Zirkoff B. - Appendix (BCW vol.2)

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Appendix

by Boris de Zirkoff

H. P. Blavatsky Collected Writtings, vol. 2, page(s) 520-551

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520

NOTE ON THE TRANSLITERATION OF SANSKRIT

The system of diacritical marks used in the Bibliographies and the Index (with square brackets), as well as in the English translations of original French and Russian texts, does not strictly follow any one specific scholar, to the exclusion of all others. While adhering to a very large extent to Sir Monier-Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary, as for instance in the case of the Anusvâra, the transliteration adopted includes forms introduced by other Sanskrit scholars as well, being therefore of a selective nature.

It should also be noted that the diacritical mark for a long “a” was in the early days a circumflex, and therefore all of H.P.B.’s writings embody this sound in the form of “â.” No change has been made from this earlier notation to its more modern form of the “macron,” or line over the “a.” Such a change would have necessitated too many alterations, and almost certainly would have produced confusion; therefore the older usage has been adhered to throughout.

521

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

(WITH SELECTED BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES)

The material contained in the following pages is of necessity a selective one, and is intended to serve three purposes: (a) to give condensed information, not otherwise readily available, about the life and writings of some individuals mentioned by H. P. B. in the text, and who are practically unknown to the present-day student; (h) to give similar data about a few well-known scholars who are discussed at length by H. P. B., and whose writings she constantly quotes; and (c) to give full information regarding all works and periodicals quoted or referred to in the main text and in the Compiler's Notes, with or without biographical data of their authors. All such works are marked with an asterisk (*).

Abich, Otto Hermann Wilhelm von. German geologist, b. at Berlin, December 11, 1806; d. in Graz, July 2, 1886. Went, 1833, on a scientific expedition to Italy; obtained, 1842, the chair of geolog) and mineralogy at Univ, of Dorpat. Went to the Caucasus in 1844. and, being fascinated by the beauties of the country, resigned his chair and settled in Russia until 1877. Joined the Mountain Engineers, 1854, and with them did a great deal of self-sacrificing work. Became, 1866, Hon. Fellow of the Academy of Sciences. Moved to Vienna, 1877. Apart from numerous articles in scientific magazines, he wrote: Über die geologische Natur des Armenischen Hochlands, Dorpat, 1843; Sur la structure et la geologie du Daghestan, 1862; and Geologische Forschungen in den Caucasischen Ländern, Vienna, 1878-87, 3 vols. His research established the most complete description of the geography and geology of the Caucasus, supplemented by numerous valuable drawings.

H.P.B.’s maternal grandmother, Helena Pavlovna de Fadeyev (nee Princess Dolgorukova), a remarkable scientist in her own right, corresponded and collaborated with von Abich.

Aglio, Agostino. Italian painter, draughtsman, engraver and lithographer, b. at Cremona, 1777; died in London, 1857. Travelled, 1797, through Greece and Egypt with the architect W. Wilkins. Established himself in England, 1803. Collaborated with Wilkins on the Antiquities of Magna Grecia (London, 1807), and with Lord 522Kingsborough (q.v.) on the Antiquities oj Mexico (London, 183148). Produced also A Collection of Capitals and Friezes drawn from the Antique (London, 1820-30).

Aksakov, Alexander Nikolayevich (1832-1903). *Article in La Revue Magnétique, February, 1879. Fide for biogr. sketch Vol. 1, pp. 444-46, of the present Series.

Allbutt, H. A. Honorary Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Society. ‘Lecture delivered at Manchester, June 1880.

Arnold, Sir Edwin (1832-1904). *The Light of Asia or the Great Renunciation (Mahâbhinishkramana). Being the Life and Teaching of Gautama, Prince of India and Founder of Buddhism (As Told in Verse by an Indian Buddhist). London: Trübner & Co., 1879.— *The Indian Song of Songs. From the Sanskrit of the Gita Govinda of Jayadeva, 1875.

*Atharva-Feda. The Sanhitâ ed. by R. Roth and W. D. Whitney, Berlin, 1855-56.—With the Comm, of Sâyanâchârya. Ed. by Shankar Pândurang Pandit, Bombay, 1895-98, 4 vols.— Transi, into Engl, verse by Ralph T. H. Griffith, Benares, 1895-96, 2 vols.; also by Whitney and C. R. Lanman, Cambridge, Mass., 1905.—Tr. into Engl, prose by M. Bloomfield, Oxford, 1897, in SBE, Vol. XLII.

*Avesta. Consult The Zend-Avesta. Transl. by James Darmesteter. Parts I, II & III (the latter tr. by L. H. Mills). Oxford: Clarendon Press, SBE, IV, XXIII, XXXI.

Bacon, Francis (1561-1626). *Neiv Atlantis, 1659.

Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire, Jules (1805-95). *Le Bouddha et sa religion, Paris, 1860.

Bastian, Adolf. German ethnologist and discoverer, b. at Bremen, June 26, 1826; d. at Port of Spain, Trinidad, W.L, Feb. 2, 1905. Went in 1851 to Australia as ship’s-doctor, and continued from there as discoverer to Peru, Mexico, California, China, East-India, Syria, Palestine and Egypt, returning home in 1859. Travelled again, 1861-65, through India, Japan, China, crossing the Gobi. In South America, 1875-76. Further extensive journeys throughout the world most of his life, collecting rich scientific material. Together with Rudolf Virchow, founded, 1869, the Berlin Anthropological Society, and is considered the founder of modern ethnography. Chief Works: Der Mensch in der Geschichte (1860).—Der Menschheits-gedanke durch Raum und Zeil (2 vols., 1901).—Die Volker des 523Ostl. Asien (6 vols., 1866-71).—*Zur Mythologie und Psychologic der Nigritier in Guinea, etc., Berlin, 1894.

Blochvitz, Dr. *Art. in Die Gegenwart on “The Significance of the Number Seven.”

Boldetti, Marco Antonio. Italian antiquary, b. at Rome, Nov. 19, 1663; d. Dec. 4, 1749. Was Vatican-scribe for Hebrew language. Clement XI appointed him Inspector of Rome Catacombs. Chief Work: ‘Osservazioni sopra i cimiterj de’ Santi Martiri, ed antichi Crisliani di Roma, etc. Rome, 1720 fol.

*Book of the Dead, The. Passages quoted have been checked by the English translation of the Theban Recension by Sir E. A. Wallis Budge; 2nd rev. and enl. ed., London, Kegan Paul; New York, E. P. Dutton & Co., 1928. 3 vols. in one.

*Brihadarariyakopanishad. Trans, with Comm, of Madhavacharya (and text of Upanishad by Sris Chandra Vasu. Allahabad: Panini’s Off., 1916. SBH XIV.; ed. and transl. by Bohtlingk, Leipzig, 1889.

Broca, Pierre-Paul. Famous French surgeon and anthropologist, b. at Sainte-Foy-la Grande (Gironde), June 28, 1824; d. at Paris, July 9, 1880. Studied mathematics first, then medicine, becoming an M.D., 1849. Taught surgery and was appointed, 1853, Surgeon of the Hospitals. Elected Fellow of Academy of Medicine, 1867. Made famous studies on the “localisations” in the brain, identifying center of speech; contributed vastly to science of anthropology and engaged in helpful humanitarian work in his profession during the Franco-German war. Was the founder of the Institut Anthropoligique, 1878, overcoming clerical opposition. Issued Revue anthropologique from 1872 on. Wrote extensively on medical and anthropological subjects.

Browning, Robert, (1812-89). *Pheidippides.

Buchanan, Joseph Rodes (1814-99). *Manual of Psychometry: the Dawn of a New Civilization. Published by the Author, Boston, 1885. Fide for biogr. sketch Vol. VI. pp. 429-30, of the present Series.

*Buddhism and Christianity Face to Face. Pamphlet edition of the Report of one of the great debates between High Priest Mohottiwatte of Ceylon and the Missionaries. London and Boston, 1877.— The Catalog of the British Museum, however, lists under Capper (John) a pamphlet entitled A Full Account of the Buddhist Controversy held at Pantura, in August, 1873 (between Gunananda 524Mohottiwatte and two Ministers of the Protestant religion, the Rev. D. de Silva and the Rev. F. S. Sirimanne), Colombo, 1873, pp. 73. 8vo.

Bulwer-Lytton (Edward George Earle Lytton, 1st Baron, 1803-73). *Zanoni, 1842.—*A Strange Story, 1862,—*The Coming Race, 1871.—*The House and the Brain.

Bunsen, Christian Charles Josias, Baron von (1791-1860). *Aegypten’s Stelle in der Weltgeschichte, 1845-57, 5 vols.; Engl. tr. by C. H. Cottrell as Egypt’s Place in Universal History. London, 1848-67, 5 vols.

Burnouf, Emile Louis (1821-1907). *La Science des religions. 2nd ed., Paris, 1872. First publ. as separate articles in La Revue des Deux Mondes, 1864-68. Engl. tr. by E. J. Rapson as The Science oj Religions, London, 1888.

Butlerov, Alexander Mihaylovich (1828-86). *Art. “Empiricism and Dogmatism in the Domain of Mediumship.” Vide for biogr. sketch, Vol. I, pp. 448-49, of the present Series.

Cabral, Pedro Alvarez (1460-1526). Portuguese navigator, discoverer of Brazil. Very little is known about his life, except for the period of 1500-1501. Distinguished himself as an able mariner, and King Manuel gave him command of a fleet of thirteen vessels with 1500 men to duplicate the voyage of Vasco de Gama, and, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, to reach India and establish commercial relations with it. Left Lisbon March 9, 1500, and followed de Gama’s suggestion to take a Western course over the Atlantic, to avoid absence of winds along the African Coast. Reached America on April 22nd, and after taking possession of the land for Portugal, continued to India, where he signed a treaty with the Prince of Cochin. After many losses of ships at sea, returned to his native land and retired to private life.

Castren, Matthias Alexander (1813-52). *M. Alexander Castren's nordische Reisen und Forschungen. A Series of Lectures delivered at the Russian Royal Academy of Sciences, and publ. by Anton Schiefner, St. Petersburg, 1853-62, 12 vols. The 3rd Pt. contains his Vorlesungen über die finnische Mythologie.

525 Cazeneuve, de *Art. in the Journal du magnétisme.

Charcot, Jean-Martin. French physician, b, at Paris, 1825; d. al Lac des Settons, 1893. Prof, of pathological anatomy; Fellow of the Academy of Medicine, 1873, and of the Academy of Sciences, 1883; extensive research on the pathology of nerves. His Lessons (Leçons) of 1873 and 1884 at the Salpêtrière have been translated into many languages, establishing his reputation.

Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 b.c.). *Tusculanea Disputaciones. Loeb Classical Library.

Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel. German physicist, b. at Köslin, Pomerania; d. at Bonn, 1888. Studied at Berlin Univ.; took his degree at Halle, 1848, and was appointed prof, of Physics, 1850. Was later professor at Zürich Polytechnic and the Univ, of that city, and moved to Würzburg in 1867. Deserves the credit of having made thermodynamics a science; the kinetic theory of gases owes much to his research, as well as the development of electrolysis.

Clavigero, Francisco Javier Mariano. Mexican historian, b. at Veracruz, September 9, 1721; d. in Bolonia, Italy, April 2, 1787. From early boyhood exhibited great aptitude for languages, and entered the Jesuit novitiate, 1748; completed his philosophical studies in Puebla College, and devoted himself to the study of the antiquities and history of his native land, making himself thoroughly familiar with all existing paintings, manuscripts, and other remains available in his day. On the expulsion of the Jesuits from America in 1767, Clavigero went to Ferrara, Italy, and eventually settled in Bolonia. His chief work was written in Spanish. He himself translated it into Italian, and it was published under the title of Storia Anlica del Messico (Cesena, 1780-81, 4 vols.). Soon after, in 1787, it was translated into English by Chas. Cullen, while the original Spanish text did not appear in print until 1945, being published in Mexico in four volumes. The work is considered invaluable source-material and has been used by later historians and translated into several other languages.

Colebrooke, Henry Thomas (1765-1837). *“Essays on the Religion and Philosophy of the Hindus,” Asiatic Researches, Vol. VII, pp. 232-85, Calcutta, 1801. Also a new ed., London & Edinburgh: Williams & Norgate, 1858.

526 Comte. Auguste (1798-1857). *Catéchisme positiviste, etc., Paris, 1852; also 1874, 1890, 1891; Engl. tr. by R. Congreve as The Catechism of Positive Religion, London, 1858.

Cox, Edward William (1809-79). *The Mechanism of Man: an Answer to the Question: What Am I? London, 1876; 3rd ed., 1879. Ride Vol. I, pp. 453-54. of present Series for biogr. sketch.

Davis, Andrew Jackson (1826-1910). *Death and the After-Life, 1866; 4th enl. ed., Boston & New York, 1871.—*Stellar Key to the Summerland, ditto, 1868.—*Spiritual Congress.

Vide Vol. I, pp. 455-59, of present Series for comprehensive biography.

Dayânanda Sarasvati (1825-88). *Rig-Vedâdi-Bhâshya-Bhûmika. Introduction to the Commentary on the Vedas . . . Translated by Ghasi Ram. Meerut, 1925; xii, 507 pp.

Deleuze. Jean-Philippe-Franqois. French naturalist, b. at Sisteron, 1753; d. 1835. Initially sub-lieutenant of infantry; later studied natural sciences, and in 1795 became associated with the Nat. Sc. Museum, of which he was appointed Librarian in 1828. Known especially for work on animal magnetism, establishing the fact that a magnetized individual is clairvoyant, sees diseased conditions and knows remedies for them, but remembers nothing of it when he returns to normal state. Chief works: Histoire, critique du magnétisme, Paris, 1813-19, 2 vols.—Instruction pratique sur le magnétisme animal, 1819 and 1836.—Défense du magnétisme, 1819. —Mémoire sur la faculté de prévision, 1836.

Denton, William (1823-83) and Elizabeth M. Foote Denton. *The Soul of Things, or, Psychometric Researches and Discoveries. 3rd rev. ed.. Boston: Walker, Wise & Co., 1866. viii, 370 pp.

Deslon, Charles (d. 1786). French physician; Regent of the Faculty of Medicine in Paris and first physician of the Comte d’Artois. Supporting Mesmer in his research, he was almost hounded out of the Faculty; later, however, he quarreled with Mesmer. Author of: Observations sur le magnétisme animal, London, 1780.

Destouches, Philippe (1680-1754). French dramatist whose real name was Néricault. Born at Tours, he was attached successively to the French embassies in Switzerland and London. Elected to the Academy upon his return to France, 1723. After eleven years of diplomatic service, he returned to drama with the Philosophe 527marié, 1727, followed in 1732 by his masterpiece, Le Glorieux. The quote used by H.P.B. is from his *Philinte.

Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. Spanish chronicler and military man, b. at Medina del Campo, 1498; d. in Mexico, 1568. Was born of a poor and humble family and in 1514, to seek his fortune in the New World, embarked as common soldier under Cordova in the first expedition to Yucatan. Eventually enlisted under Cortés, taking part in practically every major event of the war, and earning commendations for his courage and fidelity. After various other military activities, we find him in 1568 established as regidor of the city of Guatemala, busily engaged in writing down the story of his life, in addition to his own desire to relate with greater accuracy, events which had been distorted by self-seeking generals, he was distressed over the biased account of Francisco Lopez de Gômara (q.v.) and decided to correct many of its anaccuracies. Such was the origin of his Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva Espana, an important source-material of those times, lacking eloquence and flourish but breathing the spirit of truth, as is often the case with untutored penmen. For more than sixty years after its composition, the MS. lay concealed in a private library, when it was finally placed in the hands of Father Alonso Remon, Chronicler General of the Order of Mercy. It appeared under his auspices at Madrid in 1632. An English translation was published in London, in 1800.

*Dream of Ravan. A Mystery. Originally published anonymously in The Dublin University Magazine, 1853-54. Republished London: Theos. Puhi. Society, 1895; 248 pp., Preface by G. R. S. Mead.

Dujardin-Beaumetz, Georces-Saintfort. French physician, b. at Barcelona, Nov. 27. 1833; d. Feb. 16, 1895. Became M.D., 1862; Chef de Clinique of the Faculty, 1865, and Physician of the Hospitals of Paris, 1870. Occupied himself mainly with therapeutics, and was elected, 1880, to the Medical Academy. Author of: Leçons de clinique thérapeutique (6th ed., 1891), translated into many languages; Dictionnaire de thérapeutique, 1883-84, 4 vols.; Les Plantes médicinales, etc., 1888.

Dumas, Alexandre, or “Dumas Père” (1802-70). *Travels in the Caucasus. It is uncertain which one of three works on the Caucasus is referred to. Dumas wrote: Le Caucase, Paris, 1859; Le Caucase depuis Prométhée jusqu à Chamyll, Paris, 1859, 7 vols; Impressions de voyage. Le Caucase, Paris, 1865, 3 vols.

Dumas, Alexandre, or “Dumas Fils” (1824-95). *La Dame aux 528camélias, Paris, 1848.—*Le Demi-Monde, Paris, 1855.—*La Dame aux perles, Paris, 1855.—*Les Femmes qui tuent, et les Femmes qui votent (Letter to J. Clarétie), Paris, 1880, 216 pp.

Dupotet de Sennevoy, Baron Jules (1796-1881). *La Magie dévoilée, ou principes de science occulte, Paris, 1852, 4to. Vide Vol. VII, p. 368, of present Series, for biogr. sketch.

Edwards, Jonathan. American theologian, b. Oct. 5, 1703, at East Windsor, Conn.; d. at Princeton, March 22, 1758. Precocious from earliest years, he was graduated from Yale College at 17 at the head of his class. Became in 1729 Pastor of the largest and wealthiest Presbyterian congregation at Northampton, Mass. After an initial success, his peculiar Calvinistic views and theories, particularly with regard to the freedom of will and damnation, aroused strong opposition and he was dismissed in 1748. For some years after, he did missionary work among the Housatonic Indians and wrote his chief work, The Freedom of the Will. In 1757 he became for a brief time President of the College of New Jersey, but soon died from smallpox.

Elliotson, John. English physician, b. at London, Oct. 29, 1791; d. there July 29, 1868. After some years of private education, entered Jesus College, Cambridge, and became M.D., 1821. Prof, of the practice of medicine in Univ, of London, 1831. Popular lecturer and specialist in research on drugs. Founder of the Phrenological Society, and Pres, of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Soc. of London. Became ardent student of mesmerism and held séances at his home. His belief in the reality of mesmerism led to differences between him and the Medical Council of the University, resulting in his resignation in Dec., 1838. He was one of the most eminent physicians of the day. Author of: Lumleian Lectures, 1830; Principles and Practice of Medicine, 1839. Established the Zoist, a magazine recording effects produced by mesmerism (13 vols.).

Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-82). *The Over-Soul.

Fauvety, Charles. French writer, politician and editor, b. at Uzes (Gard), Aug. 10, 1813; d. at Asnières, Feb. 11, 1894. Was very active in the Saint-Simonien Movement (1830-45), and with Éliphas Lévi founded the journal La Vérité, 1845; subsequently, contributed most of the money for the publication of the Représentant du Peuple, being with Proudhon its principal contributor. In 1848, he founded La Montagne, and under the Second Empire, La Revue Philosophique 529et Religieuse. During the years 1866-1870, he published La Solidarité, which was followed by *La Religion Laique et Universelle in 1876. At the end of his life, he published a work called Démonstration scientifique de l’existence de Dieu (Nantes, 1894).

Fauvety joined The Theosophical Society about 1883, and was actively engaged in Theosophical and allied work in France. He was the Editor of a Bulletin Mensuel published by the Société Scientifique d’Études Psychologiques, in which several of H.P.B.’s articles appeared at the time. These may be found in their proper chronological place in the present Series.

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814). Quotation unidentified.

Foissac, Pierre. French physician, b. at Albert (Lot), 1801. Became practicing physician in Paris, 1825, and founded the Medical Society in 1850. Author of: Sur le magnétisme animal, 1825, and Hygiène philosophique de l’âme, 1860.

Forbes, Archibald (1838-1900). British war correspondent, born in Morayshire and educated at Aberdeen College. A Private in the Royal Dragoons before turning to journalism, he excelled as one of the greatest war correspondents of his day, reporting on the Franco- Prussian war of 1870 for the Morning Advertiser and the Daily News, as well as covering the Russo-Turkish war of 1877, the Afghan war of 1878, and the Zulu war of 1879. Author of: Memories and Studies of War and Peace, 1895.

Geary, Grattan (?-1900). *Through Asiatic Turkey. Narrative of a Journey from Bombay to the Bosphorus. London, 1878. 2 vols. The author was the Editor of the Times of India, and subsequently acquired the Bombay Gazette. He played a prominent part in Bombay municipal affairs and exerted no little influence on public events in India.

Geikie, Sir Archibald. Scottish geologist, b. at Edinburgh, Dec. 28, 1835; d. at Haslemere, Surrey, Nov. 10, 1924. Educated at the Univ, of Edinburgh. Appointed, 1855, assistant in the Geological Survey, of which he became director, 1867. Soon became one of the leaders of the Edinburgh school of geologists. Remained in his native city until 1881, when he was appointed Director-General of the Geological Survey of the U.K. and Director of the London Museum of practical geology. Travelled extensively in Europe and U.S.A., collecting valuable data on volcanic phenomena. Gave great impetus to microscopic petrography. Pres, of the British 530Association, 1892, and of the Royal Society, 1909. Among his works dealing mainly with Geology, mention should be made of: The Ancient Volcanos of Great Britain (1897); Outlines of Field Geology (5th ed., 1900); Geological Sketches at Home and Abroad (1882).

*Golden Legend. See Jacobus de Vorágine.

Goldstücker, Theodor. German Orientalist, b. of Jewish parents at Königsberg, Jan. 18, 1821; d. in London, March 6, 1872. Engaged in Oriental studies at Univ, of Bonn, under von Schlegel and Lassen. In 1842, went to live for three years in Paris, and assisted Burnouf in his writing. Strongly influenced in his career by H. H. Wilson and readily accepted his invitation to come to England and assist him in a new ed. of his Sanskrit Dictionary. Appointed, 1852, Prof, of Sanskrit in Univ. College, London. Was one of the founders of the Sanskrit Text Society. As Literary Remains some of his writings were published in two vols. (1879), but his papers were left to the India Office.

Gomara, Francisco López de. Spanish historian, b. at Gomara, Soria, Spain, ca. 1510; d. at Seville, ca. 1560. As private chaplain to Hernando Cortés, obtained from him and others information enabling him to write account of the Spanish conquest of the Antilles, Peru, Chile, Central America and Mexico, publ. as Historia de las Indias y Crónica de la conquista de Nueva España, Medina, 1553. Never went to America himself, and his work is so biased and inaccurate that from 1553 to 1727 its publication was prohibited in Spain, although it was reportedly published elsewhere. At one time it was mistaken for the Chronicle of Chimalpain, an Aztec writer at the close of the 16th century. Bernal Diaz (q.v.) wrote his account partially to correct the errors of Gomara.

Gotama Akshapáda. *Nyáya-sútra-vritti. The Logical Aphorisms of Gotama, with a Commentary by Visvantha Bhattacharya Tarka-lamkara. Ed. and with Engl, transl., 1828.—The Aphorisms with extracts from the commentary, ed. by J. R. Ballantyne. Sanskrit and English. Allahabad: Presbyterian Mission Press, 1850, 1853, 1854, 3 vols.

Gougenot des Mousseaux, Le Chevalier Henri-Roger (1805-78). *Moeurs et pratiques des demons, Paris, 1854; 2nd rev. ed., Paris, 1865. See Vol. V, pp. 374-75, of the present Series, for other works by this author.

Gregory, William. Chemist and Physician, b. at Edinburgh, Dec. 53125, 1803; d. there April 24, 1858. Graduated in his native town, 1828, specializing in chemistry. Appointed, 1839, Prof, of Medicine and Chemistry in King’s College, Aberdeen. Elected, 1844, to the Chair of Chemistry at Edinburgh. He was the favorite pupil of Liebig in Germany, introduced his researches into England and edited his works. Author of: Outlines of Chemistry, 1845, 1847.— *Animal Magnetism. 2nd rev. ed., London, 1877; another ed., with Introd, by Wm. S. Moses. London: Psychological Press Ass’n, 1884.—Gregory also translated into English the famous Researches, etc. of Baron K. von Reichenbach (1850).

Grodekoff. N. K. (1843-?). See for biogr. data and works page 391 of the present Volume.

Hachette, Jeanne (alias for Jeanne Laisne, or Fourquet). French heroine, bom about 1454, and known solely for her act of heroism when, on June 27, 1472, she saved her native city of Beauvais from being captured by Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy. In hurling hatchets at Burgundian men-of-arms and tearing down their flag, she revived the drooping courage of the garrison, and won favors from Louis XI, who instituted a procession of the Assault in honor of the event. (Cf. George Vallat, Jeanne Hachette, Abbeville, 1898.)

Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich (1834-1919). *Anthropogenie; oder Entwickelungsgeschichte des Menschen. 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1874; 4th enl. ed.. Leipzig, 1891.

Hammond, Dr. Wm. A. (1828-1900). Vide Vol. I, pp. 465-66, for biogr. data.

Heath, Dr. E. R., *Peruvian Antiquities,” Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, November, 1878.

Helmont, Johannes Baptista van (1577-1644). The writings of this great mystic and occultist were collected together by his son and were published by Elzevir under the title of: Ortus medicinae, id est initia physicae inaudita, progressus medicinae novus, in morborum ultionem ad vitam longam. Amsterdam, 1648 and 1652, 4to. The best ed. is the one of 1652, while the one of Venice, 1651, has additions from other pens. The original ed. was reprinted many times later as *Opera Omnia, and translated into Dutch, French and English.

Higgins, Godfrey (1773-1833). *Anacalypsis, an Attempt to draw aside the Veil of the Saitic Isis, etc. London: Longman, etc., 1836. 5322 vols. 4to; 2nd ed., Glasgow, 1878, 8vo; reprinted, New York, 1927. Vide Vol. VIII, pp. 458-59, of present Series for biogr. sketch.

Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Wilhelm (1776-1822). *Die Elixiere des Teufels, 1816.—*Meister Marlin der Kufner und seine Gesellen. 1819-21.—*Violin of Cremona.

Huc, Évariste Régis (1813-60). *Souvenirs d’un voyage dans la Tartarie, le Thibet, et la Chine pendant les années 1844-1846. Paris, 2 vols. 8vo.; Engl. tr. by W. Hazlitt as Travels, etc., 1851.

Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander, Baron von (1769-1859). *Researches concerning the Institutions and Monuments of the Ancient Inhabitants of America, etc. Transi, from the French by Helen Maria Williams, London, 1814, 2 vols.

Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-95). *Art. on “Darwin and Haeckel,” in Popular Science Monthly, March, 1875.

Jacobus de Voragine (ca. 1230-ca. 1298). Italian chronicler, archbishop of Genoa, born at Varazze. Joined the Dominicans in 1244. Provincial of Lombardy, 1267-86, and represented his own province at the councils of Lucca (1288) and Ferrara (1290). Consecrated archbishop, 1292, distinguishing himself by his efforts to appease the civil discords of Genoa. Buried in the Dominican Church in Genoa. The chief works of Jacobus are the Chronicon januense (partly pr. in Muratori, Scriptores Rer. liai. IX, 6), dealing with the history of Genoa, and the *Golden Legend or Lombardica historia, one of the most popular religious works of the middle ages, a collection of the legendary lives of the greater saints. The most convenient edition of the original is that of Dr. Th. Graesse, Dresden, 1846. The best translation is the French of Gustave Brunet, Paris, 1843, 2 vols.

Jacolliot, Louis. *La Bible dans I'lnde. Vie de lezeus Christna, 1869. Engl. tr. as The Bible in India, London, 1870.—*Les Fils de Dieu, Paris, 1873, 1875, 1882.

*Kâsikhanda. Section of Skanda-Purana treating on Benares.

Kaye, Sir John William (1814-1876). *History of the Sepoy War in India, 1857-58. London and New York: Longmans Green & Co., 1896. 3 vols, (continued later by G. B. Malleson).

533 King, Edward, Viscount Kingsborough. Bom Nov. 16, 1795, as eldest son of George, 3rd Earl of Kingston, and Lady Helena Moore, died of typhus at Dublin, Feb. 27, 1837. Matriculated at Oxford from Exeter Coll., 1814, and was M.P. for Cork Co., 1818-20. The sight of a Mexican MS in Bodleian Library determined him to devote his life to the study of Mexican antiquities. Promoted and edited, with copious notes, a magnificent work, Antiquities of Mexico (9 vols., imperial fol., London, 1830-48, and a projected 10th vol.), in collaboration with Agostino Aglio (q.v.), and comprising facsimiles of ancient Mexican paintings and hieroglyphics preserved in various Libraries. The main drift of his argument, however, was the colonization of Mexico by Israelites. This work cost him £32,000. Oppressed with depts, he was arrested in connection with a suit by a paper manufacturer, and lodged in the sheriff’s prison where he died.

Kinneir, Sir John Macdonald. English Lieut.-Col., traveller and diplomat, b. at Carnden, Feb. 3, 1782; d. at Tabriz, June 11, 1830. Captain in the 24th Madras native infantry, 1818; attached to Sir John Malcolm’s mission in Persia, 1808-09. Travelled extensively through the Orient and was envoy to Persia, 1824. Took part in peace negotiations between that country and Russia, 1828. Author of: Journey Through Asia Minor, etc., London, 1818.—*A Geographical Memoir of the Persian Empire, London, 1813.

*Kladderadatsch. Berlin humorous journal, 1848, etc.

Layard, Sir Austen Henry. British author, diplomat and archaeologist, b. in Paris, March 5, 1817; d. in London, July 5, 1894. Educated in England and on the Continent. Was in 1842 on diplomatic assignment in Constantinople; explored ruins of Assyria, 1845, studying various tribes and sects like the Yezidis, and excavating at Kuyunjik and Nimrud. Returning to England, 1848, he published Nineveh and its Remains (1848-49, 2 vols.), accomp. by Illustrations of the Monuments of Nineveh (1849). His second expedition in 1849 identified Kuyunjik as the site of ancient Nineveh; this was recorded in his Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon (1855). His later years, 1852-69, were spent in politics as a member of Parliament, Ambassador, Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and Trustee of the British Museum (1866). Layard retired to Venice to devote his time to Italian art.

Lemaistre, J. G. *Travels after the Peace of Amiens, through parts of France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. London, 1806. 3 vols.

534 Lenormant, Franqois. Renowned French archaeologist, b. in Paris, Jan. 17, 1837; d. there Dec. 9, 1883. Son of an archaeologist, he became one of the best known scholars of the day in his chosen field. As professor of archaeology at the Bibliothèque Nationale, 1874, was engaged in a number of journeys to Italy, Greece and Asia Minor for purposes of study and research. He was also an authority in Numismatics and wrote on the subject. Lenormant was a prolific writer on both ancient and current history, and was on the staff of several French papers. Among his many works mention should be made of the following: Manuel d’histoire ancienne de I’Orient (1868, 2 vols. 8vo), a work which became a classic of the day (2nd ed., 1881-87). Chef-d’oeuvre de I’art antique (1867-68, 7 vols. 4to).—Les premières civilisations (1874, 2 vols. 8vo.)—Les Sciences occultes en Asie, a very important and epochmaking work which consists of two parts separately issued: La Magie chez les chaldéens et les origines accadiennes (Paris: Malmaison, 1874), tr. into English by W. R. Cooper as Chaldaean Magic; its Origin and Development (London, 1878), and La Divination et la science des présages chez les chaldéens I Paris, 1875).—Les Origines de l’histoire, etc. (1880-82, 2 vols.).

Lenormant founded in 1881 the Gazette archéologique and became a member of the Académie des Inscriptions. He died prematurely of a disease he had contracted on one of his expeditions.

Lewes, George Henry (1817-78), Vide Vol. VIII, p. 463, of present Series for biogr. data.

Lindsay, James Ludovic, 26th Earl of Crawford and 9th Earl of Bal- carres, born at St. Germain-en-Laye, July 28, 1847, deceased at London, January 31, 1913. Astronomer, collector and bibliophile, descendant from one of the oldest families of the British Isles; he was the only son of Alexander William Crawford Lindsay, 25th Earl of Crawford and 8th Earl af Balcarres, by his wife Margaret, eldest daughter of Lieutenant-General James Lindsay, of Balcarres. Educated at Eton; attended for a brief period Trinity College, Cambridge, then entered the Grenadier Guards; resigned commission after being elected M.P. for Wigan, a seat which he held until he succeeded to his father’s earldom, 1880. Greatly attracted to astronomy, he organized a station at Cadiz, 1870. for observation of the eclipse of the sun, rendering valuable assistance to the expedition sent by the British Government. Erected, 1872, an observatory at Dunecht, near Aberdeen, equipped with the newest telescopes; became associated with Mr. (later Sir) David Gill, and in 1874, proceeded with him and Dr. Ralph Copeland to Mauritius, 535to observe the transit oi Venus. Presented to the nation, 1888, all his telescopes, instruments and astronomical library, for the purpose of establishing an improved observatory at Edinburgh. During the rest of his life, made large collections of proclamations, broadsides, and documents of the French Revolution; his valuable collection of postage stamps, as well as of philatelic books, he bequeathed to the British Museum. Was an enthusiastic bibliophile, adding greatly to the remarkable library inherited from his father. The inception of this library, one of the largest privately owned libraries in the British Isles, can be traced to John Lindsay, Lord Menmuir of Balcarres, second son of David, 9th Earl of Crawford (born 1552). He was one of the Octavians who with the Privy Council governed the land during the minority of James VI. James Lindsay issued a number of Catalogues and handlists, as well as a collation of the rarest books with notes, in a valuable series of four large volumes, entitled Bibliotheca Lindesiaaa, containing the description of the vast holdings preserved at Haigh Hall, Wigan. Though not a professional mathematician, he had considerable mechanical skill and took an interest in the development of electrical engineering, acting as Chief British Commissioner at the electrical exhibition at Paris, 1881. He also rendered active service by scientific explorations in his yacht Valhalla. Elected President of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1878 and 1879, Fellow of the Royal Society, 1878, and Trustee of the British Museum, 1885. It was at one of the meetings of the Trustees that he was taken gravely ill, Jan. 30, 1913, and died the next day, at 2 Cavendish Square. He was buried at the old Chapel of Balcarres House, Fife. James Lindsay was married, 1869, to Emily Florence, second daughter of Col. the Hon. Edward Bootle Wilbraham, by whom he had one daughter and six sons. He was succeeded as 27th Earl by his oldest son David Alexander Edward (b. 1871) who was a member of Lloyd George’s Coalition Cabinet, 1916-22.

Very little seems to be known regarding the occult leanings of James Ludovic Lindsay, and no information of any kind is available on this subject in official sources. However, we learn some very interesting facts concerning him in one of the letters from Master K.H. to A. P. Sinnett (Letter No. VIII, received through H. P. Blavatsky, about Feb. 20, 1881; see Mahatma Letters, pp. 26-27).

Lucian of Samosata (120-200 a.d.). *Sale of Philosophers. Loeb Classical Library.

Lundy, Dr. John Patterson (1823-1892). *Monumental Christianity, 536or the Art and Symbolism of the Primitive Church as Witnesses and Teachers of the one Catholic Faith and Practice. New York: J. W. Bouton, 1876. xviii, 453 pp.

Luys, Jules-Bernard. French physician, b. at Paris, Aug. 17, 1828; d. at Divonne-les-Bains, 1895. Graduated in 1857. Chief physician of hospitals, 1862. Specialized in anatomy, physiology and pathology of cerebro-spinal nervous system. Taught at the Charité and the Salpêtrière on the subject of mental diseases. His Recherches on the nervous system, publ. in 1865, was crowned by the Institute. Interested in hypnotism, he publ. in 1890 the results of his studies as Leçons cliniques.

Mackenzie, Kenneth Robert Henderson (?-1886). Prominent Mason known as “Cryptonymus.” Founder of present Order of Rosicrucians in England and author of a rare work entitled *The Royal Masonic Cyclopaedia of History, Rites, Symbolism and Biography, London, 1877 [1875-77], 8vo.

*Mahâbhârata. Edited (with the Harivansa, its supplemental portion) for the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, Calcutta, 1834-39. Transi, by K. M. Ganguli and Pratap Chandra Roy. Calcutta: Bharata Press, 1883-96. 12 vols.; 2nd ed. Calcutta: Datta N. Bose & Co., 1923, etc. Also transi, by M. N. Dutt. Calcutta: Elysium Press, 1895-1905. 18 vols.

Markoff, Y. L. Vide p. 444 of the present Volume.

Medhurst, Walter Henry (1796-1857). *Dissertation on the Theology of the Chinese, 1847.

Mitra, Piari Chand (1814-83). Hindu social reformer, inspired by Derozio at the old Hindu College. Adopted commercial career, but literature was his real work in life. He contributed largely to local journals and the Spiritualistic journals outside of India, being greatly interested in mediumship. Helped to found the British Indian Association and was in 1868 a member of the Bengal Legislative Council. Sponsored an Act for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Active in the T.S. in Calcutta.

Mitra, Râjâ RâjendralÂla. Hindu scholar and antiquarian, b. at Calcutta, Feb. 15, 1824; d. there, July 26, 1891. Educated in his native town in English schools and the Calcutta Medical Coll. Interested for a while in study of Law, but soon devoted his entire attention to mastering Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, German and French. At 22 appointed assistant secretary and librarian of the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal; 1856, app. Director of the Wards’ Institute; retired 537on pension, 1880; Pres. of the As. Soc. of Bengal, 1885; played prominent part, 1886, in the second National Indian Congress. Originally from a respected family of the Kayasth or writer caste of Bengal, he rose to the title of Ràjâ in 1888, and was the most learned Hindu of his time. His articles in the Journal of the Asiatic Soc., numbering upward of 100, have been issued as Indo-Aryans (London, 1881, 2 vols.). In addition to many translations of Sanskrit text for the Bibliotheca Indica Series (such as *The Lolita Vistara, new ser., vol. 90, 1848), he wrote The Antiquities of Orissa (2 vols., 1875 and 1880), a similar work on Bodh Gaya (1878), and a work on The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal (1882). He wrote for the Hindu Patriot, exerting considerable influence upon the affairs of India.

Müller, Max [Friedrich Maximilian] (1823-1900). *Chips from a German Workshop. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1867-75. 4 vols. Includes his “Lecture on the Vedas,” and his essay on “Buddhism.”—* Introduction to the Science of Religion. Four Lectures delivered at the Royal Institution. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1873. ix, 11, 403 pp. 8vo. Vide Vol. V. pp. 378-79, of the present Series for biogr. data about the author.—*Sâhitya Grantha. Not identified as such, but is most likely a descriptive term for his Rigveda-Samhitâ (q.v.).

Musset, Louis Charles Alfred de (1810-57). *Rolla, published in 1833 in the Revue des Deux Mondes.

Naquet, Alfred Joseph. French scientist and politician, b. at Carpentras (Vaucluse), 1834; d. at Paris, 1916. Graduated as physician; condemned under the Empire for his views and for belonging to secret groups; deputy from Vaucluse, 1871; senator from that Department, 1882. In 1888, he was an ardent supporter of Gen. Boulanger. Was reelected, 1893; demanded in 1894 a revision of the Constitution. Prosecuted for the Panama affair, but acquitted, 1898. Responsible for the divorce law of 1888. Author of: *Révélation antique et révélation moderne. This work has remained untraced.

*New American Cyclopaedia. Publ. by Daniel Appleton & Co. Ed. by George Ripley and Chas. A. Dana, 1858-63, 16 vols. Called American Cyclopaedia after 1868. New ed. prepared by same Editors, 1873-76, 16 vols.

Nina, Saint (276-340). Called the “Enlightener” of Georgia in the Caucasus. She was the daughter of Zavulon, Army Chief of Emperor 538peror Maximian. Being a native of Cappadocia, she lived in Jeru saleni until the age of fourteen. She then went to Rome, escaped persecution from Maximian and returned to the East, first to Persia, then to Georgia (315), where she settled in Mtskhet, producing remarkable healings and attracting widespread attention through her preaching. As a result of her efforts, she converted the Emperor, the Queen, and most of the Court, an event which resulted finally in the conversion of the entire population to Christianity. Her work over a period of thirty-five years was peaceful, and she avoided forcing her ideas upon the people. She became the Patron-Saint of the Georgian land.

Nipher, Francis Eugene. American physicist, b. at Port Byron, N.Y., Dec. 10, 1847; d. Oct. 6, 1927. Instructor in Physics at State Univ, of Iowa, 1870-74. Prof, of physics, 1874-1914. Prof. Emeritus, 1914, at the Washington University, St. Louis. Showed that positive photographic picture could be produced in direct light, and made extensive study of electrical discharges. Author of: Electricity and Magnetism, Philadelphia, 1914. It is uncertain whether H.P.B.’s reference is to these Studies in some earlier edition. The title she refers to has not been traced.

Olaus Magnus or Magni (1490-1558) (Magnus, i.e., Stora, great, being the family name and not a personal epithet). Swedish ecclesiastic and author. Followed his brother, Johannes Magnus, archbishop of Uppsala, to Rome, 1527. Most of his life was spent in the monastery of St. Brigitta in Rome, where he subsisted on a pension assigned him by the Pope. Author of the famous *His- toria de gentibus septenlrionalibus, Rome, 1555, a work which long remained the chief authority on Swedish matters. Engl. tr. by J. Streater as A Compendious History of the Goths, Swedes and Vandals, and Other Northern Nations, London, 1653.

Olcott, Col. Henry Steel (1832-1907). *People from the Other World. Ill. by Alfred Kappes and T. W. Williams. Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Co., March, 1875.-—*Old Diary Leaves. First Series. London & New York: Putnam’s Sons, 1895. Second ed. publ. by The Theos. Publ. House, Adyar, Madras, 1941.-— *Diaries. Original volumes of Col. Olcott’s daily entries now in the Adyar Archives.

Consult Vol. I (Appendix) of the present Series for a comprehensive biographical sketch of Col. Olcott’s life.

Orbigny, Alcide Dessalines d’. French palaeontologist, b. Sept. 6, 1802, at Couërzon (Loire Inférieure); d. at Pierresitte, June 30. 5391857. Educated at La Rochelle and appointed travelling naturalist for Museum of Natural History at Paris. Went to South America. 1826, to gather information on natural history and ethnology, embodying the results in his Voyage dans ΓAmérique Méridionale (1839-42). in 1840 began publishing a monumental work: Paléontologie Française, ou description des fossils de la France, in eight volumes, dealing with Jurassic and Cretaceous invertebrata. Appointed, 1853, professor of palaeontology at Museum of Nat. Hist, at Paris.

Paine, Thomas (1737-1809). *The Age of Reason, 1794-95.

Patanjali. *Yogasutras or Pâtanjala (sometimes spoken of as Yoga- Vidyâ). Text and transi, by Ballantyne and Govind Sâstrî Deva. Ed. by Tookaram Tatya. Bombay: Theos. Society, 1882; 2nd rev. ed. for the Bombay Theos. Publ. Fund. Bombay, 1885.—Transi, by James H. Woods. Cambridge, Mass.; Harvard Univ., 1914.—The Yoga Aphorisms of Patanjali. An interpretation by Wm. Q. Judge, ass. by James H. Connelly. New York: The Path, 1889 (transi, and comm.); many subs, editions.—Transl. with Notes by Manilal N. Dvivedi. Bombay: Bombay Theos. Publ. Fund, 1890.

Paul, Dr. N. C. (in India as Navînachandra Pâla). *A Treatise on the Yoga Philosophy, 2nd ed. Calcutta: “Indian Echo” Press, 1883, ii, 52 pp. 8vo.; 3rd ed. by T. Tatya. Bombay, 1888. Very scarce.

Paz Soldán, Mateo. Peruvian lawyer and mathematician, b. at Arequipa, Peru, 1814; d. before 1876. Educated in San Jeronimo Seminary, graduating in law. Worked for a short time at his legal profession, and devoted himself to acquiring vast knowledge of all sciences. Proficient in several languages. Wrote a number of remarkable treatises on astronomy and calculus used elsewhere as source material. His chief work, however, is Georgrajia del Perú (Paris: Fermin Didot, 1862-63), published posthumously with additional material by his brother Mariano Felipe Paz Soldán (1821-86).

Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus) (ca. a.d. 23-79). *Historian naturalis (Natural History) in 37 Books. Loeb Classical Library.

Powell, John Wesley. American geologist and ethnologist, b. March 24, 1834, at Mt. Morris, N.Y.; d. in Haven, Me., Sept. 23, 1902. Educ. at Illinois and Oberlin Colleges. Lost right arm in Civil War, during which he became major. Especially interested in geology 540and appointed, 1865, prof, of geology and curator of the museum in Illinois Wesleyan Univ, of Bloomington, and later at the Normal Univ. Began in 1867 a series of expeditions to the Rocky Mts. and the canyons of Green and Colorado Rivers, incl. a daring three months’ journey through the Grand Canyon, 1869. Founded and directed (1879) a bureau of ethnology at the Smithsonian Institution, and contributed comprehensive studies of the Indians and their languages. His work led to a U. S. Government geographical and geological survey of the Rockies (1870-79). In the period of 1881-94, Powell was director of the geological survey. Author of a number of works dealing with American geology.

Prescott, William Hickling (1796-1859). *History of the Conquest of Mexico, 1843.

Proctor, Richard Anthony. British Astronomer, b. at Chelsea, March 23, 1837; d. at New York, Sept. 12, 1888. Educ. at King’s College, London, and St. John’s College, Cambridge. At first studied law, but turned his attention to astronomy and authorship. Although financially a failure, his early works were favorably received by astronomers. In 1881, he founded a popular magazine entitled Knowledge and wrote for it. Became in 1886 a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and Honorary Secretary thereof in 1872. An expert in map-drawing, he published two star atlases. Settled in America in 1881. His most ambitious work, Old and New Astronomy, was completed after his death by A. Cowper Ranyard and publ, in 1892. Among other works should be mentioned: Other Worlds than Ours (1870); The Poetry of Astronomy (1880); The Borderland of Science (London, 1873); and the little known Our Place among Infinities (London, 1875; New York, 1876), to which are added essays on astrology and the Jewish Sabbath, and from which H.P.B. quotes approvingly in Isis Unveiled.

Quatrefages de Bréau, Jean-Louis Armand de (1810-92). *L’Espèce humaine. Paris: G. Baillière & Co., 1877; Engl. tr. as The Human Species. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1879, 1881, 1884.—*Souvenirs d’un naturaliste. Paris, 1854. 2 vols. Vide Vol. VIII, pp. 472-73-of present Series for biography.

Raghunâthji, Krishnanâth. *“The Pâthâri Prabhus,” in the Government Bombay Gazetteer, 1879.

Râmàyana (attributed to Vâlmîki). Ed. by T. R. Krishnâcharya and 541T. R. Vyäsächärya. Bombay: Nirnaya-sägara Press, 1911-13. Transl. by Ralph T. H. Griffith. London: Trübner & Co., 1870-74. 5 vols.

Reichenbach, Baron Karl von. German chemist and industrialist, b. at Stuttgart, Feb. 12, 1788; d. at Leipzig, Jan. 22, 1869. Father was Court Librarian in his native city. Educated in the local Gymnasium and the Univ, of Tübingen where he studied natural sciences and national economy, becoming Doctor of Philosophy. As a youth of sixteen, founded a secret society for the carrying out of a dream, namely, the organizing of a German state on some South Sea Islands; was reported to Napoleon’s police and incarcerated. After his release, he visited various iron works in Germany and France, and eventually turned to the manufacture of iron, building factories in Billingen and Haufach. This industrial activity expanded considerably after he formed a partnership with Count Hugo zu Salm in 1821. Factories were erected in Blansko (Mähren), in Lower Austria and Galicia. In 1839, von Reichenbach was granted the title of Baron by the King of Württemberg. In later years he lived in the Castle of Reisenberg, near Vienna, but moved to Leipzig in 1867.

In the realm of chemistry, von Reichenbach is responsible for a great deal of painstaking research, and the discovery of both Paraffin and Creosote, as well as a number of coloring materials. He is best known, however, for his many-sided research of what he called Od, an electro-magnetic force emanating from most people, but especially from a particular type of sensitive. This research was in many ways epoch-making. As could be expected, he was laughed at and ridiculed by established materialistic science, but his views and conclusions have been upheld in later years by more progressive scientists, and are, as H.P.B. conclusively shows, in harmony with very ancient views concerning man and his latent powers.

Reichenbach wrote a considerable number of essays and books on the subject of Od, among which mention should be made of the following: Unterschungen über die Dynamide Magnetismus, Electrizität, Wärme und Licht in ihren Beziehungen zur Lebenskraft (Braunschweig, 1850, 2 vols.), translated by Dr. William Gregory of Edinburgh as Researches on Magnetism, etc. (London, 1850); a basic work which deserves careful study by students of the Ancient Wisdom.—Odisch-magnetische Briefe (Stuttgart, 1852).— Der sensitive Mensch, etc. (Stuttgart, 1854, 2 vols.).—Somnambulism and Cramp. Transl. from the German by John S. Hittell (New York: Calvin Blanchard, 1860).

*Rigveda-Samhita. Ed. by F. Max Müller (Samhitä and pada texts 542in nagari). 2nd ed., London: Trubner & Co., 1877. 2 vols. 8vo.— Ed. by Theodor Aufrecht (Samhita text in transliteration). 2nd ed., Bonn: Adolph Marcus, 1877. 2 vols.—Transl. by H. H. Wilson. London: Trubner & Co., and Wm. H. Allen & Co., 1850, 54, 57, 66, 88.—Transl. by R. T. H. Griffith. Benares: E. J. Lazarus & Co. 1889-92.—Transl. by F. Max Muller and Hermann Oldenberg. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1891, 1897. SBE XXXII, XLVI.

Rivett-Carnac, John Henry (1839-?). Son of Admiral Rivett- Carnac; educ. in Germany and Haileybury; served in Bengal Civil Service, 1858-94, and was Special Commissioner for Transport in Bengal famine, 1874. Commanded the Ghazipur volunteer regiment and wrote several works about Indian Antiquities, particularly archaic rockmarkings. Among these: *Archaeological Notes on ancient sculpturings on rocks in Kumaon, India, etc. Reprinted from the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1870.

Robertson, Dr. William. Scottish historian, b. at Borthwick, Scotland, Sept. 19, 1721; d. at Edinburgh, June 11, 1793. Studied theology at Edinburgh Univ.; graduated in 1741. Principal at Edinburgh Univ., 1762. Appointed in 1764 as Royal Historiographer of Scotland. Author of: History of Scotland, London. 1758-59.— History of the Emperor Charles V, 1769.—*History of America (first 8 books publ. in 1777, dealing mainly with the settlement and history of Spanish colonies). Revolutionary War deterred him from carrying plan to completion. Ninth and tenth books publ. by his son from MS. (1796).

Roman y Zamora, Jeronimo (1536?-1597). Republicas del mundo. Medina del Campo, 1575. 2 vols.; also ed. bv D. L. d’Orvenipe, 1897. 2 vols.

*Roman Martyrologe, according to the Reformed Calendar. Faithfully translated out of Latin into English, by G. K. [George Keynes] of the Society of Jesus, 1627, and now re-edited by W. N. Skelly, Esq. London: T. Richardson & Son. London, 1847.

Sade, Donatien Alphonse Francois, Count (usually known as Marquis de Sade). French writer, b. in Paris, June 2, 1740; d. Dec. 2, 1814. Early in military service. After returning to Paris, 1766, became notorious for vicious practices and was condemned to death in 1772 for poisoning and other offences. Fled to Italy, was caught, again tried and found guilty, 1777. Escaped once more but was finally caught and committed to the Bastille. Here he wrote plays and obscene novels. Removed to Charenton Lunatic Asylum, 1789; 543discharged and recommitted as incurable, 1803. The term sadism is derived from his name.

Sa’di, Musharrif-Uddin b. Mushlih-Uddin (1184-1291), *Bústan or “Fruit Garden,” 1257, Critical ed. with Persian commentary publ. by K. H. Graf, Vienna, 1850, Engl, prose translations by H. W. Clarke, 1879; verse transí, by G. S. Davie, 1882.

Sahagún, Bernardino de. Spanish historian and Franciscan friar, b. at Sahagún (Leon) in the beginning of the 16th century; died at Tlaltelolco (Mexico) in 1590. Studied at Salamanca University and came as a missionary to Mexico, 1529, where he distinguished himself by the purity of his life and his great zeal in educating the natives. Eventually he devoted his entire time and energies to the study of the antiquities of the Aztecs, gathering his information from natives whose language he had learned to perfection. His great work, Historia Universal de Nueva España, was written in the Mexican language. His liberal views with regard to the natives and their beliefs resulted in a deep-seated opposition on the part of his ecclesiastical brethren who refused to allow him the necessary aid in transcribing his papers. His MSS became scattered in different religious houses. Sahagun then drew up a brief statement of the nature and contents of his work and forwarded it to Madrid, where it fell into the hands of Don Juan de Ovando, Pres, of the Council of the Indies; he ordered the MSS. to be restored to their author, with the request that he at once set about translating them into Castilian. The octogenarian author undertook and completed the task, and his work, in two bulky volumes in folio, containing the Aztec and Spanish texts, as well as numerous paintings, was sent to Madrid. From that time on, the work disappears for more than two centuries. Towards the close of the 18th century, Muñoz disinterred it from the library of a convent at Tolosa, in Navarre, transcribed it and added it to his own inestimable collection. From this transcript, Lord Kingsborough (q.v. in the present Appendix) was able to procure the copy which was published in 1830, in the Sixth Volume of his great compilation. Curiously enough, the year preceding, an edition of it, with annotations, appeared in Mexico, in three volumes, prepared by Bustamente from a copy of the Muñoz MS. The work has been translated into English by A. J. O. Anderson and publ. by the Univ, of Utah, 1950.

Sahagún wrote other works concerned with the antiquities and language of the Aztecs, but they have not yet been published. He lived to a very advanced age, and was remembered for his unaffected piety, benevolence and great learning.

Schlagintweit. Emil. German Tibetan scholar, b. in Munich, July 7, 1835; d. at Zweibrücken, Oct. 20, 1904. Held a position in the Bavarian Administration, devoting most of his time to research. Chief works: Buddhism in Tibet, etc., Leipzig and London, 1883.— Die Könige in Tibet, 1866.—Indien in Wort und Bild, Leipzig, 1880-81, 1889-91, 2 vols.—Various translations from Tibetan.

Schweitzer, Bogdan Yakovlevich (1816-74). Russian astronomer educ. Zürich and Königsberg Univ. Associated with the famous Pulkovo Observatory since 1841. Astronomer of the Moscow Univ. Observ. since 1845. At the Constantine Institute in 1852. Prof, and Director of Observ. at Moscow Univ, in 1856. Delineated the areas of Russian Provinces. His Researches were publ. in Astron. Nachrichten and the Chronicles of Pulkovo Observatory.

Shcherbatov, Prince Mihail Mihaylovich (1733-90). *Russian History from the Earliest Times [Russian Text], St. Petersburg, 1774-1805, 7 vols.

Simpson, William. *Buddhist Architecture in the Jellalabad Valley. London, 1880, 27 pp., with sketches and plans. From the Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Session 1879-80.

Sinnett, Alfred Percy (1840-1921). *The Occult World. London: Trübner & Co., 1881. First Amer, ed., New York & Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1885.— *The “Occult World Phenomena” and the Society for Psychical Research. London: George Redway, 1886. 60 pp.

Solís y Rivadeneíra, Antonio de. Spanish poet and historian, b. at Alcalá de Henares, July 18, 1610; d. at Madrid, Oct. 19, 1686. From early youth, showed a decided turn for dramatic composition, producing a comedy at the age of 17. Entering the Univ, of Salamanca, he went through the regular course of the canon and civil law. He was on intimate terms with the great Calderon, and produced a number of pieces for the theatre. Became secretary to the Conde de Oropesa, Viceroy of Navarre. In 1661, he was made secretary to the Queen Dowager and Historiographer of the Indies. At the age of fifty-six, he embraced the religious profession, and was admitted to priest’s orders in 1666. The fruits of his studies were given to the world in his Historia de la Conquista de Méjico, which appeared at Madrid in 1684, a work of great historical value and beautiful diction.

*Speaker’s Commentary. Actually: The Bible, according to the authorized version (A.D. 1611) with an explanatory and critical commentary 545and a revision of the translation, by bishops and other clergy of the Anglican Church. Edited by F. C. Cook, M.A., Canon of Exeter, Preacher at Lincoln’s Inn, Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. London, 1871-76. Written at the suggestion of the Right Hon. J. E. Denison, Speaker of the House of Commons, afterwards Viscount Ossington. From the circumstances of its origin, known as “Speaker’s Commentary.”

Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903). *“Genesis of Superstition,” Popular Science Monthly, March, 1875.—*The Principles of Sociology, London, 1876.—*Principles of Psychology, London, 1855.

Stephens, John Lloyd. American traveller and writer, b. at Shrewsbury, N.J., Nov. 28, 1805; d. at New York, Oct. 10, 1852. Having been admitted to the bar, he practised for about eight years in New York. Made extensive travels in Europe, Egypt and Syria, publishing in 1837 an account of them. In 1839, he arranged with Frederick Catherwood to make an exploration in central America, with a view to discovering and examining the antiquities said to exist there. In 1841, he made a second visit to Yucatan. The results of these journeys are embodied in the most interesting narratives: *Incidents of Travels in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan. London: John Murray, 1841, in 2 vols.; this work ran into its 12th ed. by 1846; and Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, 1843.

*Svetdsvatara-Upanishad. See The Upanishads. Transl. by F. Max Müller. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2nd Part, 1884. SBE XV. Also E. Röer, Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, Calcutta, 1853.

Syncellus, Georgius. Vide Vol. VII, pp. 398-99, of present Series for biogr. data.

Szapary, Count Franz (Ferencz) von (1804-75). *Magnetisme et magnetotherapie. 2nd enl. ed., Paris, 1854. Russian transl., by Alexander N. Aksakov, St. Petersburg, 1860.

Tartini, Giuseppe. Italian violinist, composer and musical theorist, b. at Tirano, Istria, April 8, 1692; d. at Padua, Feb. 16, 1770. After a rather wild youth, he retired to a monastery at Assisi, where his character underwent a complete change, and he engaged in serious study of music, becoming a master of the violin. In 1728, he founded a school for the violin at Padua. His numerous compositions illustrate his passionate and masterly style of execution, in which he surpassed all his contemporaries. He told Lalande in 1766 that the sonata known as II Trillo del Diavolo was the fruit of a dream, in which the devil played an exquisite sonata. Tartini wrote several works on 546music and conutributed to the science of acoustics by his discovery of differential tones.

Taylor, Thomas (1758-1835). *The Works of Plato. London: Printed for Thos. Taylor by R. Wilks, and sold by E. Jeffery and R. H. Evans, 1804. 5 vols.

Temple, Sir Richard. British statesman and writer, b. March 8, 1826: d. at Heath Brow, Hampstead, March 15, 1902. Educated at Rugby and Haileybury. Went to India, 1847, and was chosen Secretary to the Panjâb Government; chief assistant to the financial members of the Council, James Wilson and Samuel Laing, 1860; Resident of Hyderabad, 1867, and in 1868, foreign secretary to the Government of India. In 1874-77, was Lieutenant-General of Bengal and active in combating famines. From 1877 to 1880 (when he retired), he was Governor of Bombay. Upon returning to England, was in Parliament, 1885-95, and became Member of Privy Council upon his retirement. Author of: Men and Events of my Time in India, 1882.—The Story of my Life, 1896.—Oriental Experiences, 1883.

Tschudi, Johann Jacob von. Swiss traveller and naturalist, b. at Glarus, 1818; d. 1889. Studied at Leyden and Paris. Went to Peru, 1838, where he spent five years investigating the natural history and ethnography of the country. Settled in Austria and was from 1866 to 1883 Swiss ambassador, first at Vienna and later in Brazil. His writings deal mainly with Peruvian fauna, the Quichua language and Peruvian antiquities; among these valuable works are: Die Kechua Sprache, Vienna, 1853, 3 vols.—Kulturgeschichte und sprachliche Beiträge zur Kenntniss des alten Peru, Vienna, 1891.— Reisen durch Südamerika, Leipzig, 1866-69.

Turgenyev, Ivan Sergueyevich (1818-83). *Fathers and Sons, 1862.

Turnour, George (1799-1843). English Orientalist, bom in Ceylon; eldest son of George Turnour, first Earl of Waterton. Educated in England; entered Ceylon Civil Service, 1818, and soon became a renowned Pâli scholar, devoting his attention to the native records of the Island. He was the first to publish authentic facts as to the origin and progress of the Buddhist religion in Ceylon. His earliest contributions to the Ceylon Almanack were derived chiefly from the Mahâvansa, and were later published as the Epitome of the History of Ceylon compiled from Native Annals (1836). He then followed with The Mahâwanso, in Roman characters and with translation (Ceylon, Cotta Church Mission Press, 1837), the first Pâli text to be translated. Tumour’s important discovery was the identification 547of King Piyadassi, the promulgator of the celebrated rockedicts, with King Asoka. He frequently contributed essays to the Journal of the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal on Buddhist history and Indian chronology. He rose to the Supreme Council of Ceylon, and retired on acc. of health, 1841-42. He died at Naples, April 10, 1843.

Tyndall, John (1820-93). *On Science and Man, Birmingham, 1877. Presidential Address at the Birmingham and Midland Institute; 31 PP·

Ulloa, Antonio de (1716-95). Spanish naval officer, traveller and scholar; author of Relación histórica del viaje a América Meridional, etc., Madrid, 1748.

Ulrici, Dr. Hermann (1806-84). *Über den Spiritismus als wissen-schajtliche Frage (Spiritualism as a Scientific Question), Halle, 1879.

Vamadeva Modelyar. Quoted passage concerning the pralaya occurs also in Isis Unveiled, II, 273-74, and The Secret Doctrine, I, 37677, and appears to have been taken from L. Jacolliot’s works. Otherwise untraced.

Vania, K. F. *Madame H. P. Blavatsky, her Occult Phenomena and the Society jor Psychical Research. Bombay: Sat Publ. Co., [1951]. xvi, 488 pp.

Vega, Garcilaso de la (ca. 1535-1616), called “Inca.” Historian of Peru, born at Cuzco. His father, Sebastian Garcilaso (d. 1559), was a cadet of the illustrious family of La Vega, who had gone to Peru in the suite of Pedro de Alvarado; and his mother was of the Peruvian blood-royal, a circumstance which gave him the right to the title. He moved to Spain, 1560. After long service in the army, he turned to literature. His fame depends upon his La Florida del Ynca, a history of the De Soto expedition, which was published in 1605, and his history of Peru entitled Commentarios Reales que tratan de origen de los Yncas, Part I of which appeared in Lisbon in 1608 or 1609, while Part II was publ. in Cordova in 1617. This work has been translated into several languages and utilized by men like Prescott and Robertson in their histories. A more recent ed. of this work is that of Lima (1918-21) prepared by H. H. Urteaga.

*Vendidad. See The Zend-Avesta. Translated by James Darmesteter Part I. SBE IV.

548 Vincent de Beauvais (or Vincentius Bellovacensis) (ca. 1190—ca. 1264). French encyclopaedist of the middle ages, probably a native of Beauvais. Very little is known of his career, except that at one time he held the post of “reader” at the monastery of Royaumont (Mons Regalis), not far from Paris, on the Oise. He is the author of the monumental Speculum. Majus, the great compendium of all the knowledge of the middle ages, comprising the entire scope of the then known sciences and arts. One cannot speak too highly of the immense industry of the author in collecting, classifying and arranging the three huge volumes of 80 books and 9,885 chapters. More than six centuries passed before the idea was again resuscitated; and even then it required a group of brilliant Frenchmen to do what the old Dominican did apparently unaided. This magnum, opus is divided into: a) Speculum- Naturale; b) Speculum Doctrinale; and c) *Speculum Hisloriale, to which was added at a later epoch: d) Speculum Morale, most likely of the 14th century.

Vulpian, Edme-Felix-Alfred. French physician, b. at Paris, Jan. 5, 1826; d. there May 18, 1887. Entered the Bureau Central, 1857, and the Agrégation, 1860. Substituted for Flourens at the Museum for three years. Appointed, 1867, Prof, of pathological anatomy at the Faculté de Médecine, and to the chair of comparative and experimental pathology in 1872. Dean of the Faculté, 1875. Member of the Institut, 1876. Made numerous discoveries in the domain of anatomy, physiology of nervous system and experimental pathology. Author of: Leçcons sur la physiologie générale et comparative du système nerveux, Paris, 1866.—Maladies du système nerveux, Paris, 1879. 2 vols.

Wade, Sir Claude Martine. British military man, b. 1794; d. Oct. 21, 1861. Son of Lt.-Col. Joseph Wade of the Bengal army. As a cadet in the Bengal service, 1809, learned various vernaculars of India, and in 1812 obtained his commission as ensign in the 45th regiment of native infantry. Served in the Pindari campaigns, 1816-19, and as brigade-major at Oude, 1820-22. Soon became political assistant at Ludhiana and was involved in the native in- surgence against the British led by the Râjâ of Bhurtpore. As Captain, succeeded, 1825, in convincing Ranjit Singh of the sincerity of the British Government. In 1827 was entrusted with the entire charge of British dealings with the Maharaja, and for seventeen years remained instrumental in keeping harmony between the British and the Sikhs. Distinguished himself during the Afghân wars, being promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel and knighted. Retired from service, 1844, and promoted to the rank of Colonel, 1854.

549 Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913). *Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection. A Series of Essays. London and New York: Macmillan & Co., 1870.—*On Miracles and Modern Spiritualism. Three Essays. London: J. Burns, 1875; 2nd ed., London: Trubner & Co., 1881.

Weber, Albrecht (1825-1901). Eide Vol. V. pp. 383-84, of present Series for biogr. data.

Whitworth, George Clifford (d. 1917). *Personal Statement of Religious Beliefs. London: C. Kegan Paul & Co., 1880. Pamphlet of 18 pp.

Wilson, Horace Hayman. English physician and Orientalist, b. in London, Sept. 26, 1786; d. May 8, 1860. Educated in his native city; trained in St. Thomas’ Hospital and went to Calcutta, 1808, in the medical service of the East India Co., where he was attached to the Mint. Became an ardent student of Sanskrit. Was Secretary to the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, 1811-33; assay-master of Calcutta Mint, 1816-32; Secretary to the Committee of Public Institutions. While in India, started his vast program of translations from the Sanskrit with Kalidasa’s Meghaduta, 1813. Upon returning to England in 1832, became Boden Prof, of Sanskrit at Oxford, 1833, Librarian of India House, 1836, Director of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1837-60. Wilson was the greatest Sanskrit scholar of his time, besides being a linguist, historian, chemist, numismatist, actor, musician and accountant—a man of immense learning and untiring energy. Besides translating the Rigveda (q.v.), he produced a Sanskrit-English Dictionary, a work on the Theatre of the Hindus, a Sanskrit Grammar and a complete translation of the Vishnu-Purana (edited by Fitzedward Hall. London: Triibner & Co., 186470) which has been greatly used by H.P.B. in her works. He is also the author of *Essays and Lectures chiefly on the Religion of the Hindus (Coll, and ed. by Dr. Reinhold Rost). London, 1862. 2 vols.

Wundt, Wilhelm Max. German psychologist and philosopher, b. at Neckarau (Baden), Aug. 16, 1832; d. at Grossbothen near Leipzig, Aug. 31, 1920. Studied medicine at Tübingen, Heidelberg and Berlin. Began to lecture at Heidelberg, 1857; became, 1875, professor of philosophy at the Univ, of Leipzig, where he founded an institute for experimental psychology, the precursor of many similar institutions, and engaged in important research and teaching until 1917. Wundt was a man of encyclopaedic learning who knew how to correlate his 550varied knowledge into a unified system of thought. He was a voluminous writer on physiology, psychology, logic and ethics. Among his works mention should be made of the following: Volkerpsy-chologie (1900-20, 10 vols.); System der Philosophic (1889 and 1919); Ethic (1886 and 1923-24); he also edited the Philosophische Studien (20 vols., 1881-1902) and the Psychologische Studien (10 vols., 1906-17). Wundt was on close terms with the famous Theodor Fechner.

H.P.B. refers to Wundt’s pamphlet: *Der Spiritismus. Offener Brief an Herrn Prof. Dr. Hermann Ulrici im Halle, Leipzig, 1879. 8vo. 31 pp.

*Yasna. See The Zend-Avesta. Part III. Translated by L. H. Mills. SBE XXXI.

Yule, Sir Henry. British military man and writer, son of Maj. Wm. Yule in East India Service, b. at Inveresk, near Edinburgh, May 1, 1820; d. in London, Dec. 30, 1889. Educ. High School, Edin., Addiscombe and Chatham. Joined Bengal Engineers, 1840; served in Khasia Hills, Assam, and in both the Sikh Wars. Deputy consultant engineer for the railways, and Secretary to Col. A. Phayre’s mission to Ava, 1855. Was in Allahabad during the Mutiny. Member of the Council of India, 1875-89. Author of: Narrative of the Mission to the Court of Ava, 1855.— Glossary of Anglo-Indian Words, or Hobson-Jobson, 1886.—Cathay, and the Way Thither, London, 1866; also 1913-16.—*Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, etc. Newly transl. and ed., with Notes, by Col. H. Yule. London: J. Murray, 1871; 2nd ed., 1875; 3rd ed., 1902; repr., 1929; also in Universal Library, New York, 1931. This work has been greatly used by H.P.B. mainly in Isis Unveiled.

Zarate, Augustine de. Spanish historian of the middle and later part of the XVIth century. He was for some years Comptroller of Accounts for Castile, after which he was sent to Peru to bring order to colonial finances. He went in the train of the viceroy Blasco Nunez, and found himself very soon entangled in the meshes of various political intrigues and civil discord. He nevertheless acquitted himself successfully in several difficult missions and, upon returning to Spain, was made Superintendant of the Finances in Flanders. Back in his native country, Zarate undertook to write a historical account of Peru, beginning with its discovery and ending with the events which he himself had witnessed. He intended it to be published after his death, but when it was submitted to the Emperor, it received such commendation that the author consented to give 551it to the press. Accordingly, it was published at Antwerp in 1555, under the title of Historia del discubrimiento y conquista de la provincia del Perú. Other editions were printed in Venice, 1563, and Sevilla, 1577. The work is authoritative and has been translated into several languages.

Zola, Émile Édouard Charles Antoine (1840-1902). *L’Assommoir, 1878.—*Nana, 1880.