourg, May 31, 1791. At 20, he won first prize at the Academic des Inscriptiones with, L’Histoire de L’hcole d’Alexandrie, (pub. 3 Vols., 1840, 2nd ed.) . In 1820, be taught the theological faculty of Stinasbourg in Ecclesiastical History, and {{Page aside|393}}published Histoire general du christianisme et de la Societe chretienne. Paris, 4 Vols. His next work was Histoire critique du guosticisme, etc., etc. Paris, 1828, again in 1843-44 in 2 Vols., translated into German by Dorner as well. In this work, Matter reviews much of importance to the student of Gnosticism aud comparative religion. He went on to publish several works dealing with Christianity, becoming Professor of the Protestant Seminary at Stinasbourg in 1846, aud died there, June 23, 1864. His son, Albert Jules Timothee, (b. June 3, 1832) was also concerned with these areas, aud among others published; Dc l’Authentieite du fragment de Sanchoniathon cite par Eusebe, Paris, 1848. Matter’s first edition of the Histoire critique du guosticisme does not contain any reference to the Pistis Sophia but the later German translation contains two: p. 69 fn., and p. 163 fn., of Vol. 2.
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MEAD, GEORGE ROBERT STOWE. Born at Nuneaton, March 22, 1863, son of Colonel Robert Mead, H. M. Ordnance, aud Mary. Educated at Rochester Cathedral school, (Mr. Laughoinne) aud St. John’s College, Cambridge, B.A., 1884, aud M.A., 1926. Shortly after graduating with honors, Mead joined the Theosophical Society, aud in the same year began teaching at a public school, 1884. He had begun the study of mathematics at Cambridge, but soon changed to the classics, gaining a knowledge of Greek and Latin, which was to be an asset in forthcoming years. About this time he read Esoteric Buddhism aud became associated with Bertram Keightlcy aud Mohini Chatteinji; then followed an intense interest in Hinduism, developed by studying philosophy at Ox’ford, aud curiosity regarding spiritualism causing a brief stay at a French university at Clermont-Feinraud. He first met H.P.B. in 1887: “When I first went to her to work permanently (1889), I was a young man of whom she practically knew nothing, except that from May, 1887 . . . when she returned to England for the last time, I spent no little of my holidays in visits to Maycott, Upper Norwood, aud to 17 Lansdownc Road, Bayswatcr. Nevertheless, with childlike confidence, aud with one of those large and eccentric gestures of hers, she handed over to me at once the keys of her desk aud bookcases and tossed over, unopened, her voluminous coinresponduce, bidding me answer it as best I might (and “be d--d”), as she wanted all her time for writing her articles and books . . . .“ Mead remained her private secretary for the last three years of her life, while in forming the European Section of the Theosophical Society, he was its General Secretary beginning July 9th, 1890. Within a year, H.P.B. had passed away, aud Mead in company with Annie Besant took over as editors of {{Page aside|394}}Lucifer, begun by H.P.B. in 1887. Besides his other duties, Mead’s career as an author began with his first publication, Simon Magus, an Essay, 1892. With Mrs. Besant he also edited a collection of H.P.B.’s miscellaneous papers, which was issued as “Volume III” of the Secret Doctrine, Adyar, 1897; Theosophical Glossary, 1892; Key to Theosophy, 3rd ed., 1893; Five Years of Theosophy, 2nd ed., 1894; A Modern Panarion, 1895. Lucifer continued until 1898 (Vol. XXI) when it was succeeded by The Theosophical Review, edited solely by Mead. In 1899 he married Laura Mary Cooper, sister of Mrs. Cooper-Oakley (who authored The Corn ptc de St. Gcrmain), aud daughter of Frederick Cooper, I.C.S. She lived until 1924. Also during that period he was vice president aud later president of the Blavatsky Lodge, London. He continued to edit Theosophical Review, contributing many articles aud reviews, of the latter there were about 18 in Lucifer, aud 45 in T.R.
'''MEAD, GEORGE ROBERT STOWE'''. Born at Nuneaton, March 22, 1863, son of Colonel Robert Mead, H. M. Ordnance, aud Mary. Educated at Rochester Cathedral school, (Mr. Laughoinne) aud St. John’s College, Cambridge, B.A., 1884, aud M.A., 1926. Shortly after graduating with honors, Mead joined the Theosophical Society, aud in the same year began teaching at a public school, 1884. He had begun the study of mathematics at Cambridge, but soon changed to the classics, gaining a knowledge of Greek and Latin, which was to be an asset in forthcoming years. About this time he read Esoteric Buddhism aud became associated with Bertram Keightlcy aud Mohini Chatteinji; then followed an intense interest in Hinduism, developed by studying philosophy at Ox’ford, aud curiosity regarding spiritualism causing a brief stay at a French university at Clermont-Feinraud. He first met H.P.B. in 1887: “When I first went to her to work permanently (1889), I was a young man of whom she practically knew nothing, except that from May, 1887 . . . when she returned to England for the last time, I spent no little of my holidays in visits to Maycott, Upper Norwood, aud to 17 Lansdownc Road, Bayswatcr. Nevertheless, with childlike confidence, aud with one of those large and eccentric gestures of hers, she handed over to me at once the keys of her desk aud bookcases and tossed over, unopened, her voluminous coinresponduce, bidding me answer it as best I might (and “be d--d”), as she wanted all her time for writing her articles and books . . . .“ Mead remained her private secretary for the last three years of her life, while in forming the European Section of the Theosophical Society, he was its General Secretary beginning July 9th, 1890. Within a year, H.P.B. had passed away, aud Mead in company with Annie Besant took over as editors of {{Page aside|394}}Lucifer, begun by H.P.B. in 1887. Besides his other duties, Mead’s career as an author began with his first publication, Simon Magus, an Essay, 1892. With Mrs. Besant he also edited a collection of H.P.B.’s miscellaneous papers, which was issued as “Volume III” of the Secret Doctrine, Adyar, 1897; Theosophical Glossary, 1892; Key to Theosophy, 3rd ed., 1893; Five Years of Theosophy, 2nd ed., 1894; A Modern Panarion, 1895. Lucifer continued until 1898 (Vol. XXI) when it was succeeded by The Theosophical Review, edited solely by Mead. In 1899 he married Laura Mary Cooper, sister of Mrs. Cooper-Oakley (who authored The Corn ptc de St. Gcrmain), aud daughter of Frederick Cooper, I.C.S. She lived until 1924. Also during that period he was vice president aud later president of the Blavatsky Lodge, London. He continued to edit Theosophical Review, contributing many articles aud reviews, of the latter there were about 18 in Lucifer, aud 45 in T.R.


About this time began the prominence of Mr. Leadheater as his many writings were published, aud increasing numbers were drawn into the society by his views, aud by his references to his “psychic” experiences, which views were not always shared by earlier members.
About this time began the prominence of Mr. Leadheater as his many writings were published, aud increasing numbers were drawn into the society by his views, aud by his references to his “psychic” experiences, which views were not always shared by earlier members.
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In May, 1908, a new phase of the above-mentioned events cropped up, when Dr. Weller van Hook, General Secretary of the Amerlcan Section wrote an Open Letter to his Section defending Lead-beater’s position aud ideas.
In May, 1908, a new phase of the above-mentioned events cropped up, when Dr. Weller van Hook, General Secretary of the Amerlcan Section wrote an Open Letter to his Section defending Lead-beater’s position aud ideas.
A large number of members in the then British Section were deeply concerned over the state of affairs, aud the Annual British Convention in July, 1908, carried a resolution requesting the President aud General Council of the T.S. to put an end once for all to this matter. After full deliberation, the President aud the Council saw no reason why Mr. Leadheater should not be restored to membership.” Whereupon upwards of 700 members in England resigned from the Society. Mend of course, was one of them. In a Valedictory published in the February, 1909, issue of The Theosophical Review, (No. 258) he bid farewell to his readers, as Editor of the Review, specifically stating that he had lost confidence in the President aud its chief Officials.
A large number of members in the then British Section were deeply concerned over the state of affairs, aud the Annual British Convention in July, 1908, carried a resolution requesting the President aud General Council of the T.S. to put an end once for all to this matter. After full deliberation, the President aud the Council saw no reason why Mr. Leadheater should not be restored to membership.” Whereupon upwards of 700 members in England resigned from the Society. Mend of course, was one of them. In a Valedictory published in the February, 1909, issue of The Theosophical Review, (No. 258) he bid farewell to his readers, as Editor of the Review, specifically stating that he had lost confidence in the President aud its chief Officials.


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Did Jesus Live 100 B.C.? An Inquiry into the Talmud Jesus Stories, the Toldoth Jeschu, etc., London & Benares, Theos. Publ. Society, 1903; xvi +440 pp.
Did Jesus Live 100 B.C.? An Inquiry into the Talmud Jesus Stories, the Toldoth Jeschu, etc., London & Benares, Theos. Publ. Society, 1903; xvi +440 pp.


Thrice-Greatest Hermes. Studies in Hellenistic Theosophy aud Guosis.
Thrice-Greatest Hermes. Studies in Hellenistic Theosophy aud Guosis. Vol. 1—Prolegomena; xvi +481 pp.; Vol. Il—Excerpts and Fragments; xii +371 pp. Copious Index. Vol. Ill—Sermons; xi + 403 pp. London & Benares, Theos. PubI. Society, 1906.
 
Vol. 1—Prolegomena; xvi +481 pp.; Vol. Il—Excerpts aud
Fragments; xii +371 pp. Copious Index. Vol. Ill—Sermons; xi
±403 pp. London & Benares, Theos. PubI. Society, 1906.


Echoes from the Guosis. Twelve small booklets entitled: I. The Guosis of the Mind. II. The Hymns of Hermes. III. The Vision of Aridacus. IV. The Hymns of Jesus. V. The Mysteries of Mithina.
Echoes from the Guosis. Twelve small booklets entitled: I. The Guosis of the Mind. II. The Hymns of Hermes. III. The Vision of Aridacus. IV. The Hymns of Jesus. V. The Mysteries of Mithina.
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The Doctrine of the Subtle Body in Western Tradition. London, John M. Watkins, 1919; 109 pp. Second Impin., 1967.
The Doctrine of the Subtle Body in Western Tradition. London, John M. Watkins, 1919; 109 pp. Second Impin., 1967.


The Gnostic John the Baptizer. Selections from the Mandacan John-Book. London, John M. Watkins, 1924; ix ±137 pp.
The Gnostic John the Baptizer. Selections from the Mandacan John-Book. London, John M. Watkins, 1924; ix + 137 pp.
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METRODORUS OF CHIOS. A disciple of Democritus who flourished about 330 B.C. A Philosopher of considerable reputation who professed the doctrine of the sceptics. Author of a work entitled Peni Phuseeis of which we have only brief fragments. He was also a student of medicine.
'''METRODORUS OF CHIOS'''. A disciple of Democritus who flourished about 330 B.C. A Philosopher of considerable reputation who professed the doctrine of the sceptics. Author of a work entitled Peni Phuseeis of which we have only brief fragments. He was also a student of medicine.
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MEURSIUS, JOHANNES (Johanues van Meurs, 1579-1639) . Dutch classical scholar and antiquary. Professor of Greek at Leyden. Political disturbances caused him to move to Son, in Denmark, where he died. *Denarius Pythagoricus (Lugduni Batavarum: cx officina I. Maine, 1631, 112 pp.) is one of his many classical treatises, most of which arc printed in Gronovius’ Thesaurus Antiquitatum.
'''MEURSIUS, JOHANNES''' (Johanues van Meurs, 1579-1639) . Dutch classical scholar and antiquary. Professor of Greek at Leyden. Political disturbances caused him to move to Son, in Denmark, where he died. *Denarius Pythagoricus (Lugduni Batavarum: cx officina I. Maine, 1631, 112 pp.) is one of his many classical treatises, most of which arc printed in Gronovius’ Thesaurus Antiquitatum.
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MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL. (l’abbe) (1800-1875) . Dictionnaine des Apocryphes, in Encyclopedic theologique troisieme et deruiere, ou. TroIsle mc et derniere senie de Dietionnaires sun touts les parties de la selence religicuse. Paris, 1858-60. The reference is to be found in the appendix to tome 1, part 2, pp. 1181-1286, of volume xxiii. Vide, BCW Vol. V., p. 378.
'''MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL'''. (l’abbe) (1800-1875) . Dictionnaine des Apocryphes, in Encyclopedic theologique troisieme et deruiere, ou. TroIsle mc et derniere senie de Dietionnaires sun touts les parties de la selence religicuse. Paris, 1858-60. The reference is to be found in the appendix to tome 1, part 2, pp. 1181-1286, of volume xxiii. Vide, BCW Vol. V., p. 378.
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MOGILA, PETER (Petrus Mogilus) (1600?-1647). Metropolitan of Kieft (or Kiev) from 1632, belonged to a noble Wallachian family. Studied at the University of Paris, aud first became a monk in 1625. Author of Catechism published in 1645 at Kieff, aud other minor works. He is chiefly remembered for his Orthodox Confession, drawn up at the behest of Abbot Kosslowski of Kieff, aud approved by the pro. vincial synod 1640, aud later by the synod of Jerusalem 1672. During Mogila’s time the reform movement of the Calvinistic Cyril Lucanis (Patriarch of Alexandria aud Constantinople 1601-1621) generated intrigue by opposing Jesuits, by whose agency he was 5 times {{Page aside|398}}deposed but reinstated. Finally, the Church anathematized his doctrines, aud he was murdered by Turks hired by the Jesuits. Chief testimony against him was the Orthodox Confession which formed much of the basis of the Russian Orthodox catechisms seen today. Editions of the Orthodox Confession: edited by Panagiotes in Greek aud Latin, Amsterdam, 1662; by Hofmanu, Leipsic, 1695; Kimmel, Jena, 1843; Greek translation by Johanne L. Fniseb, Frankfurt, 1727.
'''MOGILA, PETER''' (Petrus Mogilus) (1600?-1647). Metropolitan of Kieft (or Kiev) from 1632, belonged to a noble Wallachian family. Studied at the University of Paris, aud first became a monk in 1625. Author of Catechism published in 1645 at Kieff, aud other minor works. He is chiefly remembered for his Orthodox Confession, drawn up at the behest of Abbot Kosslowski of Kieff, aud approved by the pro. vincial synod 1640, aud later by the synod of Jerusalem 1672. During Mogila’s time the reform movement of the Calvinistic Cyril Lucanis (Patriarch of Alexandria aud Constantinople 1601-1621) generated intrigue by opposing Jesuits, by whose agency he was 5 times {{Page aside|398}}deposed but reinstated. Finally, the Church anathematized his doctrines, aud he was murdered by Turks hired by the Jesuits. Chief testimony against him was the Orthodox Confession which formed much of the basis of the Russian Orthodox catechisms seen today. Editions of the Orthodox Confession: edited by Panagiotes in Greek aud Latin, Amsterdam, 1662; by Hofmanu, Leipsic, 1695; Kimmel, Jena, 1843; Greek translation by Johanne L. Fniseb, Frankfurt, 1727.
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MLLER, GEORGE. English preacher aud philanthropist, born near Halberstadt, Germany, September 27, 1805; died at Bristol, March 10, 1898. In 1830, he became minister of a small congregation at Tiegn. mouth, Devonshire. His contention was that the temporal as well as the spiritual needs of life could be supplied by prayer, aud on this principle abolished pew rents aud refused to take a fixed salary. Two years later, he moved to Bristol where he spent the rest of his life, devoting himself especially to the care of orphan children. In time, their number grew to 2,000, settled in five large houses at Ashley Down, near Bristol, aud supported by voluntary contributions. Miillcr wrote a curious little narrative called The Lord’s Deal-hugs with George MIller. When he was seventy, he started on a preaching mission, which lasted over 17 years aud took him all over the world. All in all, he was a veiny remarkable man leading the spiritual life.
'''MULLER, GEORGE'''. English preacher aud philanthropist, born near Halberstadt, Germany, September 27, 1805; died at Bristol, March 10, 1898. In 1830, he became minister of a small congregation at Tiegn. mouth, Devonshire. His contention was that the temporal as well as the spiritual needs of life could be supplied by prayer, aud on this principle abolished pew rents aud refused to take a fixed salary. Two years later, he moved to Bristol where he spent the rest of his life, devoting himself especially to the care of orphan children. In time, their number grew to 2,000, settled in five large houses at Ashley Down, near Bristol, aud supported by voluntary contributions. Miillcr wrote a curious little narrative called The Lord’s Deal-hugs with George MIller. When he was seventy, he started on a preaching mission, which lasted over 17 years aud took him all over the world. All in all, he was a veiny remarkable man leading the spiritual life.
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NICEPHORUS, PATRIARCHA (ca. 758-829) . Byzantine historian aud Patriarch of Constantinople (806-815) . Like his father, be was a zealous opponent of Iconoclasm. He was secretary to the imperial commissaries at the second Council of Nicaca in 787, where his view prevailed. He later retired for awhile into a convent, but very suddenly succeeded Tarasius as Patriarch of Constantinople in 806. He was deposed by Emperor Leo V in 815 aud died in exile, 827. His works are esteemed for their intrinsic value aud their style. Among them should be mentioned Brcvarium Historicum, one of the best works of the Byzantine period, aud the Stichornetnia (text aud transl. in Petri Pithoci Opera Posthuma, Paris, 1609).
'''NICEPHORUS, PATRIARCHA''' (ca. 758-829). Byzantine historian aud Patriarch of Constantinople (806-815). Like his father, be was a zealous opponent of Iconoclasm. He was secretary to the imperial commissaries at the second Council of Nicaca in 787, where his view prevailed. He later retired for awhile into a convent, but very suddenly succeeded Tarasius as Patriarch of Constantinople in 806. He was deposed by Emperor Leo V in 815 aud died in exile, 827. His works are esteemed for their intrinsic value aud their style. Among them should be mentioned Brcvarium Historicum, one of the best works of the Byzantine period, aud the Stichornetnia (text aud transl. in Petri Pithoci Opera Posthuma, Paris, 1609).
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NIEBUHR, BARTHOLD GEORG. German statesman aud historian, born at Copenhagen, August 27, 1776; died at Bonn, January 2, 1831. After studying at the University of Kidl, became private secretary to Count Schimmelmaun, Danish minister of finance, aud in 1799 entered state service. Chief director of the National Bank, 1804.06, when he took a similar appointment in Prussia. Made royal his-toniographer aud professor at Berlin university, 1810, aud two years {{Page aside|399}}later published the first two volumes of his epoch-making Romisehe Cesehichte (Eng. transl., 1847), a 3rd volume being added in 1832. This work has had a momentous influence on the general conception of history. Niebubin was ambassador in Rome, 1816.1832, where he also discovered various yet unknown fragments of Cicero aud Livy, aided Cardinal Mai in his work, aud shared in planning von Bunsen’s aud Platner’s work on the topography of Rome.
'''NIEBUHR, BARTHOLD GEORG'''. German statesman aud historian, born at Copenhagen, August 27, 1776; died at Bonn, January 2, 1831. After studying at the University of Kidl, became private secretary to Count Schimmelmaun, Danish minister of finance, aud in 1799 entered state service. Chief director of the National Bank, 1804.06, when he took a similar appointment in Prussia. Made royal his-toniographer aud professor at Berlin university, 1810, aud two years {{Page aside|399}}later published the first two volumes of his epoch-making Romisehe Cesehichte (Eng. transl., 1847), a 3rd volume being added in 1832. This work has had a momentous influence on the general conception of history. Niebubin was ambassador in Rome, 1816.1832, where he also discovered various yet unknown fragments of Cicero aud Livy, aided Cardinal Mai in his work, aud shared in planning von Bunsen’s aud Platner’s work on the topography of Rome.
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PALINGENIO STELLATO, MARCELLO. Italian author whose actual name was Pier Angelo Mauzoli. He was born at La Stellata at about 1503, aud died in 1543. His didactic poem titled *Zodiacus vitae: hoe est de hominis vita, studio ac monibus optime instituendes, aud published about 1534, was dedicated to Hercules II of Ferrara; it combines metaphysical speculation with satirical attacks on ecclesiastical hypocrisy, especially on the Pope aud on Luther. It was of course banned by the Inquisition. English transl. by Baruabe Googe, London, 1561, as The Zodiake of Lyfe.
'''PALINGENIO STELLATO, MARCELLO'''. Italian author whose actual name was Pier Angelo Mauzoli. He was born at La Stellata at about 1503, aud died in 1543. His didactic poem titled *Zodiacus vitae: hoe est de hominis vita, studio ac monibus optime instituendes, aud published about 1534, was dedicated to Hercules II of Ferrara; it combines metaphysical speculation with satirical attacks on ecclesiastical hypocrisy, especially on the Pope aud on Luther. It was of course banned by the Inquisition. English transl. by Baruabe Googe, London, 1561, as The Zodiake of Lyfe.
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PAUL OF SAMOSATA. Patriarch of Antioch, 260.272 A.D., most likely of humble origin. Information concerning him is derived mainly from the encyclical letter of his ecclesiastical opponents (in Eusebius’ History, Bk. VII, ch. 30), seventy of whom deposed Paul after the synod of Antioch in 269; their sentence did not take effect, however, until late in 272, when Emperor Aurelian installed the rival candidate Domnus in the place of Paul.
'''PAUL OF SAMOSATA'''. Patriarch of Antioch, 260.272 A.D., most likely of humble origin. Information concerning him is derived mainly from the encyclical letter of his ecclesiastical opponents (in Eusebius’ History, Bk. VII, ch. 30), seventy of whom deposed Paul after the synod of Antioch in 269; their sentence did not take effect, however, until late in 272, when Emperor Aurelian installed the rival candidate Domnus in the place of Paul.


Paul held that it was a man aud not the divine Logos which was born of Mary. Jesus was a man who came to be God, rather than God become man. This was the idea of the early Ebionites aud of some of the doctors of the Syrian Church of the 4th aud 5th centuries. Lucian, the great exegete of Antioch aud his school derived of their inspiration from Paul, aud he was through Lucian a forefather of Anianism. The sect of the Paulicians also owe some of their ideas to Paul of Samosata. The fanaticism of his contemporaries aud succeeding generations left us nothing but a few fragments of his writings, which apparently contained some true mysticism.
Paul held that it was a man aud not the divine Logos which was born of Mary. Jesus was a man who came to be God, rather than God become man. This was the idea of the early Ebionites aud of some of the doctors of the Syrian Church of the 4th aud 5th centuries. Lucian, the great exegete of Antioch aud his school derived of their inspiration from Paul, aud he was through Lucian a forefather of Anianism. The sect of the Paulicians also owe some of their ideas to Paul of Samosata. The fanaticism of his contemporaries aud succeeding generations left us nothing but a few fragments of his writings, which apparently contained some true mysticism.
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PIROGOFF (PIROGOV) NICHOLAI IVANOVICH (1810-1881). Surgeon aud pathologist of St. Petersburg. [The British Museum catalogs show 13 titles by this author.] Vide, BCW XII, p. 135 fn. aud p. 760. The philosophical concepts referred to by H.P.B. are to be found in his Diaries.
'''PIROGOFF (PIROGOV) NICHOLAI IVANOVICH''' (1810-1881). Surgeon aud pathologist of St. Petersburg. [The British Museum catalogs show 13 titles by this author.] Vide, BCW XII, p. 135 fn. aud p. 760. The philosophical concepts referred to by H.P.B. are to be found in his Diaries.
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POCOCKE, EDWARD (1604.1691) . English Orientalist aud Biblical scholar. Educated at Corpus Christi college, Oxford, of which he became a fellow, 1628. He sailed for Aleppo, 1630 as chaplain to an English factory. There he studied Arabic aud collected many valuable MSS. In 1636, he held the chair of Arabic at Oxford, but soon returned to the Middle East. In 1648, he was given the chair of Hebrew at Oxford. Apart from a number of learned treatises on Arabian history aud ancient manuscripts, he wrote a work entitled India in Greece; or Truth in Mythology (London, 1852) which throws a flood of light on the Oriental source of Greek mythology.
'''POCOCKE, EDWARD''' (1604.1691) . English Orientalist aud Biblical scholar. Educated at Corpus Christi college, Oxford, of which he became a fellow, 1628. He sailed for Aleppo, 1630 as chaplain to an English factory. There he studied Arabic aud collected many valuable MSS. In 1636, he held the chair of Arabic at Oxford, but soon returned to the Middle East. In 1648, he was given the chair of Hebrew at Oxford. Apart from a number of learned treatises on Arabian history aud ancient manuscripts, he wrote a work entitled India in Greece; or Truth in Mythology (London, 1852) which throws a flood of light on the Oriental source of Greek mythology.
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PROCTOR, RICHARD ANTHONY. British astronomer, born at Chelsea, March 23, 1837; died at New York, September 12, 1888. Educated privately, then at King’s college, London, aud at St. John’s college, Cambridge. Read for the bar, but turned to astronomy aud writing. After a technical work, Saturn aud His System (1865), which proved a financial failure, he cultivated a more popular style. Founded 1881, a popular magazine called Knowledge wherein he wrote on a great many subjects. His most ambitious work, Old aud New Astronomy, was completed after his death. He had settled in New York around 1881. In addition to articles on astronomy contributed by him for the 9th ed. of the Encyclopedia Britannica (1875), he Wrote several other works, among which was one entitled Our Place Among Infinities (London, 1875; New York, 1876) which H.P.B. referred to aud quoted from many times, mainly because of his favorable views on astrology.
'''PROCTOR, RICHARD ANTHONY'''. British astronomer, born at Chelsea, March 23, 1837; died at New York, September 12, 1888. Educated privately, then at King’s college, London, aud at St. John’s college, Cambridge. Read for the bar, but turned to astronomy aud writing. After a technical work, Saturn aud His System (1865), which proved a financial failure, he cultivated a more popular style. Founded 1881, a popular magazine called Knowledge wherein he wrote on a great many subjects. His most ambitious work, Old aud New Astronomy, was completed after his death. He had settled in New York around 1881. In addition to articles on astronomy contributed by him for the 9th ed. of the Encyclopedia Britannica (1875), he Wrote several other works, among which was one entitled Our Place Among Infinities (London, 1875; New York, 1876) which H.P.B. referred to aud quoted from many times, mainly because of his favorable views on astrology.
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QUATREFAGES DE BREAU, JEAN-LOUIS ARMAND DE (1810-1892). The Human Species, Appleton Co., N.Y.C., 1879, 1881, 1884, etc. Vide BCW Vol. VIII, p. 472 for biographical sketch.
'''QUATREFAGES DE BREAU, JEAN-LOUIS ARMAND DE''' (1810-1892). The Human Species, Appleton Co., N.Y.C., 1879, 1881, 1884, etc. Vide BCW Vol. VIII, p. 472 for biographical sketch.
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RAGON, JEAN-BAPTISTE-MARIE (1781-1862) . Maconnenic Occulte, et de L’iriitiatiou Hermetique. Paris, 1926. Biographical sketch in BCW Vol. XI, p. 587.
'''RAGON, JEAN-BAPTISTE-MARIE''' (1781-1862) . Maconnenic Occulte, et de L’iriitiatiou Hermetique. Paris, 1926. Biographical sketch in BCW Vol. XI, p. 587.
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RENAN, JOSEPH ERNST (1823-1892). Vie de Jesus. Paris, 1863. Six editions in the first year. English translation by Charles E. Wilbour, Carleton, N.Y.C., 1864.
'''RENAN, JOSEPH ERNST''' (1823-1892). Vie de Jesus. Paris, 1863. Six editions in the first year. English translation by Charles E. Wilbour, Carleton, N.Y.C., 1864.
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ROUGE, OLIVER CHARLES EMMANUEL, VICOMPTE DE. Born at Paris, April 11, 1818. Educated at the college of Saint Acheul, aud was pine-paining for the state council, then turned to the study of Arabic aud Hebrew at Paris. He discovered Champollion’s Egyptian grammar.
'''ROUGE, OLIVER CHARLES EMMANUEL, VICOMPTE DE'''. Born at Paris, April 11, 1818. Educated at the college of Saint Acheul, aud was pine-paining for the state council, then turned to the study of Arabic aud Hebrew at Paris. He discovered Champollion’s Egyptian grammar. {{Page aside|401}}
and began to decipher hieroglyphics, refuting Lepsius aud Bunsen in: Examen de l’ouvnagc du chevalier de Bunsen, la Place de l’hgypte dans l’histoire du monde. (Annales de Philosophic chretienuc, Paris 1846.47). This was followed by many similar treatises in French journals, aud in 1849 he was made Conservator of the Egyptian section at the Louvre. He was instrumental in gaining antiquities for London, Turin, Berlin, aud Leiden museums while continuing to study history aud philology, aud contributing widely to the study of Egyptology in many journals. In 1860 he replaced Lenormant for the Chair of Egyptology at the College of France, aud visited Egypt twice, (1862.63, aud 1870-71) while continuing his prolific writing. Chrestomathic egyptienue, 4 Vols. 1867.76; Etudes sur le Rituel funeraire, in,—Revue ancheologique, Vol. I, Paris 1860; Recherehes sun le monuments qu’on peut attnibuer aux six premieres dynasties de Manethon, Paris 1864-65. He died of a lung infection 27 December 1872.
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'''ROUGEMONT, FREDERIC DE''' (1808-1876) . Le Peuple pnimitif, sa religion, son histoire et sa civilisation. 3 Vols, Geneva, 1855.57. [British Museum catalogues show 20 titles by this author.]
aud began to decipher hieroglyphics, refuting Lepsius aud Bunsen in: Examen de l’ouvnagc du chevalier de Bunsen, la Place de l’hgypte dans l’histoire du monde. (Annales de Philosophic chretienuc, Paris 1846.47). This was followed by many similar treatises in French journals, aud in 1849 he was made Conservator of the Egyptian section at the Louvre. He was instrumental in gaining antiquities for London, Turin, Berlin, aud Leiden museums while continuing to study history aud philology, aud contributing widely to the study of Egyptology in many journals. In 1860 he replaced Lenormant for the Chair of Egyptology at the College of France, aud visited Egypt twice, (1862.63, aud 1870-71) while continuing his prolific writing. Chrestomathic egyptienue, 4 Vols. 1867.76; Etudes sur le Rituel funeraire, in,—Revue ancheologique, Vol. I, Paris 1860; Recherehes sun le monuments qu’on peut attnibuer aux six premieres dynasties de Manethon, Paris 1864-65. He died of a lung infection 27 December 1872.
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ROUGEMONT, FREDERIC DE (1808-1876) . Le Peuple pnimitif, sa religion, son histoire et sa civilisation. 3 Vols, Geneva, 1855.57. [British Museum catalogues show 20 titles by this author.]
'''ROW, T. SUBBA''' (1856-1890). Vide, BCW Vol. V, pp. 267-72 for biographical sketch.
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ROW, T. SUBBA (1856-1890). Vide, BCW Vol. V, pp. 267-72 for biographical sketch.
'''SCHLEIERMACHER, FRIEDRICH DANIEL ERNST''' (1768-1834). Uber de Religion. Reden an die gebildeten unter ibren Venacbteru. Berlin, 1799. Translated by J. Oman as: On Religion. Speeches to its cultured despisers, London, Kegan Paul & Co., 1893, lxiii, 287 pp. Schlcier-macher’s works coven 4 pages in the British Museum catalog.
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SCHLEIERMACHER, FRIEDRICH DANIEL ERNST (1768-1834). Uber de Religion. Reden an die gebildeten unter ibren Venacbteru. Berlin, 1799. Translated by J. Oman as: On Religion. Speeches to its cultured despisers, London, Kegan Paul & Co., 1893, lxiii, 287 pp. Schlcier-macher’s works coven 4 pages in the British Museum catalog.
'''SCHMIDT, CARL''' (1868-1938) . Gelehrtc Auzeigen, Geittingen, ur. xvii
 
SCHMIDT, CARL (1868-1938) . Gelehrtc Auzeigen, Geittingen, ur. xvii
pp. 640-675, Gottingen, 1891. A negative review of Amelineau’s 1890
pp. 640-675, Gottingen, 1891. A negative review of Amelineau’s 1890
translation of the Bruce Codex.
translation of the Bruce Codex.
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—Guostisehe Schriften in koptisehen Spruehe aus dem Codex Brueianus, 692 pp. Leipzig, 1892, Schmidt was the first to find that two different MSS. were used for the Pistis Sophia, aud that the whole was a compilation from many earlier works, aud compares the P.S. with the Bruce Codex’.
—Guostisehe Schriften in koptisehen Spruehe aus dem Codex Brueianus, 692 pp. Leipzig, 1892, Schmidt was the first to find that two different MSS. were used for the Pistis Sophia, aud that the whole was a compilation from many earlier works, aud compares the P.S. with the Bruce Codex’.


—Koptisehe-guostisehe Schrif ten. Bd. I. Die Pistis Sophia. Die beiden Biteher des Jeu Unbekanntes altgnostisches Werk, 410 pp.,2
—Koptisehe-guostisehe Schrif ten. Bd. I. Die Pistis Sophia. Die beiden Biteher des Jeu Unbekanntes altgnostisches Werk, 410 pp., {{Page aside|402}}Leipzig, 1905. The Pistis Sophia translation is excellent, occupying the first 254 pages.


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—Irenaus und seic Quelle in Adversus Hacresus 1.29, in Philotesia. Paul Klcinert zum LXX. Geburstag danqebraeht von Adolf Harnack, (article in U.S.W.) pp. 317-336, 1907. In this study Schmidt reviews the recently discovered Berlin Codex, which treats of 2nd Century Gnosticism, plus the Apoeryphon of John. Schmidt’s many efforts are reviewed in the helpful annotated bibliography of G. R. S. Mead’s 1921 edition of his Pistis Sophia.
Leipzig, 1905. The Pistis Sophia translation is excellent, occupying the first 254 pages.
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—hrcuijus und seic Quelle in Adversus Hacresus 1.29, in Philotesia. Paul Klcinert zum LXX. Geburstag danqebraeht von Adolf Harnack, (article in U.S.W.) pp. 317-336, 1907. In this study Schmidt reviews the recently discovered Berlin Codex, which treats of 2nd Century Gnosticism, plus the Apoeryphon of John. Schmidt’s many efforts are reviewed in the helpful annotated bibliography of G. R. S. Mead’s 1921 edition of his Pistis Sophia.
'''SCHWARTZE, MORITZ GOTTHILF''' (1802.1848). Pistis Sophia. Opus Guosticum Valentino ad judicat urn e Codiec Manusenipto Coptico Loudinensi descriptum, Latine vent it M. G. Schwartze. edidit J. H. Petermaun, Berlin, 1851.  
 
SCHWARTZE, MORITZ GOTTHILF (1802.1848). Pistis Sophia. Opus Guosticum Valentino ad judicat urn e Codiec Manusenipto Coptico Loudinensi descriptum, Latine vent it M. G. Schwartze. edidit J. H. Petermaun, Berlin, 1851.  
Schwartze made a copy of the manuscript in London, but died before his translation was totally complete . . . a number of blanks needing to be filled in. Petermaun’s notes are confined to grammar aud syntax aud possible variations in the translation selected, aud his completion of the work was done with extreme difficulty. Schwartze felt that the treatise was originally from Valentinus; Petermaun that it was an Ophite work. A review of this translation appeared in Journal des Savants, Paris 1852, p. 333.
Schwartze made a copy of the manuscript in London, but died before his translation was totally complete . . . a number of blanks needing to be filled in. Petermaun’s notes are confined to grammar aud syntax aud possible variations in the translation selected, aud his completion of the work was done with extreme difficulty. Schwartze felt that the treatise was originally from Valentinus; Petermaun that it was an Ophite work. A review of this translation appeared in Journal des Savants, Paris 1852, p. 333.
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SKINNER, JAMES RALSTON. Born Lockport, N.Y. 1830. His formative years are yet untraced, but he was apparently precocious beyond his time, as his uncle, Salmon P. Chase invited him to Cincinnati where he later became a partner in his law firm. The Cincinnati City Directory lists him as an attorney at law in 1851-52. In that same year, the Cincinnati College of Medicine aud Surgery was founded. aud Mr. Skinner was its first professor of pathology, then but 21 years of age. He served in the Union Army during the Civil War, enlisting November 19, 1862, as major aud judge advocate on General Rosecrans’ staff, aud resigned his commission on March 20, 1865. It is said that he temporarily lost his reason when a fellow soldier was decapitated by a cannon ball. In 1870 he was a founding member aud officer of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, with which be was active throughout his life. About this time, be began to write for the Masonic Review on the subjects that occupied the remainder of his years. The following is a list of printed works known at present. Most were published by Robert Clarke & Co., Cincinnati.
'''SKINNER, JAMES RALSTON'''. Born Lockport, N.Y. 1830. His formative years are yet untraced, but he was apparently precocious beyond his time, as his uncle, Salmon P. Chase invited him to Cincinnati where he later became a partner in his law firm. The Cincinnati City Directory lists him as an attorney at law in 1851-52. In that same year, the Cincinnati College of Medicine aud Surgery was founded. aud Mr. Skinner was its first professor of pathology, then but 21 years of age. He served in the Union Army during the Civil War, enlisting November 19, 1862, as major aud judge advocate on General Rosecrans’ staff, aud resigned his commission on March 20, 1865. It is said that he temporarily lost his reason when a fellow soldier was decapitated by a cannon ball. In 1870 he was a founding member aud officer of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, with which be was active throughout his life. About this time, be began to write for the Masonic Review on the subjects that occupied the remainder of his years. The following is a list of printed works known at present. Most were published by Robert Clarke & Co., Cincinnati.


—The Ancient of Days. The Measure of the Heavens and the Earth by means of the only unit of Alcasure, The British hinch. 1873. (46 pages)
—The Ancient of Days. The Measure of the Heavens and the Earth by means of the only unit of Alcasure, The British hinch. 1873. (46 pages)
Line 470: Line 490:
—A Criticism of the Legeudre Mode of Rectifications of the Curve of the Circle, 1881. (22 pages)
—A Criticism of the Legeudre Mode of Rectifications of the Curve of the Circle, 1881. (22 pages)


—The Donie lonian aud Corinthian columns in Grecian Architecture. Cincinnati, 1885. 1 pam. (PMS)<ref>PMS is: Peabody Museum of Salem, Phillip’s Library East India Marine Hall, 161 Essex St., Salem, M.
—The Donie lonian aud Corinthian columns in Grecian Architecture. Cincinnati, 1885. 1 pam. (PMS)<ref>PMS is: Peabody Museum of Salem, Phillip’s Library East India Marine Hall, 161 Essex St., Salem, M.</ref>
MLUP is: University of Pennsylvania. 3420 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA. Museum at 33rd aud Spruce.</ref>


—Hebrew Metrology. (Ciun.) (1885) 1 pam. (PMS)
—Hebrew Metrology. (Ciun.) (1885) 1 pam. (PMS)


—Identification of the British inch as the unit of measure of the mound builders of the Ohio Valley: appendix C. The Richardson tablet, the Gest Tablet aud the Clarke tablet as related to aud connected with the Bridley measuring stone. 243 pp. (MLUP)
—Identification of the British inch as the unit of measure of the mound builders of the Ohio Valley: appendix C. The Richardson tablet, the Gest Tablet aud the Clarke tablet as related to aud connected with the Bridley measuring stone. 243 pp. (MLUP)<ref>MLUP is: University of Pennsylvania. 3420 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA. Museum at 33rd and Spruce.</ref>


—The identification of the British inch as the unit of measure of the mound builders of the Ohio Valley. (Ciun.) (1886.87) 3 nos. in 1. (PMS)
—The identification of the British inch as the unit of measure of the mound builders of the Ohio Valley. (Ciun.) (1886.87) 3 nos. in 1. (PMS)
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—Same, reprinted with an additional 75 page index of Hebrew terms aud numerical occurrence , aud with an outline of Skinner’s works appended by John Drais, San Diego, 1982.
—Same, reprinted with an additional 75 page index of Hebrew terms aud numerical occurrence , aud with an outline of Skinner’s works appended by John Drais, San Diego, 1982.


There are three known unpublished manuscripts by Mr. Skinner. The first is titled “Notes aud Comments on the ten books of
There are three known unpublished manuscripts by Mr. Skinner.  
 
The first is titled “Notes aud Comments on the ten books of
Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, translated from the Latin by Joseph Gwilt, Architect; with a prefatory essay entitled, An Inquiry into the Principles of Beauty in Grecian Architecture by George, Earl of Aberdeen, London, 1867; by J. Ralston Skinner.” The above is bound, is in Skinner’s band, aud has 194 pages. Three letters to Mary Fletcher Huntington are included, dated 1884 aud 1885.
Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, translated from the Latin by Joseph Gwilt, Architect; with a prefatory essay entitled, An Inquiry into the Principles of Beauty in Grecian Architecture by George, Earl of Aberdeen, London, 1867; by J. Ralston Skinner.” The above is bound, is in Skinner’s band, aud has 194 pages. Three letters to Mary Fletcher Huntington are included, dated 1884 aud 1885.


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The third is at the archives of the Theosophical Society, Adyar. It was discovered at Varanasi with other manuscripts of H.P.B.’s. It is a manuscript of 358 pages written on one side only, interspersed with number arrangements aud number diagrams. This is what Skinner considered as “Volume III” of the Source of Measures. In about 25 places H.P.B. has made changes, corrections aud insertions, aud in several cases wrote brief remarks on blank pages facing the text. Skinner called this treatise “Art Speech”. See: Secret Doctrine, Index Volume, T.P.H. Adyar, 1979, p. 445. Also: The Theosophist, August, 1923, p. 564, “A Unique Manuscript”, by C. Jinarajadasa.
The third is at the archives of the Theosophical Society, Adyar. It was discovered at Varanasi with other manuscripts of H.P.B.’s. It is a manuscript of 358 pages written on one side only, interspersed with number arrangements aud number diagrams. This is what Skinner considered as “Volume III” of the Source of Measures. In about 25 places H.P.B. has made changes, corrections aud insertions, aud in several cases wrote brief remarks on blank pages facing the text. Skinner called this treatise “Art Speech”. See: Secret Doctrine, Index Volume, T.P.H. Adyar, 1979, p. 445. Also: The Theosophist, August, 1923, p. 564, “A Unique Manuscript”, by C. Jinarajadasa.
Mr. Skinner also wrote over a period of 23 years, a “Symbolic Translation of the Bible’.’. Only three copies were printed, one of which was in the hands of his longtime friend, J. D. Buck, a fellow {{Page aside|405}}Mason (See, BCW Vol. III, p. 498) aud his literary legatee. It as not known if this is the “Masonic Bible” used by several U.S. Presidents when sworn into office.
 
Mr. Skinner also wrote over a period of 23 years, a “Symbolic Translation of the Bible”. Only three copies were printed, one of which was in the hands of his longtime friend, J. D. Buck, a fellow {{Page aside|405}}Mason (See, BCW Vol. III, p. 498) aud his literary legatee. It as not known if this is the “Masonic Bible” used by several U.S. Presidents when sworn into office.


Mr. Skinner was initiated into MeMillan Lodge No. 141 at Cincinnati, of the Grand Lodge of Free aud Accepted Masons of Ohio, May 6, 1885. his passing occurred on September 2, 1893.
Mr. Skinner was initiated into MeMillan Lodge No. 141 at Cincinnati, of the Grand Lodge of Free aud Accepted Masons of Ohio, May 6, 1885. his passing occurred on September 2, 1893.
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SMITH, GEORGE (1840.1876). *Ancient History from the Ahonuments.
'''SMITH, GEORGE''' (1840.1876). *Ancient History from the Ahonuments. The History of Babylonia. Edited by Rev. A. R. Sayce. London: Society for promoting Christian knowledge, etc., 1877; also 1884, 1888, 1895.
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The History of Babylonia. Edited by Rev. A. R. Sayce. London:
'''THIRLWALL, CONNOP'''. English bishop aud historian, born at Stepucy, London, January 11, 1797; died at Bath, July 27, 1875. Educated at Charterhouse aud at Trinity college, Cambridge. Ordained deacon, 1827. Was for a while assistant college tutor at Cambridge, but resigned, 1834, as a result of controversy about the admission of Dissenters. In 1840, he was raised by Lord Melbourne to the see of St. David’s, aud proved himself a very liberal aud wise administrator, espousing various broadminded causes connected with the Church, aud taking great interest in the Revision of the Authorized Version of the Bible. He resigned his see in 1874. His History of Greece (1835.44; new ed., 1845-52) has remained a standard work.
Society for promoting Christian knowledge, etc., 1877; also 1884,
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1888, 1895.


THIRLWALL, CONNOP. English bishop aud historian, born at Stepucy, London, January 11, 1797; died at Bath, July 27, 1875. Educated at Charterhouse aud at Trinity college, Cambridge. Ordained deacon, 1827. Was for a while assistant college tutor at Cambridge, but resigned, 1834, as a result of controversy about the admission of Dissenters. In 1840, he was raised by Lord Melbourne to the see of St. David’s, aud proved himself a very liberal aud wise administrator, espousing various broadminded causes connected with the Church, aud taking great interest in the Revision of the Authorized Version of the Bible. He resigned his see in 1874. His History of Greece (1835.44; new ed., 1845-52) has remained a standard work.
'''TIMAEUS OF LOCRI'''. Pythagorean philosopher, a native of Italy aud said to have been a teacher of Plato. There is an extant work bearing,his name, written in the Donie dialect, aud entitled Peni psychas (On the Soul) which is mainly an abridgment of Plato’s dialogue of Timacus. The best ed. of it is that of J. J. de Gelder, Leyden,,1836. It has also been published by C. F. Herman (together with Plato’s Timacus), Leipzig, 1852.
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TIMAEUS OF LOCRI. Pythagorean philosopher, a native of Italy aud said to have been a teacher of Plato. There is an extant work bearing,his name, written in the Donie dialect, aud entitled Peni psychas (On the Soul) which is mainly an abridgment of Plato’s dialogue of Timacus. The best ed. of it is that of J. J. de Gelder, Leyden,,1836. It has also been published by C. F. Herman (together with Plato’s Timacus) , Leipzig, 1852.
'''VIVIEN DE SAINT MARTIN, LOUIS''' (1802-1887). Historic de la Geographic et des decouvertes geographiques depuis les temps les plus recules jusqu’e nos jours. Paris, 1873. There are also 14 other titles by this author.
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VIVIEN DE SAINT MARTIN, LOUIS (1802-1887). Historic de la Geographic et des decouvertes geographiques depuis les temps les plus recules jusqu’e nos jours. Paris, 1873. There are also 14 other titles by this author.
'''VULPIAN, EDME-FELIX-ALFRED''' (1826-1887). French pathologist. Vide, BCW Vol. II, p. 548 for biographical information.
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VULPIAN, EDME-FELIx-ALFRED (1826-1887) . French pathologist. Vide, BCW Vol. II, p. 548 for biographical information.
'''WILDER, DR. ALEXANDER''' (1823-1908). Black Nations of Europe. Untraced to date. For biographical sketch, see BCW Vol. 1. p. 531.
 
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WILDER, DR. ALEXANDER (1823-1908). Black Nations of Europe. Untraced to date. For biographical sketch, see BCW Vol. 1. p. 531.


{{Page aside|406}}
{{Page aside|406}}
WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786.1860) . English physician aud orient
'''WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN''' (1786.1860) . English physician aud orientalist, whose works were published in total as The Works of H.H. Wilson, 12 Vols., Leipsig, 1860-1871. Vide, BCW Vol. II, p.
ist, whose works were published in total as The Works of H. H
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Wilson, 12 Vols., Leipsig, 1860-1871. Vide, BCW Vol. II, p.


WOIDE, CHARLES GODFREY (or Carl Gottfnied) (b. 1725 in Poland, d. 1790). Preacher at German Royal Chapel, St. James 1770; Assistant Librarian at the British Museum 1782. His works include:
'''WOIDE, CHARLES GODFREY''' (or Carl Gottfnied) (b. 1725 in Poland, d. 1790). Preacher at German Royal Chapel, St. James 1770; Assistant Librarian at the British Museum 1782. His works include:


<nowiki>*</nowiki> (On Pistis Sophia)
<nowiki>*</nowiki> (On Pistis Sophia)
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—Article in: Journal des Savants, Paris, 1773.
—Article in: Journal des Savants, Paris, 1773.


—Article in: Beytruge zur Befeinderung theologiseher und ander wiehtigen Kenutnisse, (J. A. Cramer, editor) . Vol. III, p. 82,
—Article in: Beytruge zur Befeinderung theologiseher und ander wiehtigen Kenutnisse, (J. A. Cramer, editor) . Vol. III, p. 82, Kidl und Hamburg, 1778.
Kidl und Hamburg, 1778.


—Notitia codicis Alexandrini cum varius, cius leetionibus omnibus:
—Notitia codicis Alexandrini cum varius, cius leetionibus omnibus: recundendam curvait notasque adiecit G. L. Spohu. Lipsia, 1788, 1790.
recundendam curvait notasque adiecit G. L. Spohu. Lipsia, 1788,
1790.


—In 1775 was published a dictionary of Coptic prepared by M. V. La Crose, aud completed by Chnistianus Scholtz, edited by Woide
—In 1775 was published a dictionary of Coptic prepared by M. V. La Crose, aud completed by Chnistianus Scholtz, edited by Woide and issued at Oxford in Latin.
aud issued at Oxford in Latin.


—In 1778 a Grammain by the same panties in Coptic/Latin at Oxford.
—In 1778 a Grammain by the same panties in Coptic/Latin at Oxford.
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