Zirkoff B. - Appendix (BCW vol.2): Difference between revisions

'''King, Edward, Viscount Kingsborough'''. Bom Nov. 16, 1795, as eldest son of George, 3rd Earl of Kingston, and Lady Helena Moore, died of typhus at Dublin, Feb. 27, 1837. Matriculated at Oxford from Exeter Coll., 1814, and was M.P. for Cork Co., 1818-20. The sight of a Mexican MS in Bodleian Library determined him to devote his life to the study of Mexican antiquities. Promoted and edited, with copious notes, a magnificent work, Antiquities of Mexico (9 vols., imperial fol., London, 1830-48, and a projected 10th vol.), in collaboration with Agostino Aglio (q.v.), and comprising facsimiles of ancient Mexican paintings and hieroglyphics preserved in various Libraries. The main drift of his argument, however, was the colonization of Mexico by Israelites. This work cost him £32,000. Oppressed with depts, he was arrested in connection with a suit by a paper manufacturer, and lodged in the sheriff’s prison where he died.

'''Kinneir, Sir John Macdonald'''. English Lieut.-Col., traveller and diplomat, b. at Carnden, Feb. 3, 1782; d. at Tabriz, June 11, 1830. Captain in the 24th Madras native infantry, 1818; attached to Sir John Malcolm’s mission in Persia, 1808-09. Travelled extensively through the Orient and was envoy to Persia, 1824. Took part in peace negotiations between that country and Russia, 1828. Author of: Journey Through Asia Minor, etc., London, 1818.—*A Geographical Memoir of the Persian Empire, London, 1813.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Kladderadatsch'''. Berlin humorous journal, 1848, etc.

'''Layard, Sir Austen Henry'''. British author, diplomat and archaeologist, b. in Paris, March 5, 1817; d. in London, July 5, 1894. Educated in England and on the Continent. Was in 1842 on diplomatic assignment in Constantinople; explored ruins of Assyria, 1845, studying various tribes and sects like the Yezidis, and excavating at Kuyunjik and Nimrud. Returning to England, 1848, he published Nineveh and its Remains (1848-49, 2 vols.), accomp. by Illustrations of the Monuments of Nineveh (1849). His second expedition in 1849 identified Kuyunjik as the site of ancient Nineveh; this was recorded in his Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon (1855). His later years, 1852-69, were spent in politics as a member of Parliament, Ambassador, Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and Trustee of the British Museum (1866). Layard retired to Venice to devote his time to Italian art.

'''Lemaistre, J. G'''. *Travels after the Peace of Amiens, through parts of France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. London, 1806. 3 vols.

'''Lenormant, Franqois'''. Renowned French archaeologist, b. in Paris, Jan. 17, 1837; d. there Dec. 9, 1883. Son of an archaeologist, he became one of the best known scholars of the day in his chosen field. As professor of archaeology at the Bibliothèque Nationale, 1874, was engaged in a number of journeys to Italy, Greece and Asia Minor for purposes of study and research. He was also an authority in Numismatics and wrote on the subject. Lenormant was a prolific writer on both ancient and current history, and was on the staff of several French papers. Among his many works mention should be made of the following: Manuel d’histoire ancienne de I’Orient (1868, 2 vols. 8vo), a work which became a classic of the day (2nd ed., 1881-87). Chef-d’oeuvre de I’art antique (1867-68, 7 vols. 4to).—Les premières civilisations (1874, 2 vols. 8vo.)—Les Sciences occultes en Asie, a very important and epochmaking work which consists of two parts separately issued: La Magie chez les chaldéens et les origines accadiennes (Paris: Malmaison, 1874), tr. into English by W. R. Cooper as Chaldaean Magic; its Origin and Development (London, 1878), and La Divination et la science des présages chez les chaldéens I Paris, 1875).—Les Origines de l’histoire, etc. (1880-82, 2 vols.).

Lenormant founded in 1881 the Gazette archéologique and became a member of the Académie des Inscriptions. He died prematurely of a disease he had contracted on one of his expeditions.

'''Lewes, George Henry (1817-78)''', Vide Vol. VIII, p. 463, of present Series for biogr. data.

'''Lindsay, James Ludovic''', 26th Earl of Crawford and 9th Earl of Bal- carres, born at St. Germain-en-Laye, July 28, 1847, deceased at London, January 31, 1913. Astronomer, collector and bibliophile, descendant from one of the oldest families of the British Isles; he was the only son of Alexander William Crawford Lindsay, 25th Earl of Crawford and 8th Earl af Balcarres, by his wife Margaret, eldest daughter of Lieutenant-General James Lindsay, of Balcarres. Educated at Eton; attended for a brief period Trinity College, Cambridge, then entered the Grenadier Guards; resigned commission after being elected M.P. for Wigan, a seat which he held until he succeeded to his father’s earldom, 1880. Greatly attracted to astronomy, he organized a station at Cadiz, 1870. for observation of the eclipse of the sun, rendering valuable assistance to the expedition sent by the British Government. Erected, 1872, an observatory at Dunecht, near Aberdeen, equipped with the newest telescopes; became associated with Mr. (later Sir) David Gill, and in 1874, proceeded with him and Dr. Ralph Copeland to Mauritius, {{Page aside|535}}to observe the transit oi Venus. Presented to the nation, 1888, all his telescopes, instruments and astronomical library, for the purpose of establishing an improved observatory at Edinburgh. During the rest of his life, made large collections of proclamations, broadsides, and documents of the French Revolution; his valuable collection of postage stamps, as well as of philatelic books, he bequeathed to the British Museum. Was an enthusiastic bibliophile, adding greatly to the remarkable library inherited from his father. The inception of this library, one of the largest privately owned libraries in the British Isles, can be traced to John Lindsay, Lord Menmuir of Balcarres, second son of David, 9th Earl of Crawford (born 1552). He was one of the Octavians who with the Privy Council governed the land during the minority of James VI. James Lindsay issued a number of Catalogues and handlists, as well as a collation of the rarest books with notes, in a valuable series of four large volumes, entitled Bibliotheca Lindesiaaa, containing the description of the vast holdings preserved at Haigh Hall, Wigan. Though not a professional mathematician, he had considerable mechanical skill and took an interest in the development of electrical engineering, acting as Chief British Commissioner at the electrical exhibition at Paris, 1881. He also rendered active service by scientific explorations in his yacht Valhalla. Elected President of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1878 and 1879, Fellow of the Royal Society, 1878, and Trustee of the British Museum, 1885. It was at one of the meetings of the Trustees that he was taken gravely ill, Jan. 30, 1913, and died the next day, at 2 Cavendish Square. He was buried at the old Chapel of Balcarres House, Fife. James Lindsay was married, 1869, to Emily Florence, second daughter of Col. the Hon. Edward Bootle Wilbraham, by whom he had one daughter and six sons. He was succeeded as 27th Earl by his oldest son David Alexander Edward (b. 1871) who was a member of Lloyd George’s Coalition Cabinet, 1916-22.

Very little seems to be known regarding the occult leanings of James Ludovic Lindsay, and no information of any kind is available on this subject in official sources. However, we learn some very interesting facts concerning him in one of the letters from Master K.H. to A. P. Sinnett (Letter No. VIII, received through H. P. Blavatsky, about Feb. 20, 1881; see Mahatma Letters, pp. 26-27).

'''Lucian of Samosata (120-200 a.d.)'''. *Sale of Philosophers. Loeb Classical Library.

'''Lundy, Dr. John Patterson (1823-1892)'''. *Monumental Christianity, {{Page aside|536}}or the Art and Symbolism of the Primitive Church as Witnesses and Teachers of the one Catholic Faith and Practice. New York: J. W. Bouton, 1876. xviii, 453 pp.

'''Luys, Jules-Bernard'''. French physician, b. at Paris, Aug. 17, 1828; d. at Divonne-les-Bains, 1895. Graduated in 1857. Chief physician of hospitals, 1862. Specialized in anatomy, physiology and pathology of cerebro-spinal nervous system. Taught at the Charité and the Salpêtrière on the subject of mental diseases. His Recherches on the nervous system, publ. in 1865, was crowned by the Institute. Interested in hypnotism, he publ. in 1890 the results of his studies as Leçons cliniques.

'''Mackenzie, Kenneth Robert Henderson (?-1886)'''. Prominent Mason known as “Cryptonymus.” Founder of present Order of Rosicrucians in England and author of a rare work entitled *The Royal Masonic Cyclopaedia of History, Rites, Symbolism and Biography, London, 1877 [1875-77], 8vo.  

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mahâbhârata'''. Edited (with the Harivansa, its supplemental portion) for the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, Calcutta, 1834-39. Transi, by K. M. Ganguli and Pratap Chandra Roy. Calcutta: Bharata Press, 1883-96. 12 vols.; 2nd ed. Calcutta: Datta N. Bose & Co., 1923, etc. Also transi, by M. N. Dutt. Calcutta: Elysium Press, 1895-1905. 18 vols.

'''Markoff, Y. L'''. Vide p. 444 of the present Volume.

'''Medhurst, Walter Henry (1796-1857)'''. *Dissertation on the Theology of the Chinese, 1847.

'''Mitra, Piari Chand (1814-83)'''. Hindu social reformer, inspired by Derozio at the old Hindu College. Adopted commercial career, but literature was his real work in life. He contributed largely to local journals and the Spiritualistic journals outside of India, being greatly interested in mediumship. Helped to found the British Indian Association and was in 1868 a member of the Bengal Legislative Council. Sponsored an Act for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Active in the T.S. in Calcutta.

'''Mitra, Râjâ RâjendralÂla'''. Hindu scholar and antiquarian, b. at Calcutta, Feb. 15, 1824; d. there, July 26, 1891. Educated in his native town in English schools and the Calcutta Medical Coll. Interested for a while in study of Law, but soon devoted his entire attention to mastering Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, German and French. At 22 appointed assistant secretary and librarian of the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal; 1856, app. Director of the Wards’ Institute; retired {{Page aside|537}}on pension, 1880; Pres. of the As. Soc. of Bengal, 1885; played prominent part, 1886, in the second National Indian Congress. Originally from a respected family of the Kayasth or writer caste of Bengal, he rose to the title of Ràjâ in 1888, and was the most learned Hindu of his time. His articles in the Journal of the Asiatic Soc., numbering upward of 100, have been issued as Indo-Aryans (London, 1881, 2 vols.). In addition to many translations of Sanskrit text for the Bibliotheca Indica Series (such as *The Lolita Vistara, new ser., vol. 90, 1848), he wrote The Antiquities of Orissa (2 vols., 1875 and 1880), a similar work on Bodh Gaya (1878), and a work on The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal (1882). He wrote for the Hindu Patriot, exerting considerable influence upon the affairs of India.

'''Müller, Max [Friedrich Maximilian] (1823-1900)'''. *Chips from a German Workshop. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1867-75. 4 vols. Includes his “Lecture on the Vedas,” and his essay on “Buddhism.”—* Introduction to the Science of Religion. Four Lectures delivered at the Royal Institution. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1873. ix, 11, 403 pp. 8vo. Vide Vol. V. pp. 378-79, of the present Series for biogr. data about the author.—*Sâhitya Grantha. Not identified as such, but is most likely a descriptive term for his Rigveda-Samhitâ (q.v.).

'''Musset, Louis Charles Alfred de (1810-57)'''. *Rolla, published in 1833 in the Revue des Deux Mondes.

'''Naquet, Alfred Joseph'''. French scientist and politician, b. at Carpentras (Vaucluse), 1834; d. at Paris, 1916. Graduated as physician; condemned under the Empire for his views and for belonging to secret groups; deputy from Vaucluse, 1871; senator from that Department, 1882. In 1888, he was an ardent supporter of Gen. Boulanger. Was reelected, 1893; demanded in 1894 a revision of the Constitution. Prosecuted for the Panama affair, but acquitted, 1898. Responsible for the divorce law of 1888. Author of: *Révélation antique et révélation moderne. This work has remained untraced.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>New American Cyclopaedia'''. Publ. by Daniel Appleton & Co. Ed. by George Ripley and Chas. A. Dana, 1858-63, 16 vols. Called American Cyclopaedia after 1868. New ed. prepared by same Editors, 1873-76, 16 vols.

'''Nina, Saint (276-340)'''. Called the “Enlightener” of Georgia in the Caucasus. She was the daughter of Zavulon, Army Chief of Emperor {{Page aside|538}}peror Maximian. Being a native of Cappadocia, she lived in Jeru saleni until the age of fourteen. She then went to Rome, escaped persecution from Maximian and returned to the East, first to Persia, then to Georgia (315), where she settled in Mtskhet, producing remarkable healings and attracting widespread attention through her preaching. As a result of her efforts, she converted the Emperor, the Queen, and most of the Court, an event which resulted finally in the conversion of the entire population to Christianity. Her work over a period of thirty-five years was peaceful, and she avoided forcing her ideas upon the people. She became the Patron-Saint of the Georgian land.

'''Nipher, Francis Eugene'''. American physicist, b. at Port Byron, N.Y., Dec. 10, 1847; d. Oct. 6, 1927. Instructor in Physics at State Univ, of Iowa, 1870-74. Prof, of physics, 1874-1914. Prof. Emeritus, 1914, at the Washington University, St. Louis. Showed that positive photographic picture could be produced in direct light, and made extensive study of electrical discharges. Author of: Electricity and Magnetism, Philadelphia, 1914. It is uncertain whether H.P.B.’s reference is to these Studies in some earlier edition. The title she refers to has not been traced.

'''Olaus Magnus or Magni (1490-1558)''' (Magnus, i.e., Stora, great, being the family name and not a personal epithet). Swedish ecclesiastic and author. Followed his brother, Johannes Magnus, archbishop of Uppsala, to Rome, 1527. Most of his life was spent in the monastery of St. Brigitta in Rome, where he subsisted on a pension assigned him by the Pope. Author of the famous *His- toria de gentibus septenlrionalibus, Rome, 1555, a work which long remained the chief authority on Swedish matters. Engl. tr. by J. Streater as A Compendious History of the Goths, Swedes and Vandals, and Other Northern Nations, London, 1653.

'''Olcott, Col. Henry Steel (1832-1907)'''. *People from the Other World. Ill. by Alfred Kappes and T. W. Williams. Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Co., March, 1875.-—*Old Diary Leaves. First Series. London & New York: Putnam’s Sons, 1895. Second ed. publ. by The Theos. Publ. House, Adyar, Madras, 1941.-— *Diaries. Original volumes of Col. Olcott’s daily entries now in the Adyar Archives.

'''Orbigny, Alcide Dessalines d’'''. French palaeontologist, b. Sept. 6, 1802, at Couërzon (Loire Inférieure); d. at Pierresitte, June 30. {{Page aside|539}}1857. Educated at La Rochelle and appointed travelling naturalist for Museum of Natural History at Paris. Went to South America. 1826, to gather information on natural history and ethnology, embodying the results in his Voyage dans ΓAmérique Méridionale (1839-42). in 1840 began publishing a monumental work: Paléontologie Française, ou description des fossils de la France, in eight volumes, dealing with Jurassic and Cretaceous invertebrata. Appointed, 1853, professor of palaeontology at Museum of Nat. Hist, at Paris.

'''Paine, Thomas (1737-1809)'''. *The Age of Reason, 1794-95.

'''Patanjali'''. *Yogasutras or Pâtanjala (sometimes spoken of as Yoga- Vidyâ). Text and transi, by Ballantyne and Govind Sâstrî Deva. Ed. by Tookaram Tatya. Bombay: Theos. Society, 1882; 2nd rev. ed. for the Bombay Theos. Publ. Fund. Bombay, 1885.—Transi, by James H. Woods. Cambridge, Mass.; Harvard Univ., 1914.—The Yoga Aphorisms of Patanjali. An interpretation by Wm. Q. Judge, ass. by James H. Connelly. New York: The Path, 1889 (transi, and comm.); many subs, editions.—Transl. with Notes by Manilal N. Dvivedi. Bombay: Bombay Theos. Publ. Fund, 1890.

'''Paul, Dr. N. C. (in India as Navînachandra Pâla)'''. *A Treatise on the Yoga Philosophy, 2nd ed. Calcutta: “Indian Echo” Press, 1883, ii, 52 pp. 8vo.; 3rd ed. by T. Tatya. Bombay, 1888. Very scarce.

'''Paz Soldán, Mateo'''. Peruvian lawyer and mathematician, b. at Arequipa, Peru, 1814; d. before 1876. Educated in San Jeronimo Seminary, graduating in law. Worked for a short time at his legal profession, and devoted himself to acquiring vast knowledge of all sciences. Proficient in several languages. Wrote a number of remarkable treatises on astronomy and calculus used elsewhere as source material. His chief work, however, is Georgrajia del Perú (Paris: Fermin Didot, 1862-63), published posthumously with additional material by his brother Mariano Felipe Paz Soldán (1821-86).

'''Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus) (ca. a.d. 23-79)'''. *Historian naturalis (Natural History) in 37 Books. Loeb Classical Library.

'''Powell, John Wesley'''. American geologist and ethnologist, b. March 24, 1834, at Mt. Morris, N.Y.; d. in Haven, Me., Sept. 23, 1902. Educ. at Illinois and Oberlin Colleges. Lost right arm in Civil War, during which he became major. Especially interested in geology {{Page aside|540}}and appointed, 1865, prof, of geology and curator of the museum in Illinois Wesleyan Univ, of Bloomington, and later at the Normal Univ. Began in 1867 a series of expeditions to the Rocky Mts. and the canyons of Green and Colorado Rivers, incl. a daring three months’ journey through the Grand Canyon, 1869. Founded and directed (1879) a bureau of ethnology at the Smithsonian Institution, and contributed comprehensive studies of the Indians and their languages. His work led to a U. S. Government geographical and geological survey of the Rockies (1870-79). In the period of 1881-94, Powell was director of the geological survey. Author of a number of works dealing with American geology.

'''Prescott, William Hickling (1796-1859)'''. *History of the Conquest of Mexico, 1843.

'''Proctor, Richard Anthony'''. British Astronomer, b. at Chelsea, March 23, 1837; d. at New York, Sept. 12, 1888. Educ. at King’s College, London, and St. John’s College, Cambridge. At first studied law, but turned his attention to astronomy and authorship. Although financially a failure, his early works were favorably received by astronomers. In 1881, he founded a popular magazine entitled Knowledge and wrote for it. Became in 1886 a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and Honorary Secretary thereof in 1872. An expert in map-drawing, he published two star atlases. Settled in America in 1881. His most ambitious work, Old and New Astronomy, was completed after his death by A. Cowper Ranyard and publ, in 1892. Among other works should be mentioned: Other Worlds than Ours (1870); The Poetry of Astronomy (1880); The Borderland of Science (London, 1873); and the little known Our Place among Infinities (London, 1875; New York, 1876), to which are added essays on astrology and the Jewish Sabbath, and from which H.P.B. quotes approvingly in Isis Unveiled.

'''Quatrefages de Bréau, Jean-Louis Armand de (1810-92)'''. *L’Espèce humaine. Paris: G. Baillière & Co., 1877; Engl. tr. as The Human Species. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1879, 1881, 1884.—*Souvenirs d’un naturaliste. Paris, 1854. 2 vols. Vide Vol. VIII, pp. 472-73-of present Series for biography.

'''Raghunâthji, Krishnanâth'''. *“The Pâthâri Prabhus,” in the Government Bombay Gazetteer, 1879.

'''Râmàyana (attributed to Vâlmîki)'''. Ed. by T. R. Krishnâcharya and {{Page aside|541}}T. R. Vyäsächärya. Bombay: Nirnaya-sägara Press, 1911-13. Transl. by Ralph T. H. Griffith. London: Trübner & Co., 1870-74. 5 vols.

'''Reichenbach, Baron Karl von'''. German chemist and industrialist, b. at Stuttgart, Feb. 12, 1788; d. at Leipzig, Jan. 22, 1869. Father was Court Librarian in his native city. Educated in the local Gymnasium and the Univ, of Tübingen where he studied natural sciences and national economy, becoming Doctor of Philosophy. As a youth of sixteen, founded a secret society for the carrying out of a dream, namely, the organizing of a German state on some South Sea Islands; was reported to Napoleon’s police and incarcerated. After his release, he visited various iron works in Germany and France, and eventually turned to the manufacture of iron, building factories in Billingen and Haufach. This industrial activity expanded considerably after he formed a partnership with Count Hugo zu Salm in 1821. Factories were erected in Blansko (Mähren), in Lower Austria and Galicia. In 1839, von Reichenbach was granted the title of Baron by the King of Württemberg. In later years he lived in the Castle of Reisenberg, near Vienna, but moved to Leipzig in 1867.

In the realm of chemistry, von Reichenbach is responsible for a great deal of painstaking research, and the discovery of both Paraffin and Creosote, as well as a number of coloring materials. He is best known, however, for his many-sided research of what he called Od, an electro-magnetic force emanating from most people, but especially from a particular type of sensitive. This research was in many ways epoch-making. As could be expected, he was laughed at and ridiculed by established materialistic science, but his views and conclusions have been upheld in later years by more progressive scientists, and are, as H.P.B. conclusively shows, in harmony with very ancient views concerning man and his latent powers.

Reichenbach wrote a considerable number of essays and books on the subject of Od, among which mention should be made of the following: Unterschungen über die Dynamide Magnetismus, Electrizität, Wärme und Licht in ihren Beziehungen zur Lebenskraft (Braunschweig, 1850, 2 vols.), translated by Dr. William Gregory of Edinburgh as Researches on Magnetism, etc. (London, 1850); a basic work which deserves careful study by students of the Ancient Wisdom.—Odisch-magnetische Briefe (Stuttgart, 1852).— Der sensitive Mensch, etc. (Stuttgart, 1854, 2 vols.).—Somnambulism and Cramp. Transl. from the German by John S. Hittell (New York: Calvin Blanchard, 1860).

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Rigveda-Samhita'''. Ed. by F. Max Müller (Samhitä and pada texts {{Page aside|542}}in nagari). 2nd ed., London: Trubner & Co., 1877. 2 vols. 8vo.— Ed. by Theodor Aufrecht (Samhita text in transliteration). 2nd ed., Bonn: Adolph Marcus, 1877. 2 vols.—Transl. by H. H. Wilson. London: Trubner & Co., and Wm. H. Allen & Co., 1850, 54, 57, 66, 88.—Transl. by R. T. H. Griffith. Benares: E. J. Lazarus & Co. 1889-92.—Transl. by F. Max Muller and Hermann Oldenberg. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1891, 1897. SBE XXXII, XLVI.

'''Rivett-Carnac, John Henry (1839-?)'''. Son of Admiral Rivett- Carnac; educ. in Germany and Haileybury; served in Bengal Civil Service, 1858-94, and was Special Commissioner for Transport in Bengal famine, 1874. Commanded the Ghazipur volunteer regiment and wrote several works about Indian Antiquities, particularly archaic rockmarkings. Among these: *Archaeological Notes on ancient sculpturings on rocks in Kumaon, India, etc. Reprinted from the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1870.

'''Robertson, Dr. William'''. Scottish historian, b. at Borthwick, Scotland, Sept. 19, 1721; d. at Edinburgh, June 11, 1793. Studied theology at Edinburgh Univ.; graduated in 1741. Principal at Edinburgh Univ., 1762. Appointed in 1764 as Royal Historiographer of Scotland. Author of: History of Scotland, London. 1758-59.— History of the Emperor Charles V, 1769.—*History of America (first 8 books publ. in 1777, dealing mainly with the settlement and history of Spanish colonies). Revolutionary War deterred him from carrying plan to completion. Ninth and tenth books publ. by his son from MS. (1796).

'''Roman y Zamora, Jeronimo (1536?-1597)'''. Republicas del mundo. Medina del Campo, 1575. 2 vols.; also ed. bv D. L. d’Orvenipe, 1897. 2 vols.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Roman Martyrologe, according to the Reformed Calendar'''. Faithfully translated out of Latin into English, by G. K. [George Keynes] of the Society of Jesus, 1627, and now re-edited by W. N. Skelly, Esq. London: T. Richardson & Son. London, 1847.

'''Sade, Donatien Alphonse Francois, Count (usually known as Marquis de Sade)'''. French writer, b. in Paris, June 2, 1740; d. Dec. 2, 1814. Early in military service. After returning to Paris, 1766, became notorious for vicious practices and was condemned to death in 1772 for poisoning and other offences. Fled to Italy, was caught, again tried and found guilty, 1777. Escaped once more but was finally caught and committed to the Bastille. Here he wrote plays and obscene novels. Removed to Charenton Lunatic Asylum, 1789; {{Page aside|543}}discharged and recommitted as incurable, 1803. The term sadism is derived from his name.

'''Sa’di, Musharrif-Uddin b. Mushlih-Uddin (1184-1291)''', *Bústan or “Fruit Garden,” 1257, Critical ed. with Persian commentary publ. by K. H. Graf, Vienna, 1850, Engl, prose translations by H. W. Clarke, 1879; verse transí, by G. S. Davie, 1882.

'''Sahagún, Bernardino de'''. Spanish historian and Franciscan friar, b. at Sahagún (Leon) in the beginning of the 16th century; died at Tlaltelolco (Mexico) in 1590. Studied at Salamanca University and came as a missionary to Mexico, 1529, where he distinguished himself by the purity of his life and his great zeal in educating the natives. Eventually he devoted his entire time and energies to the study of the antiquities of the Aztecs, gathering his information from natives whose language he had learned to perfection. His great work, Historia Universal de Nueva España, was written in the Mexican language. His liberal views with regard to the natives and their beliefs resulted in a deep-seated opposition on the part of his ecclesiastical brethren who refused to allow him the necessary aid in transcribing his papers. His MSS became scattered in different religious houses. Sahagun then drew up a brief statement of the nature and contents of his work and forwarded it to Madrid, where it fell into the hands of Don Juan de Ovando, Pres, of the Council of the Indies; he ordered the MSS. to be restored to their author, with the request that he at once set about translating them into Castilian. The octogenarian author undertook and completed the task, and his work, in two bulky volumes in folio, containing the Aztec and Spanish texts, as well as numerous paintings, was sent to Madrid. From that time on, the work disappears for more than two centuries. Towards the close of the 18th century, Muñoz disinterred it from the library of a convent at Tolosa, in Navarre, transcribed it and added it to his own inestimable collection. From this transcript, Lord Kingsborough (q.v. in the present Appendix) was able to procure the copy which was published in 1830, in the Sixth Volume of his great compilation. Curiously enough, the year preceding, an edition of it, with annotations, appeared in Mexico, in three volumes, prepared by Bustamente from a copy of the Muñoz MS. The work has been translated into English by A. J. O. Anderson and publ. by the Univ, of Utah, 1950.

'''Schlagintweit. Emil'''. German Tibetan scholar, b. in Munich, July 7, 1835; d. at Zweibrücken, Oct. 20, 1904. Held a position in the Bavarian Administration, devoting most of his time to research. Chief works: Buddhism in Tibet, etc., Leipzig and London, 1883.— Die Könige in Tibet, 1866.—Indien in Wort und Bild, Leipzig, 1880-81, 1889-91, 2 vols.—Various translations from Tibetan.

'''Schweitzer, Bogdan Yakovlevich (1816-74)'''. Russian astronomer educ. Zürich and Königsberg Univ. Associated with the famous Pulkovo Observatory since 1841. Astronomer of the Moscow Univ. Observ. since 1845. At the Constantine Institute in 1852. Prof, and Director of Observ. at Moscow Univ, in 1856. Delineated the areas of Russian Provinces. His Researches were publ. in Astron. Nachrichten and the Chronicles of Pulkovo Observatory.

'''Shcherbatov, Prince Mihail Mihaylovich (1733-90)'''. *Russian History from the Earliest Times [Russian Text], St. Petersburg, 1774-1805, 7 vols.

'''Simpson, William'''. *Buddhist Architecture in the Jellalabad Valley. London, 1880, 27 pp., with sketches and plans. From the Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Session 1879-80.

'''Sinnett, Alfred Percy (1840-1921)'''. *The Occult World. London: Trübner & Co., 1881. First Amer, ed., New York & Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1885.— *The “Occult World Phenomena” and the Society for Psychical Research. London: George Redway, 1886. 60 pp.

'''Solís y Rivadeneíra, Antonio de'''. Spanish poet and historian, b. at Alcalá de Henares, July 18, 1610; d. at Madrid, Oct. 19, 1686. From early youth, showed a decided turn for dramatic composition, producing a comedy at the age of 17. Entering the Univ, of Salamanca, he went through the regular course of the canon and civil law. He was on intimate terms with the great Calderon, and produced a number of pieces for the theatre. Became secretary to the Conde de Oropesa, Viceroy of Navarre. In 1661, he was made secretary to the Queen Dowager and Historiographer of the Indies. At the age of fifty-six, he embraced the religious profession, and was admitted to priest’s orders in 1666. The fruits of his studies were given to the world in his Historia de la Conquista de Méjico, which appeared at Madrid in 1684, a work of great historical value and beautiful diction.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Speaker’s Commentary'''. Actually: The Bible, according to the authorized version (A.D. 1611) with an explanatory and critical commentary {{Page aside|545}}and a revision of the translation, by bishops and other clergy of the Anglican Church. Edited by F. C. Cook, M.A., Canon of Exeter, Preacher at Lincoln’s Inn, Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. London, 1871-76. Written at the suggestion of the Right Hon. J. E. Denison, Speaker of the House of Commons, afterwards Viscount Ossington. From the circumstances of its origin, known as “Speaker’s Commentary.”

'''Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903)'''. *“Genesis of Superstition,” Popular Science Monthly, March, 1875.—*The Principles of Sociology, London, 1876.—*Principles of Psychology, London, 1855.

'''Stephens, John Lloyd'''. American traveller and writer, b. at Shrewsbury, N.J., Nov. 28, 1805; d. at New York, Oct. 10, 1852. Having been admitted to the bar, he practised for about eight years in New York. Made extensive travels in Europe, Egypt and Syria, publishing in 1837 an account of them. In 1839, he arranged with Frederick Catherwood to make an exploration in central America, with a view to discovering and examining the antiquities said to exist there. In 1841, he made a second visit to Yucatan. The results of these journeys are embodied in the most interesting narratives: *Incidents of Travels in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan. London: John Murray, 1841, in 2 vols.; this work ran into its 12th ed. by 1846; and Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, 1843.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Svetdsvatara-Upanishad'''. See The Upanishads. Transl. by F. Max Müller. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2nd Part, 1884. SBE XV. Also E. Röer, Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, Calcutta, 1853.

'''Syncellus, Georgius'''. Vide Vol. VII, pp. 398-99, of present Series for biogr. data.

'''Szapary, Count Franz (Ferencz) von (1804-75)'''. *Magnetisme et magnetotherapie. 2nd enl. ed., Paris, 1854. Russian transl., by Alexander N. Aksakov, St. Petersburg, 1860.

'''Tartini, Giuseppe'''. Italian violinist, composer and musical theorist, b. at Tirano, Istria, April 8, 1692; d. at Padua, Feb. 16, 1770. After a rather wild youth, he retired to a monastery at Assisi, where his character underwent a complete change, and he engaged in serious study of music, becoming a master of the violin. In 1728, he founded a school for the violin at Padua. His numerous compositions illustrate his passionate and masterly style of execution, in which he surpassed all his contemporaries. He told Lalande in 1766 that the sonata known as II Trillo del Diavolo was the fruit of a dream, in which the devil played an exquisite sonata. Tartini wrote several works on {{Page aside|546}}music and conutributed to the science of acoustics by his discovery of differential tones.

'''Taylor, Thomas (1758-1835)'''. *The Works of Plato. London: Printed for Thos. Taylor by R. Wilks, and sold by E. Jeffery and R. H. Evans, 1804. 5 vols.

'''Temple, Sir Richard'''. British statesman and writer, b. March 8, 1826: d. at Heath Brow, Hampstead, March 15, 1902. Educated at Rugby and Haileybury. Went to India, 1847, and was chosen Secretary to the Panjâb Government; chief assistant to the financial members of the Council, James Wilson and Samuel Laing, 1860; Resident of Hyderabad, 1867, and in 1868, foreign secretary to the Government of India. In 1874-77, was Lieutenant-General of Bengal and active in combating famines. From 1877 to 1880 (when he retired), he was Governor of Bombay. Upon returning to England, was in Parliament, 1885-95, and became Member of Privy Council upon his retirement. Author of: Men and Events of my Time in India, 1882.—The Story of my Life, 1896.—Oriental Experiences, 1883.

'''Tschudi, Johann Jacob von'''. Swiss traveller and naturalist, b. at Glarus, 1818; d. 1889. Studied at Leyden and Paris. Went to Peru, 1838, where he spent five years investigating the natural history and ethnography of the country. Settled in Austria and was from 1866 to 1883 Swiss ambassador, first at Vienna and later in Brazil. His writings deal mainly with Peruvian fauna, the Quichua language and Peruvian antiquities; among these valuable works are: Die Kechua Sprache, Vienna, 1853, 3 vols.—Kulturgeschichte und sprachliche Beiträge zur Kenntniss des alten Peru, Vienna, 1891.— Reisen durch Südamerika, Leipzig, 1866-69.

'''Turgenyev, Ivan Sergueyevich (1818-83)'''. *Fathers and Sons, 1862.

'''Turnour, George (1799-1843)'''. English Orientalist, bom in Ceylon; eldest son of George Turnour, first Earl of Waterton. Educated in England; entered Ceylon Civil Service, 1818, and soon became a renowned Pâli scholar, devoting his attention to the native records of the Island. He was the first to publish authentic facts as to the origin and progress of the Buddhist religion in Ceylon. His earliest contributions to the Ceylon Almanack were derived chiefly from the Mahâvansa, and were later published as the Epitome of the History of Ceylon compiled from Native Annals (1836). He then followed with The Mahâwanso, in Roman characters and with translation (Ceylon, Cotta Church Mission Press, 1837), the first Pâli text to be translated. Tumour’s important discovery was the identification {{Page aside|547}}of King Piyadassi, the promulgator of the celebrated rockedicts, with King Asoka. He frequently contributed essays to the Journal of the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal on Buddhist history and Indian chronology. He rose to the Supreme Council of Ceylon, and retired on acc. of health, 1841-42. He died at Naples, April 10, 1843.

'''Tyndall, John (1820-93)'''. *On Science and Man, Birmingham, 1877. Presidential Address at the Birmingham and Midland Institute; 31 PP·

'''Ulloa, Antonio de (1716-95)'''. Spanish naval officer, traveller and scholar; author of Relación histórica del viaje a América Meridional, etc., Madrid, 1748.

'''Ulrici, Dr. Hermann (1806-84)'''. *Über den Spiritismus als wissen-schajtliche Frage (Spiritualism as a Scientific Question), Halle, 1879.

'''Vamadeva Modelyar'''. Quoted passage concerning the pralaya occurs also in Isis Unveiled, II, 273-74, and The Secret Doctrine, I, 37677, and appears to have been taken from L. Jacolliot’s works. Otherwise untraced.

'''Vania, K. F'''. *Madame H. P. Blavatsky, her Occult Phenomena and the Society jor Psychical Research. Bombay: Sat Publ. Co., [1951]. xvi, 488 pp.

'''Vega, Garcilaso de la (ca. 1535-1616)''', called “Inca.” Historian of Peru, born at Cuzco. His father, Sebastian Garcilaso (d. 1559), was a cadet of the illustrious family of La Vega, who had gone to Peru in the suite of Pedro de Alvarado; and his mother was of the Peruvian blood-royal, a circumstance which gave him the right to the title. He moved to Spain, 1560. After long service in the army, he turned to literature. His fame depends upon his La Florida del Ynca, a history of the De Soto expedition, which was published in 1605, and his history of Peru entitled Commentarios Reales que tratan de origen de los Yncas, Part I of which appeared in Lisbon in 1608 or 1609, while Part II was publ. in Cordova in 1617. This work has been translated into several languages and utilized by men like Prescott and Robertson in their histories. A more recent ed. of this work is that of Lima (1918-21) prepared by H. H. Urteaga.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Vendidad'''. See The Zend-Avesta. Translated by James Darmesteter Part I. SBE IV.

'''Vincent de Beauvais (or Vincentius Bellovacensis) (ca. 1190—ca. 1264)'''. French encyclopaedist of the middle ages, probably a native of Beauvais. Very little is known of his career, except that at one time he held the post of “reader” at the monastery of Royaumont (Mons Regalis), not far from Paris, on the Oise. He is the author of the monumental Speculum. Majus, the great compendium of all the knowledge of the middle ages, comprising the entire scope of the then known sciences and arts. One cannot speak too highly of the immense industry of the author in collecting, classifying and arranging the three huge volumes of 80 books and 9,885 chapters. More than six centuries passed before the idea was again resuscitated; and even then it required a group of brilliant Frenchmen to do what the old Dominican did apparently unaided. This magnum, opus is divided into: a) Speculum- Naturale; b) Speculum Doctrinale; and c) *Speculum Hisloriale, to which was added at a later epoch: d) Speculum Morale, most likely of the 14th century.

'''Vulpian, Edme-Felix-Alfred'''. French physician, b. at Paris, Jan. 5, 1826; d. there May 18, 1887. Entered the Bureau Central, 1857, and the Agrégation, 1860. Substituted for Flourens at the Museum for three years. Appointed, 1867, Prof, of pathological anatomy at the Faculté de Médecine, and to the chair of comparative and experimental pathology in 1872. Dean of the Faculté, 1875. Member of the Institut, 1876. Made numerous discoveries in the domain of anatomy, physiology of nervous system and experimental pathology. Author of: Leçcons sur la physiologie générale et comparative du système nerveux, Paris, 1866.—Maladies du système nerveux, Paris, 1879. 2 vols.

'''Wade, Sir Claude Martine'''. British military man, b. 1794; d. Oct. 21, 1861. Son of Lt.-Col. Joseph Wade of the Bengal army. As a cadet in the Bengal service, 1809, learned various vernaculars of India, and in 1812 obtained his commission as ensign in the 45th regiment of native infantry. Served in the Pindari campaigns, 1816-19, and as brigade-major at Oude, 1820-22. Soon became political assistant at Ludhiana and was involved in the native in- surgence against the British led by the Râjâ of Bhurtpore. As Captain, succeeded, 1825, in convincing Ranjit Singh of the sincerity of the British Government. In 1827 was entrusted with the entire charge of British dealings with the Maharaja, and for seventeen years remained instrumental in keeping harmony between the British and the Sikhs. Distinguished himself during the Afghân wars, being promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel and knighted. Retired from service, 1844, and promoted to the rank of Colonel, 1854.

'''Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)'''. *Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection. A Series of Essays. London and New York: Macmillan & Co., 1870.—*On Miracles and Modern Spiritualism. Three Essays. London: J. Burns, 1875; 2nd ed., London: Trubner & Co., 1881.

'''Weber, Albrecht (1825-1901)'''. Eide Vol. V. pp. 383-84, of present Series for biogr. data.

'''Whitworth, George Clifford (d. 1917)'''. *Personal Statement of Religious Beliefs. London: C. Kegan Paul & Co., 1880. Pamphlet of 18 pp.

'''Wilson, Horace Hayman'''. English physician and Orientalist, b. in London, Sept. 26, 1786; d. May 8, 1860. Educated in his native city; trained in St. Thomas’ Hospital and went to Calcutta, 1808, in the medical service of the East India Co., where he was attached to the Mint. Became an ardent student of Sanskrit. Was Secretary to the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, 1811-33; assay-master of Calcutta Mint, 1816-32; Secretary to the Committee of Public Institutions. While in India, started his vast program of translations from the Sanskrit with Kalidasa’s Meghaduta, 1813. Upon returning to England in 1832, became Boden Prof, of Sanskrit at Oxford, 1833, Librarian of India House, 1836, Director of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1837-60. Wilson was the greatest Sanskrit scholar of his time, besides being a linguist, historian, chemist, numismatist, actor, musician and accountant—a man of immense learning and untiring energy. Besides translating the Rigveda (q.v.), he produced a Sanskrit-English Dictionary, a work on the Theatre of the Hindus, a Sanskrit Grammar and a complete translation of the Vishnu-Purana (edited by Fitzedward Hall. London: Triibner & Co., 186470) which has been greatly used by H.P.B. in her works. He is also the author of *Essays and Lectures chiefly on the Religion of the Hindus (Coll, and ed. by Dr. Reinhold Rost). London, 1862. 2 vols.

'''Wundt, Wilhelm Max'''. German psychologist and philosopher, b. at Neckarau (Baden), Aug. 16, 1832; d. at Grossbothen near Leipzig, Aug. 31, 1920. Studied medicine at Tübingen, Heidelberg and Berlin. Began to lecture at Heidelberg, 1857; became, 1875, professor of philosophy at the Univ, of Leipzig, where he founded an institute for experimental psychology, the precursor of many similar institutions, and engaged in important research and teaching until 1917. Wundt was a man of encyclopaedic learning who knew how to correlate his {{Page aside|550}}varied knowledge into a unified system of thought. He was a voluminous writer on physiology, psychology, logic and ethics. Among his works mention should be made of the following: Volkerpsy-chologie (1900-20, 10 vols.); System der Philosophic (1889 and 1919); Ethic (1886 and 1923-24); he also edited the Philosophische Studien (20 vols., 1881-1902) and the Psychologische Studien (10 vols., 1906-17). Wundt was on close terms with the famous Theodor Fechner.

H.P.B. refers to Wundt’s pamphlet: *Der Spiritismus. Offener Brief an Herrn Prof. Dr. Hermann Ulrici im Halle, Leipzig, 1879. 8vo. 31 pp.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Yasna'''. See The Zend-Avesta. Part III. Translated by L. H. Mills. SBE XXXI.

'''Yule, Sir Henry'''. British military man and writer, son of Maj. Wm. Yule in East India Service, b. at Inveresk, near Edinburgh, May 1, 1820; d. in London, Dec. 30, 1889. Educ. High School, Edin., Addiscombe and Chatham. Joined Bengal Engineers, 1840; served in Khasia Hills, Assam, and in both the Sikh Wars. Deputy consultant engineer for the railways, and Secretary to Col. A. Phayre’s mission to Ava, 1855. Was in Allahabad during the Mutiny. Member of the Council of India, 1875-89. Author of: Narrative of the Mission to the Court of Ava, 1855.— Glossary of Anglo-Indian Words, or Hobson-Jobson, 1886.—Cathay, and the Way Thither, London, 1866; also 1913-16.—*Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, etc. Newly transl. and ed., with Notes, by Col. H. Yule. London: J. Murray, 1871; 2nd ed., 1875; 3rd ed., 1902; repr., 1929; also in Universal Library, New York, 1931. This work has been greatly used by H.P.B. mainly in Isis Unveiled.

'''Zarate, Augustine de'''. Spanish historian of the middle and later part of the XVIth century. He was for some years Comptroller of Accounts for Castile, after which he was sent to Peru to bring order to colonial finances. He went in the train of the viceroy Blasco Nunez, and found himself very soon entangled in the meshes of various political intrigues and civil discord. He nevertheless acquitted himself successfully in several difficult missions and, upon returning to Spain, was made Superintendant of the Finances in Flanders. Back in his native country, Zarate undertook to write a historical account of Peru, beginning with its discovery and ending with the events which he himself had witnessed. He intended it to be published after his death, but when it was submitted to the Emperor, it received such commendation that the author consented to give {{Page aside|551}}it to the press. Accordingly, it was published at Antwerp in 1555, under the title of Historia del discubrimiento y conquista de la provincia del Perú. Other editions were printed in Venice, 1563, and Sevilla, 1577. The work is authoritative and has been translated into several languages.

'''Zola, Émile Édouard Charles Antoine (1840-1902)'''. *L’Assommoir, 1878.—*Nana, 1880.