Zirkoff B. - Appendix (BCW vol.4): Difference between revisions

'''Bouillaud, Jean-Baptiste B'''., French physician, b. at Angoulême, Sept. 16, 1796; d. October 29, 1881. Became M.D. in 1823, and was appointed, 1831, to the Chair of Medicine at La Charité. Engaged in considerable research along physiological and psychological lines, and wrote a large number of scientific papers, some of which have been translated into other European languages. Became, 1868, Fellow of the Academy of Sciences at Paris.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Brahmajâlasûtra'''. Chinese text and French transi, in Le code du Mahâyâna en Chine ... by J. J. M. de Groot. Amsterdam: Johannes Müller, 1893.

'''Braid, James'''. Physician and writer on hypnotism, b. at Rylaw House, Fifeshire, about 1795, the son of a landed proprietor in that country. After studies at the Univ, of Edinburgh, and a period of apprenticeship, he became surgeon to the miners employed in Lanarkshire, subsequently moving to Manchester, where he acquired considerable reputation as a physician. It was in 1841 that the subject of animal magnetism drew his special attention, and he engaged in its investigation with a truly scientific thoroughness. Certain phenomena of abnormal sleep and peculiar conditions of mind and body, induced by fixed gaze on any inanimate object, were called by him “neuro-hypnotism.” His research aroused violent opposition from various quarters, including the mesmerists of the time. Among the many works from his pen, one of the most important is *Neurypnology, or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep, considered in relation to Animal Magnetism (1843; new ed., with introd, by A. E. Waite, 1899). He also wrote Observations on Trance; or Human Hibernation, London, 1850. Braid died suddenly in Manchester on March 25, 1860.

'''Broca, Paul'''. French surgeon and anthropologist, b. at Sainte-Foy la Grande, Gironde, June 28, 1824; d. July 9, 1880. Completed medical studies in Paris and rapidly rose in his profession. Member of the Academy of Medicine, 1867, and prof, of surgical pathology to the Faculty. Discovered the seat of articulate speech in the left side of the frontal region of the brain, known now by his name. Establishing the Anthropological Society of Paris, 1859, he formulated the modern science of craniology. Founded the Revue <TAnthropologie in 1872, and later turned to the exclusive study of the brain in which his greatest triumphs were achieved.

'''Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins'''. English physiologist and surgeon, b. in 1783 at Winterslow, Wiltshire; d. at Broome Park, Surrey, Oct. {{Page aside|637}}21, 1862. Assistant surgeon at St. George’s hospital for over thirty years. Greatly contributed to our knowledge of the diseases of the joints, on which he wrote an important work. He also published anonymously a volume of * Psychological Inquiries (London, 1854), to a second volume of which (1862) his name was appended. He was the first President of the General Medical Council, and was created a baronet in 1834.

'''Buchanan, Joseph Rodes (1814-1899)'''. See Vol. VI, pp. 429-30, for biographical data.

'''Bulwer-Lytton (Edward George Earle Lytton, 1st Baron, 1803-73)'''. *Zanoni, 1842.—*A Strange Story, 1862.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Bundahish'''. In Pahlavi Bûndahishar. A Pahlavi text on creation, cosmogony, etc.; one of the Scriptures of the Parsis. Transi, by E. W. West in SEE, Vol. V.

'''Burq, V. B. (1823-84)'''. French physician and scientist, mainly famous as the discoverer of metallotherapy, concerned with the influence of metals upon various conditions of health, and the treatment of diseases by means of them. Charcot and Schiff later confirmed his investigations. His chief work is Métallothérapie, nouveau traitement par les applications métalliques, Paris, 1853.

'''Butler, Alban'''. English Roman Catholic priest and hagiologist, b. in Northampton, Oct. 24, 1710; d. at St. Omer, May 15, 1773. Educ. at the English college, Douai, where, after ordination, 1735, he held chairs of philosophy and divinity. After some years in England, he became president of the English seminary at St. Omer. His great work is The Lives of the Saints, the result of thirty years’ study, the best edition of which is the one of Dublin, 1779-80, which incl. valuable notes.

'''Cahagnet, Louis-Alphonse (1805-1885)'''. See Vol. HI, pp. 499-500, for biographical data.

'''Cailletet, Louis Paul'''. French ironmaster, b. at Châtillon-sur-Seine, Sept. 21, 1832; d. there Jan. 5, 1913. Worked in his father’s ironworks, and later was in charge of them. Animated by a love of scientific research, he succeeded, 1877, in liquefying oxygen, and later hydrogen and nitrogen as well. His experiments were carried out independently of those of Pictet along similar lines. Also interested in aeronautics. Author of a number of papers in the Comptes Rendus. Elected member of the Paris Academy.

'''Carducci, Giosuè'''. Italian poet, b. at Val-di-Castello, Tuscany, July 27, 1836; d. in 1907. Educated at the Univ, of Pisa; began life as a public teacher at Arezzo, but ran into opposition for his political ideas. Settled for a while at Florence, and became, 1860, prof, of Italian literature at Bologna where he lectured for some 40 years. He and a group of his young friends advocated a return from romantic tastes to classical models. Carducci was an admirer of ancient mythologies and mystical traditions. “Other gods die,” he wrote, “but the divinities of Greece know no setting.” He was an ardent Mason. Among his many powerful poems, he also wrote in his younger days an hymn to Satan *“A Satana” which appeared in 1865.

'''Cassels, W. R. (1826-1907)'''. *Supernatural Religion: An Inquiry into the Reality of Divine Revelation (anonymously published). London, 1874, 2 vols.; 6th ed., 1875; 3rd vol. publ. 1877; rev. ed. of complete work, 1879. See Vol. VI, 430-31, for biogr. data.

'''Charcot, Jean Martin'''. French physician, b. in Paris Nov. 29, 1825; d. Aug. 16, 1893. M.D. at Paris, 1853; appointed physician of the Central Hospital Bureau, 1856; prof, of pathological anatomy in the medical faculty of Paris, 1860, and in 1862 began his famous connection with the Salpêtrière where he created the greatest neurological clinic of modern times. Apart from a large number of medical studies, he contributed greatly to the understanding of hypnotism and hysteria. Best known works: Leçons sur les maladies du système nerveux, 1872-93, 5 vols.; and Leçons du mardi à la Salpêtrière, 1889-90, 2 vols.

'''Chatterjee, Mohini Mohun (1858-1936)'''. Mohini, as he was usually referred to, was a personal pupil of Master K.H. and one of the most brilliant Hindu members of the early Theosophical Society. He was a descendant of the Râjâ Rammohun Roy, a great Hindu reformer, and was also related to Debendra Nâth Tagore; he was a native of Calcutta and a Brahmana.

In January, 1884, Master K.H. wrote to A. P. Sinnett: “He [Olcott] will be accompanied by Mohini, whom I have chosen {{Page aside|639}}as my chela and with whom I sometimes communicate directly.” (The Mahatma Letters, Letter No. 84.)

Mohini had also been very critical of Col. Olcott and the manner in which the business of the T.S. was conducted. In collaboration with Arthur Gebhard, he wrote a memorandum entitled “A Few Words on the Theosophical Organization.” On the back of this Manuscript, now in the Adyar Archives, Col. Olcott wrote: “Manifesto of Mohini and Arthur Gebhard about my despotism. H.P.B.’s cutting reply. 1886.” H.P.B.’s powerful reply to this “Manifesto” was later called “The Original Programme of the Theosophical Society,” though at first it did not bear any title. The text of both Mohini’s declaration and of H.P.B.’s reply, together with all pertinent historical information, may be found in Vol. VII of the present Series, pp. 135 et seq.

Later on, Mohini wrote a small volume in collaboration with Laura C. Holloway-Langford, an American Chela who was a sensitive and possessed a considerable degree of clairvoyance. This work, entitled Man·. Fragments of Forgotten History (London: Reeves and Turner, 1885, xxvi, 165 pp.; 2nd ed., 1887; 3rd ed., 1893), did not receive the plaudits of either Master K.H. or H.P.B., and the latter prepared a number of corrections and emendations which she wanted to have inserted in a second edition of the work (See The Letters of H. P. Blavatsky to A. P. Sinnett, Letter No. CXX). However, none of these corrections found their way into subsequent editions, all of which are now extremely scarce.

Mrs. Holloway and Mohini also selected certain articles from the early Theo sophist and published them as Five Years of Theosophy (same Publisher, 1885; 575 pp. incl. Glossary and Index; 2nd ed., 1894). All the articles from H.P.B.’s pen, included in this work, are now in the Collected Writings.

Mohini also wrote an excellent rendering of the Bhagavad-Gita, with a Preface and marginal notes giving parallel passages in the New Testament.

'''Chevillard, A'''. Prof, at the School of Fine Arts in Paris. *Études expérimentales sur le jluide nerveux et solution définitive du problème spirite. Paris: Corbeil, 1869, 8vo.

'''Chromatius (4th and 5th cent.)'''. See Vol. VIII, p. 422, for data.

'''Clemens Alexandrinus (Titus Flavius Clemens, 150?-220? a.d.)'''. *Strômateis or Stromata (Miscellanies). Standard ed. of collected works is the one of O. Stâhlin, Leipzig. 1905. H. P. B. frequently refers to the ed. of John Potter, Bishop of Oxford, and later Archbishop of Canterbury, Clementis . . . opera quae extant, etc. (Greek and Latin), 1715 and 1757, fol. 2 vols.

'''Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772-1834)'''. *The Watchman. A periodical which he started publishing in 1796, and which lasted only two months.

'''Cooke, Josiah Parsons (1827-94)'''. *The New Chemistry, 1872; 2nd ed., London, 1874. See Vol. IX, p. 240, for biogr. sketch.

'''Cossa, Pietro (1830-80)'''. Italian dramatist, b. at Rome. Fought for Roman republic in 1849 and later emigrated to South America. He soon returned to Italy, however, and lived precariously as a literary man until 1870, when he gained unexpected success for his acted tragedy Nerone. He produced several other tragedies on classical subjects.

'''Crawford, Francis Marion'''. American author, b. at Bagni di Lucca, Italy, Aug. 2, 1854; d. at Sorrento, April 9, 1909. Son of the American sculptor, Thomas Crawford. Educated at St. Paul’s school, Concord, N. H., Trinity College, Cambridge, Heidelberg and Rome. Went to India, 1879, where he studied Sanskrit and edited the Allâhâbâd Indian Herald. Returning to America, continued his studies at Harvard and in 1882 produced his first novel, Mr. Isaacs, a brilliant sketch of Anglo-Indian life mingled with Oriental mystery, and which had an immediate success. After further travels, he made in 1883 his permanent home in Italy, where he wrote a large number of novels and historical works with imaginative vividness and accuracy.

'''Csoma de Koros, Alexander (Sandor) (1784-1842)'''. See Vol. V, p. 372, for biographical data.

'''Daji Raja Chandra Singhjee, Thakur Sahib of Wadhwan (?-1885)'''. His Highness was a Prince of the Jhala tribe of Rajputs; he had been educated at the Rajkumar College of Rajkote, where he availed himself of a liberal and varied education. He believed that the ultimate object of good government is the well-being of the people, and he spared neither pains nor money to carry out this most noble precept. He is said to have possessed all the salient traits which mark the character of a wise and just administrator. During his brief reign, he was instrumental in introducing gas into his capital, the city of Wadhwan, in encouraging the building of new suburbs, in providing an abundant supply of good water for the city, in establishing careful administration of the State revenues, and in pursuing the highest form of justice. His liberality to public institutions, and especially to the Talukdari Girasia School, knew no bounds.

Daji Raja was a close friend of both H.P.B. and Col. Olcott, and was the President of the Daji Raja Theosophical Society at Wadhwan. He was a man of exquisite taste and possessed a thorough knowledge of architecture; when in Europe on a trip, he purchased furniture for a palace he was then building. He married the daughter of Raja Gajapati Row, late Member of Council. He attended the anniversary meetings of the T.S. at Bombay, and visited the then newly founded Headquarters at Adyar. He died of tuberculosis. (Cf. The Theoso- phist, Vol. VI, Supplement to June, 1885, p.. 224.)

'''Darmesteter, James (1849-94)'''. See Avesta.

'''Davy, Sir Humphry'''. English chemist, b. at Penzance, Cornwall, Dec. 17, 1778; d. at Geneva, May 29, 1829. A gifted student from early youth, he turned to chemistry in 1797, and became associated with the Medical Pneumatic Institution of Bristol investigating the medicinal properties of gases. Engaged, 1801, as lecturer in chemistry at the recently established Royal Institution in London, where his chief interest soon became electro-chemistry. He discovered potassium, sodium, chlorine and boron, and delivered a number of important lectures on his research. On his return from Italy, where he went with his wife and the young Michael Faraday as “assistant,” he became in 1820 President of the Royal Society. He contributed a great deal to the development of Agricultural Chemistry, and devised a miner’s safety lamp. Apart from his scientific pursuits, he was a poet of considerable accomplishment. His Elements of Chemical Philosophy was published in 1812.

'''Dax, Marc''', French physician, b. at Sommieres in 1771, where he practiced and died June 3, 1837.

'''Dee, John'''. English mathematician and astrologer, b. in London, July 13, 1527; d. at Mortlake, September, 1608. He was educated in St. John’s College, Cambridge, receiving his B.A., 1545, and his M.A., 154-8. He studied for two years at Louvain and Rheims, 154850, then went to Paris where he lectured on mathematics. Returning to England, 1551, he received a pension from Edward VI, which he later exchanged for a living at Upton-upon-Severn. Since his Cambridge days he had been suspected of practicing magic, and shortly after the accession of Mary I, he was imprisoned on a charge of using enchantment against her life, but was released, 1555. Dee enjoyed the favor of Elizabeth I, and was consulted by her as to a propitious day for her coronation. He gave the Queen lessons in the mystical interpretation of his writings, and was sent abroad in 1578 to consult with German physicians and astrologers on the nature of her illness. An advocate of the Gregorian calendar, Dee made in 1583 preparatory calculations for its possible adoption in England. Dee did much for the development of mathematical studies in England, as may be seen from “John Dee his Mathematical Praeface” to Billingsley’s version of The Elements of Geometric of the most Ancient Philosopher Euclide of Megara (1570), in which the fifteen books are translated for the first time in English, and of which we are lucky enough to possess a copy. Other works by Dee are: Propaedeumata aphoristica (1558), Monas hieroglyphica (Antwerp, 1564), and a large number of mathematical essays fully listed in his Compendious Rehearsal (1592).

The life of John Dee is very instructive to students of the Ancient Wisdom, as it depicts the fall of a man of great ability, restless energy, and laborious application, through over-credulity in the psychic visions of a “sensitive” which had exercised on Dee a hypnotic effect, a dangerous type of glamor. Thomas Smith, a “Doctor of Sacred Theology and Presbyter of the Anglican Church,” published in Latin a life of Dee in his Vitae illustrium virorum (1707). This has been translated as The Life of John Dee (London: Theosophical Publishing Society, 1908) by the Reverend Wm. Alex. Ayton, an old and respected friend of H.P.B., and deserves careful perusal.

'''Denton, William (1823-83) and Elizabeth M'''. Foote Denton. *The Soul of Things, or, Psychometric Researches and Discoveries, 3rd rev. ed., Boston: Walker, Wise & Co., 1866. The first ed. of this work was entitled Nature’s Secrets, or Psychometry, and was published in 1863.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Desâtîr'''. Persian text and Eng. tr. by Mulla Bin Kaus, published by Courier Press, Bombay 1818; republ. by the Educational Society’s Press, 1888, and Wizard’s Bookshelf, 1975.

'''Desideri, Ippolito'''. Italian Jesuit missionary, b. at Pistoia, 1684; d. at Rome, 1733. Went to India, 1712, staying in Surat for a number of years, learning Oriental languages. Then went to Delhi, Lahore and Kashmir. Continued his journey to Bhutan, 1715, in company with Père Freyre; they were at first received well, but later accused of spying and had to leave. Desideri made his way to Lhasa, 1716: being very zealous, he made enemies among the Capuchin missionaries who forced his withdrawal, 1727. He went to Rome to justify himself, but Pope Benedict XIII refused to permit him to return to Tibet. Desideri translated the Kanjur into Latin. His Letters may be found in Lettres édifiantes and in the Bibliotheca Pistoriensis.

'''Dickinson or Dickenson, Edmund'''. English physician and alchemist, b. in Berkshire, Sept. 26, 1624; d. April 3, 1707. Educated at Eton and Merton College, Oxford; became an M.D., 1656. At about this time, he met Theodore Mundanus, a French alchemist, who prompted him to devote himself to the study of chemistry. He practiced medicine for some years in Oxford, settling in London in 1684. As a result of successful treatments he was recommended to King Charles II who appointed him as his physician; the King also built for him a laboratory under the royal bedchamber, {{Page aside|644}}with communication by means of a private staircase. It is said that many curious experiments were made there for the edification of the King and the Duke of Buckingham. Dickinson held his office until the abdication of James II, 1688. The remaining years of his life he spent in study and writing. He was buried in the church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields. Among his works should be mentioned: *Epistola ad T. Mundanum de Quintessentia Philosophorum, Oxford, 1686 and 1705.—Physica vetus et vera, London, 1702, 4to, a work on which he spent the last years of his life and which expounds an entire system of philosophy. (Cf. Blomber’s Dickinson s Life and Writings, 1737; 2nd ed., 1739.)

'''Diodorus Siculus'''. See Vol. V, p. 373, for data.

'''Donnelly, Ignatius'''. American politician, reformer, orator and writer of Irish descent, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 3, 1831; d. at Nininger, Minn., Jan. 1, 1901. Graduated, 1849, from the Central High School of his native city. He then read law in the office of Benjamin H. Brewster and was admitted to the bar in 1852. After marrying, he emigrated in 1856 to Nininger, Minn., to seek wealth through land speculations, but the panic of 1857 left him burdened with debts, and he turned to farming and the practice of law. Soon after, he entered politics as a Republican and found himself in Congress where he spent three terms, 1863-69. Famous for his oratory, he fought for a number of years for various progressive reforms, espoused the cause of abolitionism and universal education, and later edited the Anti-Monopolist. His ideas were often considered “visionary” and “radical,” and he had to contend with fierce opposition, but some of these ideas later became accomplished facts.

His literary career dates from about 1878. Donnelly was a great lover of books, had collected an excellent library, read very widely, and was inclined, in literature as well as in politics, to espouse unpopular causes. Unlike many contemporary members of Congress, he had devoted the large amount of time on his hands to assiduous study in the Library of Congress, with the result that, after a short time in retirement, he produced his first work entitled Atlantis: The Antediluvian World (New York and London: Harper & Bros., 1882, x, 490 pp., ill.), a book which passed through upward of twenty editions in America, and several in England. This critical study of the whole Atlantis problem, written by a man of such an encyclopaedic mind, has had a great effect upon scientific thought both in Europe and America. Donnelly {{Page aside|645}}may well be considered the father of modem Atlantology, and his work set the compass for serious research, marshalling a great mass of well-observed and ably reasoned material concerning the mutual interrelation existing between languages, cultures, customs and so forth. The popularity of this work never died out, as is shown by the appearance of a revised edition edited by the scholarly Egerton Sykes (New York: Harper & Bros., 1949, xx, 355 pp., ill.). It appears that Gladstone, four times Prime Minister of Britain, not only wrote Donnelly and congratulated him, but in 1882 asked the Cabinet to approve funds for the sending of a ship to trace out the outline of Atlantis in the Atlantic. However, Gladstone failed to secure the necessary support from the Treasury. Today, when more than five thousand works have been published dealing with Atlantis and other submerged continents, it can be definitely stated that a majority of scientists consider the work of Donnelly as epoch-making and look upon him as a pioneer in this field of research.

Donnelly’s second book was Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel (1883) which passed through eleven editions; his third one: The Great Cryptogram (1888) attempted to prove that Francis Bacon had written the plays attributed to Shakespeare. The royalties from his first two books and the lecture engagements which Donnelly was called upon to fill, brought him a secure income. He made a trip to Europe and became a frequent contributor to the North American Review. He also wrote a novel called Caesar s Column; a Story of the Twentieth Century (1891) which had similarities with Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward and sold 60,000 copies in one year.

'''Draper, John William (1811-82)'''. *History of the Conflict between Religion and Science. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1874. xxii, 373 pp.; 3rd ed., 1875; 5th ed., 1875, etc.

'''Duguid, David'''. A Glasgow painting medium who achieved considerable success in his line. He was a cabinet-maker, who in 1866 found himself possessed of mediumistic faculties. At first an ordinary rapping medium, he soon developed the power of painting and drawing in the dark. These drawings, generally copies of Dutch masters, purporting to be by the original artists, are said to have been of some merit. His two principal “controls” were supposed to be Ruysdael and Steen. In 1869 control of the medium’s organism was taken by Hafed, prince of Persia at the beginning of the Christian era, and Archmagus. Hafed related his many adventures through Duguid, including his death in the arena at Rome. These accounts were published as *Hafed, Prince of Persia (Ed. by H. Nisbet. London, 1876, 8vo.).

'''Dumas, Jean Baptiste André'''. French chemist, b. at Alais (Gard), July 15, 1800; d. at Cannes, April 11, 1884. At first, apprenticed to an apothecary in his native town; moved later to Geneva, where he attended the lectures of Pictet, de la Rive and A. P. de Candolle. Before he was 21, he was engaged with Dr. J. L. Prévost in original work on physiological chemistry and embryology. In 1823 he was induced by the great Humboldt to go to Paris, where he remained for the rest of his life. He became a senator and the president of the municipal council of Paris; also master of the French mint, but his official career ended with the fall of the Second Empire. As a chemist, Dumas ranks as one of the greatest figures of the 19th century. He was a prolific writer, conducted two scientific journals, and was elected to the French Academy in 1875.

'''Dyer, W. T. Thiselton''', *“The Sacred Tree of Kum-Bum,” in Nature, Vol. XXVII, Jan. 4, 1883, pp. 223-24.

'''Eberty, Gustav'''. *The Stars and the Earth, etc. See p. 284 footnote, in the present Volume for bibliographical data.

'''Elliotson, John'''. English physician, b. at Southwark, London, Oct. 29, 1791; d. in London, July 29, 1868. Studied medicine at Edinburgh, Cambridge and London. Prof, at London University and, 1834, physician to University Hospital. His interest in mesmerism eventually brought him into collision with the medical committee of the hospital, and he resigned in 1838. Founded, 1849, a hospital of mesmerism. Contributed many papers to the Transactions of the Medico- Chirurgical Society and was founder of the Phrenological Society.

'''Ennemoser, J'''. *The History of Magic, London, 1854.

'''Epiphanius, Saint (ca. 315-402)'''. *Panarion (or Treatise on Heresies). Text in Petavius, Paris, 1622, and Migne, Patr. Graec., XLI-XLII.

'''Esdaile, James'''. English physician and student of mesmerism, b. February 6, 1808, a son of Rev. Dr. Esdaile; d. January 10, 1859. Graduated as M.D. at Edinburgh, 1830; reached Calcutta in the East India medical service, 1831; in charge of the Hughli Hospital, 1838; was devoted to the study of mesmerism and performed with remarkable success surgical operations with its aid as anaesthetic. His experiments were scientifically investigated, and he was made Superintendent of a small hospital for mesmerism in 1846, and Presiding Surgeon. Disliking India, retired in 1851. Author of: Mesmerism in India, and its Practical Application in Surgery and Medicine, London, 1846; * Natural and Mesmeric Clairvoyance, London & New York, H. Bailliere, 1852.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Farhang-i-Jahangiri'''. Persian Encyclopaedia, the first word (also ferheng and frahang in Pahl.) meaning “instruction,” “education”; begun in 1597 on order of Akbar by Jamal al-Din Husain Inja, and ‘Alid of Shiraz, and finished in 1608 in the reign of Jahangir. It is a dictionary of pure Persian words, preceded by an outline of Persian grammar. It is available in Manuscript form (ff. 576), at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

'''“Fragments of Occult Truth.”''' This series of essays on some of the teachings of the occult philosophy are referred to by H.P.B. on a number of occasions in the present Volume, as may be found by consulting the Index.

Their authorship has been often in doubt, quite needlessly so, when all available evidence is taken into consideration. The first Three Fragments were published with no author’s name in The Theosophist, Vol. HI, October, 1881, March and September, 1882, in reply to certain letters from an Australian Theosophist, W. H. Terry, embodying a number of questions. These first “Fragments” were from the pen of Allan Octavian Hume, as may be shown by consulting The Mahatma Leiters to A. P. Sinnett (pp. 63, 84, 90, 123, 174 and 250) and The Letters of H. P. Blavatsky to A. P. Sinnett (pp. 8, 9 and 41).

Later installments of the “Fragments,” signed “Lay Chela,” are from the pen of A. P. Sinnett who took over where Hume had left off. They appeared in later issues of The Theosophist.

Some students have felt that H.P.B. had a hand in the production of the early “Fragments,” and that possibly others, like Subba Row, for instance, may have contributed to them. There is no {{Page aside|648}}solid evidence in support of this, especially when H.P.B.’s own statements are taken into account, particularly the one where she tells Sinnett that she cannot reply to “a new article from Terry” as “my style would so clash with his [Hume’s] in the Fragments.”

'''Frothingham, Octavius Brooks'''. American clergyman and author, b. in Boston, Nov. 26, 1822; d. Nov. 27, 1895. Graduated from Harvard, 1843, later its Divinity School, 1846. Pastorates at Unitarian churches in Salem, New York and Jersey City. Returned to Boston and spent remainder of life writing. Being very broadminded, he became the first president of the National Free Religious Association, 1867, an anti-slavery leader and an ardent early disciple of Darwin and Spencer. Chief works: Life of Theodore Parker, 1874.—The Spirit of New Faith, 1877. — Transcendentalism in New England, 1876.

'''Gall, Franz Joseph'''. German anatomist and physiologist, b. at Tiefen· brunn, Baden, March 9, 1758; d. in Paris, Aug. 22, 1828. Studied at Baden, Strasburg and Vienna, where he started praticing as a physician, 1785. He related the talents and dispositions of people to the external appearance of the skull, and became the founder of modern phrenology. His lectures on phrenology, begun in Vienna, 1796, met with increasing success until in 1802 they were interdicted by the Government as dangerous to religion. Gall transferred his seat to London, 1823, but did not meet with much success.

'''Gautama Rishi'''. *Dharma-Sastr a. See The Dharma Sutras. Text and translation of the twenty Samhitâs. Ed. and publ. by Manmatha Nath. Dutt. Calcutta, Society for the Resuscitation of Indian Literature, 1906-08.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Gemara'''. See Talmud.

'''Gougenot des Mousseaux, Le Chevalier Henry-Roger (1805-78)'''. *Moeurs et Pratiques des Démons, Paris, 1854; 2nd rev. ed. Paris, 1865.—*La Magie au XIXme Siècle, ses agents, ses vérités, ses mensonges, Paris; H. Plon, E. Dentu, 1860. *Les Hauts Phénomènes de la Magie, précédés du spiritisme antique. Paris: H. Plon, 1864. Sec Vol V, pp. 374-75, for biogr. data.

'''Gregory, William (1803-1858)'''. See Vol. II, pp. 530-31, for biographical data.

'''Grüber, Johann'''. German Jesuit missionary in China and noted explorer, b. at Linz, Oct. 28, 1623; d. in Florence in 1665. Joined the Society of Jesus, 1641; went to China, 1656, where he was active at the court of Peking as professor of mathematics. In 1661, his superiors sent him to Rome on business concerning the Order. As it was impossible to journey by sea on account of the blockade of Macao by the Dutch, Grüber and his companion, the Belgian Father Albert d’Orville, conceived the daring idea of going overland to India by way of China and Tibet. This led to a memorable journey which won them fame as some of the most successful explorers of the 17th century. Travelling through the Kukunor territory and Kalmuk Tartary, they reached Lhasa; thence they crossed, and amid countless hardships, the mountain passes of the Himalayas, arriving in Nepal, and then passed over the Ganges plateau to Patna and Agra, where d’Orville died as a result of these hardships. This journey lasted 214 days. Grüber,, accompanied by the Sanskrit scholar, Father Henry Roth, followed the overland route through Asia and reached Europe. The journey produced a sensation and proved the possibility of a direct overland route between China and India. Grüber set out to return to China, attempted to push his way through Russia, was obliged to return, and undertook the land route to Asia. However, he was taken sick and died on the way.

An account of this first journey through Tibet in modern times was published by Father Athanasius Kircher to whom Grüber had left his journals and charts, under the title of China illustraia, Amsterdam, 1667, a French ed. of which appeared in 1670.

'''Gurney, Edmund'''. English philosophical writer and student of music, b. March 23, 1847, at Hersham, Surrey; d. at Brighton, June 23, 1888. His early interests were music, poetry, and the Classics; he attained a Fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge, 1872; by 1879, he had written a serious work titled The Power of Sound. His intense sympathy with human suffering made him engage in the study of medicine; his high ethical standards made him rebel against vivisection and he wrote in opposition to its practice, a position which was endorsed at the time by Darwin himself. After a period in which his interests had turned to the study of law, his restless mind turned to the consideration of subjects connected with the unseen world. He became in 1882 one of the organizers of the Society for Psychical Research, and one of its most active workers. Together with F.W.H. Myers and F. Podmore, he produced a large work in two volumes entitled Phantasms of the Living (London, 1886). He collected many {{Page aside|650}} of his philosophical writings in a two volume work entitled Tertium Quid (1887). Many of his articles appeared in the publications of the Society which he helped to found.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Hàdhôkht Nask'''. See Khordah Avesta.

'''Hahnemann, Samuel Friedrich Christian'''. German physician and founder of the Homeopathic School of medicine. He was born at Meissen, April 10, 1755, the son of a porcelain painter, and died at Paris, July 2, 1843. Graduated, 1775, from the well-known Fürstenschule in his native town. After further studies in Leipzig and Vienna, became an M.D. in 1779. In the period of 1779-1816, he lived in various cities of Germany, practicing medicine, translating foreign medical works, and writing himself. His principal work, Organon der Heilkunst was published at Dresden in 1810; this was followed by Reine Arzneimittellehre (Six Parts, Dresden, 1811-20). His practice in Leipzig, 1816-22, was crowned with great success and a number of physicians came to him to learn the principles of his method. Naturally enough, he encountered opposition and persecution from other members of the profession, as well as the local druggists, and his own rather dogmatic attitude led to a conflict between him and some of his followers. In 1835, Hahnemann married a second time; his wife being French, he settled in Paris and acquired a large following in that City. He was buried in the famous Père La (liaise Cemetery. In 1851 a monument in his honor was erected at Leipzig.

Consult Richard Haehl, Samuel Hahnemann, sein Leben, und Schaffen, Leipzig, 1922, 2 vols, and T. L. Bradford, The Life and Letters of Samuel Hahnemann (with portrait), Philadelphia, 1895. Also Μ. Gumpert, Hahnemann: The Adventurous Career of a Medical Rebel, New York, 1945.

'''Haller, Albrecht von'''. Swiss anatomist and physiologist, b. at Berne, Oct. 16, 1708; d. Dec. 17, 1777. Very precocious as a child, studied medicine at Tübingen under Camerarius, and at Leyden under Boerhaave and Albinus, graduating in 1727. Went to Basle, {{Page aside|651}}1728, where he started a collection of plants which became the basis of his great work on Swiss flora. Began practicing medicine at Berne, 1730; the fame of his research work led George II to offer him in 1736 the chair of medicine, anatomy, surgery and botany in the newly-founded university of Göttingen, a chair he held for 17 years. He also conducted the monthly Göttingische gelehrte Anzeiger to which he is said to have contributed several thousand articles on almost every branch of knowledge. He resigned in 1753 and went back to Berne where he engaged in various municipal and State duties, and the preparation of his Bibliotheca medica and his famed Elementa physiologiae corporis humani (1757-60). He was also the author of some philosophical fiction expounding his views on government, and of numerous poems. A prolific writer on medical lines, his contribution to the science of medicine was very great.

'''Hardinge-Britten, Mrs. Emma (?-1899)'''. See Vol. I, pp. 466-67, for biographical data.

'''Hare, Robert (1781-1858)'''. See Vol. I, pp. 467-68, for biographical sketch.

'''Haug, Martin'''. German Orientalist, b. at Ostdorf, Württemberg, Jan. 30, 1827; d. at Munich, June 3, 1876. Studied Oriental languages, especially Sanskrit, at Tübingen and Göttingen, and settled in 1854 as Privatdozent at Bonn. Moved, 1856, to Heidelberg, where he assisted Bunsen in his literary work. Went to India in 1859, where he became superintendent of Sanskrit studies and Prof, of Sanskrit at Poona. He returned to Stuttgart in 1866, and was called to Munich in 1868 as Prof, of Sanskrit and comparative philology. His chief work is: Essays on the Sacred Languages, Writings, and Religion of the Parsees, Bombay, 1862; 2nd ed., 1878; 3rd ed., 1878. He translated the Aitareya-Brahmana of the Rigveda, Bombay, 1863, 2 vols.

'''Heidenhain, Rudolf Peter Heinrich'''. Prussian physician, b. at Marienwerder, Jan. 29, 1834; d. at Breslau, Oct. 13, 1897. Educated at Berlin, Halle, Königsberg. Considered as one of the best scholars of physiology in the 19th century, in the domain of which he is credited with epoch-making research on glands, nerves and hypnotic phenomena. Wrote a number of works and essays in support of his theories.

'''Heliodorus (5th cent.)'''. See Vol. VIII, p. 458, for data.

'''Hillel (ca. 70 b.c. - ca. 10 a.d.)'''. Jewish rabbi of Babylonian origin and descended from David. When about 40, went to study in the schools of Shemaiah and Abtalion at Jerusalem, where he became one of the leaders among the Pharisaic scribes. Tradition assigns him the highest dignity of the Sanhedrin, under the title of nasi (“prince”) about 30 b.c. He is said to have laid down seven rules for the interpretation of the Scriptures, which became the foundation of rabbinical hermeneutics. He is remembered as a great teacher who enjoined and practised the virtues of charity, humility, patience and true piety.

'''Hippocrates (5th cent. b.c.)'''. *De Diaete (Regimen). Loeb Classical Library.

'''Houghton, Miss Georgiana (1814-?)'''. "Chronicles of the Photographs of Spiritual Beings and Phenomena Invisible to the Material Eye. Interblended with personal narrative, etc. London: E. W. Allen, 1882, etc., 8vo.

'''Hue, Evariste Regis, Abbe (1813-60)'''. "Souvenirs d’un voyage dans la Tartarie, le Thibet et la Chine pendant les années 1844, 1845, et 1846. Paris, 1850, 2 vols. 8vo. English transí, by W. Hazlitt as Travels in Tartary, etc., London, 1852, 2 vols.

'''Hunt, Chandos Leigh (afterwards Wallace)'''. *Compendium of Mesmeric Information. Unidentified.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Index Librorum Prohibitorum'''. The title of the official list of those books which on doctrinal or moral grounds the Roman Catholic Church authoritatively forbids the members of its communion to read or to possess. Those which are interdicted until amended, and of which a list, the Index Expurgatorias, was at one time unofficially drawn up, are now marked with an asterisk or dagger. The Index is now prepared by the Holy Office, the former Congregation of the Index having been abolished in 1917.

'''Irenaeus, Saint (130?-202?)'''. *Adversas Haereses. Text in Migne, PCC, Ser. Gr.-Lat., VII; Engl. tr. in Ante-Nicean Fathers.

'''Jacobus de Voragine (ca. 1230-ca. 1298)'''. *Golden Legend or Lom- bardica historia, one of the most popular religious works of the Middle Ages, a collection of the legendary lives of the greater Saints. Ed. by Dr. Th. Graesse, Dresden, 1846. See Vol. II, p. 532, for further data about the author and his works.

'''Jäger, Gustav'''. German physician, b. at Burg a. Kocher, June 23, 1832; d. at Stuttgart, May 13, 1917. Studied zoology in Vienna, practiced medicine in Hohenheim and Stuttgart. In 1884 he left the service of the State to devote himself to writing and the presentation of his rather advanced ideas on the psychological constitution of man. He was greatly interested in Foods, Agriculture and Meteorology. One of his chief works is Die Neuralanalyse, Leipzig, 1881.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>latakas'''. Stories of Buddha’s former births. Edited by V. Fausböll (in Roman transliteration). London: Triibner & Co., 1877-97, 7 vols.— Transl. under the editorship of Prof. E. B. Cowell. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1895-1913, 7 vols.

'''Jennings, Hargrave (1817?-1890)'''. *The Rosicrucians, their Rites and Mysteries. London, 1870; 2nd ed., rev., corr. & enl., London, 1879; 3rd ed., newly rev., 1887.

Jerome, Saint (or Hieronymus), Sophronius Eusebius (340?-420). *Commentarius in Evangelium secundum Matthaeum. Text in J. P. Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Ser. Latina, Vol. XXVI, Paris, 1884. — *De viris illustribus liber. Migne, PCC. XXIII, Paris, 1883.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Dialogi contra Pelagianos'''. Migne, PCC. XXIII. Engl. tr. in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, New York, 1898-1909. *Opera. Ed. Johannes Martianay. Paris: Ludovicus Roulland, 1693-1706, 5 vols. — *Vulgate. Preface to the Four Gospels. Cf. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 6.

'''Joshi, Anandibai'''. Hindu woman-physician, b. in March, 1865, as daughter of Ganpatrao Amritaswar Joshi of Kalyan. Given name of “Jamuna”; learned Sanskrit and married in 1874 Gopal Vinayek Joshi who served in the Postal Dpt. Devoted herself to the study of medicine and went in 1883 to England and the U.S.A.; in the latter country she was the guest of Mrs. Carpenter in New Jersey. Instructed at the Women’s Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa. {{Page aside|654}}gained scholarship and took her degree as M.D. there in 1886. Appointed Resident Physician to the female ward of the Albert Edward Hospital in Kolapur, India. Her health failed her and she died of tuberculosis at Poona, Feb. 27, 1887; her body was cremated and the ashes sent to America, to be buried there.

'''Keane, Augustus Henry (1833-1912)'''. *“Eastern Asia,” Review of Kreitner’s work (which see), in Nature, Vol. XXVII, Dec. 21, 1883, pp. 170-72.

'''Kenealy, Edward Vaughan Hyde (1819-1880)'''. See Vol. VIII, p. 462, for biographical data.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Khordah. Avesta'''. Known as the “Small Avesta.” It is the Second Portion of the Zend-Avesta, consisting mainly of prayers. It includes also various fragments, the most important of which is the Hddhokht Nask.

'''Khunrath, Henry (ca. 1560-1601?)'''. See Vol. V, pp. 376-77, for biographical data.

'''Kingsford, Dr. Anna Bonus (1846-88)''' and Edward Maitland (182497). *The Perfect Way, or the Finding of Christ. London, 1882, 8vo.; rev. & enl. ed., 1887.

Kiu-ti or Khiu-ti, Book of. See Vol. VI, p. 425, for information.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Koran'''. In Arabic Qur’an, meaning recitation. The sacred Scripture of Islam. Transl. by E. H. Palmer, Oxford, 1928; and Richard Bell, Edinburgh, 1937-39.

'''Kreitner, Gustav von (1847-93)'''. *lm fernen Osten. Reisen des Grafen Bela Szechenyi in Indien, Japan, China, Tibet und Burma in den Jahren 1877-1880. Vienna: A Holder, 1881, 2 vols.

'''Kugler, Franz Theodor'''. *Handbuch der Geschichte der Malerei, von Constantin dem Grossem bis auf die neuere Zeit. Berlin, 1857; 2 vols. 8vo. — Engl. tr. by Mrs. H. Hutton as A Handbook of the History of Painting, etc., London, 1842.

'''Lalitavistara'''. Ed. by R. Mitra (partially transl.). Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1877. Bibi. Ind. 15.—Transl. by R. Mitra, Bibi. Ind., New Series, Vol. 90.

'''Langley, Samuel Pierpont'''. American physicist and astronomer, b. at Roxbury, Mass., Aug. 22, 1834; d. Feb. 27, 1906. Educated in the Boston Latin School and in Europe. After a few years of professorship at Harvard and U.S. Naval Academy, became director of the Allegheny Observatory and prof, of physics and astronomy at the Western Univ, of Pennsylvania. Elected, 1887, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. His name is especially associated with aeronautics and the exploration of the infrared portions of the solar spectrum, for which he invented the bolometer. On May 6, 1896, he successfully launched his steam-driven “aerodrome,” which flew half a mile above the Potomac River. Further experiments on his part met with ridicule from the press and the failure of the Government to support his research. He nevertheless paved the way for all future experiments, and years later a test of his man-carrying machine made at the Curtiss shops demonstrated its inherent stability. Langley’s published works include nearly 200 titles.

The quotation in the present volume is from his art. on “The Sun’s Radiant Energy,” in the Scientific American, Vol. 41, July 26, 1879, p. 53.

'''Le Conte, Joseph (1823-1901)'''. *Correlation of Vital with Chemical and Physical Forces. In Balfour Stewart’s The Conservation of Energy, New York, 1874; 2nd ed. London: H. S. King & Co., 1874.—*Evolution and its Relation to Religious Thought, 1888.

'''Legge, James'''. British Chinese scholar, b. at Huntly, Aberdeenshire, in 1815; d. at Oxford, Nov. 29, 1897. Educated at King’s College, Aberdeen, and at Highbury Theological College, London. Started for China, 1839, as a missionary, but instead remained for three years teaching in the Anglo-Chinese College in Malacca until it was removed to Hong Kong. There he lived for thirty years, and worked on his monumental edition of the Chinese Classics. In 1876 a chair of Chinese languages and literature was constituted at Oxford for his occupation. Consult his works in the Sacred Books of the East, Vols. HI, XVI, XXVII, XXVIII, XXXIX and XL. Vol. XVI contains his tr. of the *I Ching or Book of Changes.

'''Lévi Zahed, Êliphas (1810-75)''', pseud, of the Abbé Alphonse Louis Constant. "Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie. Paris: G. Baillière, 1856, 2 vols. Engl. tr. by Arthur E. Waite as Transcendental Magic, Its Doctrine and Ritual. Chicago, 1910. See Vol. I, pp. 491 et seq., for biographical sketch.

'''Lillie, Arthur (1831-?)'''. "Buddha and Early Buddhism. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1882, xiv, 256 pp., ill.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Linga-Purdna'''. Attributed to Maharshi Vedavyasa. Edited by Pandit Jibananda Vidyasagara. Calcutta: New Valmiki Press, 1885.

'''Littre, Maximilien Paul Emile (1801-1881)'''. See Vol. Ill, p. 514, for biographical data.

'''Macnish, Robert'''. Scottish author and physician, b. at Glasgow, Feb. 15, 1802, into a medical family; d. of influenza, Jan. 16, 1837. Obtained degree of magister chirurgiae at the Univ, of Glasgow, at the early age of eighteen. After studies in Paris, he returned to his native city and graduated as M.D. in 1825. His wide popularity, however, was the result of his fiction stories, among them one entitled “The Metempsychosis” published in Blackwood’s. His most important work was *The Philosophy of Sleep (Glasgow, 1830; 3rd ed., 1836). Macnish suffered from ill health most of his short life; in later years he was greatly interested in the borderland between medicine and psychology, and the work of James Braid along lines of hypnotism. His Introduction to Phrenology (1835) sold some ten thousand copies.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Magnitudes of Ether Waves'''. Unidentified.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mahabharata (Vyasa)'''. Edited for the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, Calcutta, 1834-39, 5 vols. 4to. — Critically ed. by V. S. Sukthankar. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1927.—Translated by M. N. Dutt. Calcutta: Elysium Press, 1895-1905, 18 vols.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mahandrayana-upanishad, of the Atharva-Veda''', with the Dipika of Narayana. Edited by Col. G. A. Jacob. Bombay: Government Central Book Depot, 1888. Bombay Sanskrit Series 35.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Manavadharmasdstra (or Laws of Manu)'''. Text critically ed. by J. Jolly. London: Triibner & Co., 1887. Triibner’s Oriental Series.— Trans, by G. Buhler. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1886. SBE XXV.

'''Manning, Thomas'''. English traveller, b. at Broome, Norfolk, Nov. 8, 1772; d. at Bath, May 2, 1840. Educated at his father’s rectory and Caius College, Cambridge, where he remained to study mathematics and engage in tutoring. Interested in the Chinese language, he went to Paris, 1800, to study it. Returning to England, he perfected himself in medicine and went to Canton as a doctor, reaching there in 1807. In 1810, after a brief stay at Calcutta, and without any aid from the Government, he proceeded, with a single Chinese servant, to Rangpur on a journey to Lhasa. From Parijong he travelled as a medical man with a company of troops, and in {{Page aside|657}}December, 1811, became the first, and for many years the sole, Englishman to enter the holy city. He remained there for some months, but under peremptory orders from Peking was sent back to India, leaving Lhasa April 19, 1812, and arriving at Calcutta in the ensuing Summer. A long narrative of this journey which he wrote to Dr. Marshman was lost, but his notes in a notebook were printed by C. R. Markham in 1876 (Vide under Bogle in the present Appendix). After some diplomatic activities in Canton and Peking, he started homeward in February, 1817, but the ship was wrecked and the passengers were taken to St. Helena where Manning visited with Napoleon, reminding him of the passport which he had personally granted him in 1803 to return from France to England. The rest of his life was spent in retirement among his Chinese books. He was master of the classical Chinese literature and was considered the first Chinese scholar in Europe. A brilliant conversationalist, rather eccentric in dress and manner, Manning wrote several books on mathematics and was familiar with some fifteen languages. His MSS. and printed books were given to the Royal Asiatic Society. (Cf. Diet, of National Biography.)

'''Markham, Sir Clements Roberts (1830-1916)'''. *Narratives of the Mission, of George Bogle to Tibet and of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa, London, 1876, 8vo., of which Markham was the Editor. See Vol. VI, p. 441, for biographical data.

'''Massey, Charles Carleton (1838-1905)'''. See Vol. I, pp. 497-99, for biographical data.

'''Massey, Gerald (1828-1907)'''. See Vol. VIII, pp. 565-67, for comprehensive biography.

'''Mayo, William Starbuck''', American physician and author, b. at Ogdensburg, N. Y., April 15, 1811; d. in New York, Nov. 22, 1895. Interested from his early years in the study of medicine, he attended the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York and graduated in 1832. Ill health forced him to travel and his tour of Spain and the Barbary States left upon him an indelible impression. Though he resumed his medical practice, it was his fiction writing that brought him prominence. The success of his first novel or tale, *Kaloolah, or Journeyings to the Djebel Kumri (New York: G. B. Putnam; London: D. Bogue, 1849), was astonishing, even to the author. This work purports to be an autobiography of Jonathan Romer edited by Mayo; it went through nine editions, the latest one in 1900. It is {{Page aside|658}}a rollicking tale of Yankee prowess and self-reliance on the high seas and in Africa. Only slightly less popular was his novel The Berber (1850, 1873, 1883). Mayo was a man of independent observation, penetration of character, and broad interests.

'''Medhurst, Walter Henry'''. English Congregationalist missionary to China, b. in London, 1796, and who died there Jan. 24, 1857. Educated at St. Paul’s School, he became a missionary for the London Miss. Society at Shanghai from 1842 to 1856. Prepared a version of the Bible in High Wen-li. With John Stronach he also translated the N.T. into the Mandarin dialect of Nanking. Author of *A Dissertation on the Theology of the Chinese, etc. Shan-hae, 1847, 8vo.

'''Meredith, Evan Powell'''. *Correspondence, touching the Divine Origin of the Christian Religion. Between the Reverend John Fairfax Francklin, M.A., Vicar of Waplode, Spalding, and Evan Powell Meredith, Author of The Prophet of Nazareth. London, 1866, 8vo., 57 pp.

'''Metastasio, Pietro T. (1698-1782)'''. *La Clemenza de Tito, in three acts, in verse, between 1730-40.

'''Milton, John (1608-74)'''. *Paradise Lost, 1668.

«Mishnah. See Talmud.

'''Mitra, Piari Chand (1814-1883)'''. See Vol. II, p. 536, for biogr. data.

'''Mohini'''. See Chatterji.

'''Monier-Williams, Sir Monier (1818-99)'''. *Indian Wisdom, etc. London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1875; 2nd ed., 1875; 3rd ed., 1876; 4th ed., 1893.

'''More, Henry'''. English philosopher and theologian of the Cambridge Platonist School, b. at Grantham in 1614. Both his parents were strong Calvinists, but he himself “could never swallow that hard doctrine.” At fourteen, he was sent to Eton School for Greek and Latin studies, and in 1631 was admitted to Christ’s College, Cambridge. In 1635, he graduated B.A., and received his M.A., 1639. At about the same time he received holy orders, and from then on lived almost entirely within the walls of the College, except when he went to stay with his “heroine pupil,” Anne, Viscountess Conway, {{Page aside|659}}at her country seat of Ragley in Warwickshire, where More wrote several of his works. He drew around him a number of young men of a refined type, and won a high reputation both for saintliness and for intellectual power, refusing all preferments to the advantage of his studies and writing. More shrank from bitter theological disputes, but had the courage of his opinions which were very definite and often contrary to the existing current of thought.

More belonged to that little band of Platonists which formed at Cambridge in the middle of the 17th century; he represents the mystical and theosophic side of this movement; mystical elevation was the chief feature of his character, “a certain radiancy of thought which carried him beyond the common life .... and his humility and charity were not less conspicuous than his piety.” The “occult sciences,” of which such men as van Helmont and Greatrakes were in More’s time the apostles, had a singular fascination for him. He was a voluminous writer both in prose and in verse, his most notable work being the Divine Dialogues (1668), which summarizes his general view of philosophy and religion.

Henry More died on September 1, 1687, and was buried in the chapel of the College he loved so well, The most vivid and interesting picture of himself and his life is in his own “Preface” to the 1679 edition of his Opera Omnia. Rev. R. Ward wrote his Life in 1710.

Accounts concerning Henry More which are to be found in various encyclopaedias, while attempting to give a fair idea of the character of this remarkable man, probably fall short of the actual truth. The profound respect which H.P.B. felt for him, and the manner in which she spoke of him, half-reveal a certain occult significance in the life and thought of this figure. Surprising as it may be, the name of Henry More is associated with the writing of Isis Unveiled, nearly two hundred years after his demise. The facts are related by Col. Henry S. Olcott in his Old Diary Leaves, Vol. I, pp. 237-39, 242-43:

“..............I was made to believe that we worked in collaboration

with at least one disincarnate entity—the pure soul of one of the wisest philosophers of modem times, one who was an ornament to our race, a glory to his country. He was a great Platonist, and I was told that, so absorbed was he in his lifestudy, he had become earth-bound, i.e., he could not snap the ties which held him to the Earth, but sat in an astral library of his own mental creation, plunged in his philosophical reflections, {{Page aside|660}}oblivious to the lapse of time, and anxious to promote the turning of men’s minds towards the solid philosophical basis of true religion. His desire did not draw him to taking a new birth among us, but made him seek out those who, like our Masters and their agents, wished to work for the spread of truth and the overthrow of superstition. I was told that he was so pure and so unselfish that all the Masters held him in profound respect, and, being forbidden to meddle with his Karma, they could only leave him to work his way out of his (Kamalokic) illusions, and pass on to the goal of formless being and absolute spirituality according to the natural order of Evolution. His mind has been so intensely employed in purely intellectual speculation that his spirituality had been temporarily stifled. Meanwhile there he was, willing and eager to work with H. P. B. on this epoch-making book, towards the philosophical portion of which he contributed much. He did not materialize and sit with us, nor obsess H. P. B., medium-fashion; he would simply talk with her psychically, by the hour together, dictating copy, telling her what references to hunt up, answering my questions about details, instructing me as to principles, and, in fact, playing the part of a third person in our literary symposium. He gave me his portrait once—a rough sketch in colored crayons on flimsy paper and sometimes would drop me a brief note about some personal matter, but from first to last his relation to us both was that of a mild, kind, extremely learned teacher and elder friend. He never dropped a word to indicate that he thought himself aught but a living man, and, in fact, I was told that he did not realize that he had died out of the body. Of the lapse of time, he seemed to have so little perception that, I remember, H. P. B. and I laughed, one morning at 2:30 A.M., when, after an unusually hard night’s work, while we were taking a parting smoke, he quietly asked H. P. B. “Are you ready to begin?”; under the impression that we were at the beginning instead of the end of the evening! And I also recollect how she said: “For Heaven’s sake don’t laugh deep in your thought, else the ‘old gentleman’ will surely hear you and feel hurt!” That gave me an idea: to laugh superficially is ordinary laughter, but to laugh deeply is to shift your merriment to the plane of psychic perception! So emotions may, like beauty, be sometimes but skin-deep. Sins, also: think of that!

{{Vertical space|}}

'''Morley, Henry (1822-94)'''. *The Life of Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim, doctor and knight, commonly known as a magician. London: Chapman & Hall, 1856. 2 vols.

'''Moses, William Stainton (1839-92)'''. Known under the pseudonym of “M. A., Oxon.” *Psychography: a Treatise on one of the objective forms of psychic or spiritual phenomena, Lond., 1878 & 1882. — ^Spirit Identity, London, 1879. See Vol. I, pp. 500-01, for biographical sketch.

'''Mousseaux'''. See Gougenot des Mousseaux.

'''Muhsin Fani'''. *Dabistan, or School of Manners. Tr. from the original Persian, with Notes and Ill., by David Shea and Anthony Troyer. Edited, with a prelim, discourse by the latter. Paris, 1843, 3 vols.

'''Muller, Max [Friedrich Maximilian] (1823-1900)'''. *Chips from a German Workshop. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1867-75, 4 vols.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mundakopanishad'''. In The Twelve Principal Upanishads (Engl, tr.) publ. by Tookaram Tatya. Bombay Theosophical Publ. Fund, 1891. See Vol. VIII, p. 414, for further data.

'''Myers, Frederick William Henry (1843-1901)'''. See Vol. V, pp. 263-64, for comprehensive biographical sketch.

'''Newton, Alonzo Eliot'''. *The Modern Bethesda or the Gift of Healing Restored, 1879.

'''Olshausen, Hermann (1796-1839)'''. *Nachweis der Echtheit der sämtlichen Schriften des Neuen Testaments, Hamburg, 1832. Engl. tr. by David Fosdick, as Proof of the Genuineness of the Writings of the New Testament, Andover (U.S.), 1838. See Vol. VIII, pp. 470-71, for biogr. sketch.

'''Owen, Robert Dale (1801-1877)'''. See Vol. I, pp. 518-20, for biographical sketch.

'''Oxley, William'''. *The Philosophy of Spirit, illustrated by a New Version of the Bhagavad-Gita, London, 1881, 8vo.

'''Paley, William (1743-1805)'''. *A View of the Evidences of Christianity, 1794; also Philadelphia, 1795; latest ed., 1860. See Vol. Ill, p. 517, for biogr. data.

'''Penna di Billi, Francesco Arazio della (1680-1747)'''. See Vol. VI, p. 443, for biogr. data.

'''Pictet, Raoul-Pierre'''. Swiss physicist, b. at Geneva, April 4, 1846; d. at Paris, July 27, 1929. Prof, of Physics in Geneva University, 1879-85. Investigated the condition of matter at very low temperatures and liquefied hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in 1877, almost at the same time with Cailletet. Founded in Berlin a factory for refrigeration machines and produced the thermos bottle. Wrote a number of scientific papers.

'''Pirani, Frederick Joy'''. Born at Birmingham, 1850; d. at Melbourne, Australia, 1881, where he was Prof, of Physics and Logic at the Univ, of Melbourne, Viet.

'''Plato (427? B.C.-347 B.c.)'''. *Critias. Loeb Class. Library.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Popol-Vuh'''. Sacred Scripture of the Quiche Indians of Guatemala. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Popol-Vuh, etc. Quiche text and French translation, 1861.—Adrian Recinos, Popol-Vuh: las antiguas historias del Quiche. Spanish tr., Mexico City, 1947. English version of it by Delia Goetz & Sylvanus G. Morley, Norman, Univ, of Oklahoma Press. 1957.

'''Prodicus of Ceos (born about 465 or 450 b.c., and still alive in 399 B.C.)'''. Greek humanist of the first period of the Sophistical {{Page aside|663}}movement. Came to Athens as ambassador from Ceos, and became known as speaker and teacher. He advocated high ethics and the remedy of work. Of his treatises, On Nature, and On the Nature of Man, we know only the titles. He exercised a far reaching influence and is mentioned with esteem by Plato.

'''Râmaswamier, S'''. This early worker in the Theosophical Movement was a Brâhmana of high caste whose real name or sarman was Râmabathra. At the time he joined the Theosophical Society, in September, 1881, he was District Registrar of Assurances at Tin- nevelly, Southern India. He soon became a Probationary Chela of the Masters and received about a dozen brief letters and notes from them, mainly from Master M. He died in 1893, devoted as ever to the Cause.

In December, 1894, K. R. Sitaraman, who was his son, published these letters in a pamphlet entitled Isis Further Unveiled and containing an attack on the integrity of H.P.B. and the genuineness of the letters received by his father, whom he considered to have fallen victim to a “hoax.” It is not known what has become of the original letters, which may have been destroyed. The same pamphlet contained a sketch of Master M. which is reproduced in the present Volume, just as it appeared in Sitaraman’s pamphlet.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Râmâyana (Vâlmîki)'''. Transl. by Ralph T. H. Griffith. London: Trubner & Co., 1870-74, 5 vols.

'''Ramsey, Sir William.''' British chemist, b. at Glasgow, Oct. 2, 1852; d. at High Wycombe, Bucks, July 23, 1916. Taught in Glasgow Univ.; appointed to the chair of chemistry at Univ. College, Bristol, 1880; became its principal the following year. From 1887 to 1913, Professor at University College, London. Isolated helium and, together with Lord Rayleigh, discovered argon, and later neon, krypton and xenon. Contributed greatly to the theory of the transmutation of elements. An inspiring teacher and a brilliant researcher, he received in 1904 the Nobel prize in chemistry.

'''Randolph, Paschal Beverly (1825-1875)'''. See Vol. HI, pp. 518-21, for comprehensive biographical sketch.

'''Régnault, Henry Victor'''. French chemist, b. at Aix-la-Chapelle, July 21, 1810; d. Jan. 19, 1878. His early life was a struggle with poverty, and he worked in a drapery establishment in Paris until 1829. He then entered the École Polytechnique and continued studies in the Écoles des Mines. After studying under Liebig, he was appointed as {{Page aside|664}}professor of chemistry at Lyons, and in 1841 as prof, of physics at the Collège de France. He engaged in important chemical and physical research and designed standard apparatus for various measurements. In 1854 he was appointed director of the famous porcelain Manufactory of Sèvres. The results of his research on the expansion of gases which he conducted there were destroyed in the Franco-Prussian war, in which he also lost his son, and he never recovered from this double blow. Most of his work is collected in Vols. 21 and 26 of the Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences.

'''Reichenbach, Baron Karl von (1788-1869)'''. * Researches in Magnetism. Tr. by Dr. Wm. Gregory, London, 1850. See Vol. II, p. 541, for biographical data.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Rigveda'''. Transi, by F. Max Müller and Hermann Oldenberg. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1891, 1897. SBE, XXXII, XLVI. See Vol. V, p. 367, for further bibliogr. data.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Sad-Dar'''. Meaning “The Hundred Subjects.” Persian Scripture of which there are a poetic and a prose version; the latter has been translated by E. W. West, in Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XII, New York, 1901.

'''SÂMKHYA-KÂRIKÂ of Isvarakrsna'''. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi, 1932.

'''Sargent, Epes (1813-80)'''. *The Scientific Basis of Spiritualism, 2nd ed., Boston: Colby & Rich, 1881; 6th ed., 1891. See Vol. Ill, pp. 529-30, for biographical sketch.

'''Scheele, Karl Wilhelm'''. Swedish chemist, b. at Stralsund, Dec. 19, 1742; d. May 19, 1786. Studied the elements of chemistry during his apprenticeship to an apothecary in Gothenburg. Settled, 1770, at Upsala, where he became a close friend of Bergman. After being elected to the Stockholm Academy of Sciences in 1775, he moved to Kôping, where he became proprietor of a pharmacy. Although he died young, he found time for an enormous amount of original research, and his record as a discoverer of new substances is probably unequalled, especially when considering his poverty and lack of ordinary laboratory conveniences. There is little doubt that he isolated oxygen some two years before Priestley. He held to the idea of phlogiston and most likely identified it with hydrogen which he had obtained by the action of certain acids on iron or zinc. His only book, entitled Air and Fire was publ. in 1777 (Engl. tr. ed. by J. R. Forster, 1780) ; his numerous scientific papers have been publ. in several collections.

'''Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860)'''. *Über das Sehen und die Farben, 1816.

'''Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)'''. *Hamlet.

'''Shamji Krishnavarma (1857-?)'''. See Vol. I, p. 437, for biographical data.

'''Sidgwick, Henry'''. English philosopher and writer, b. at Skipton, Yorks, May 31, 1838; d. at Terling, Essex, October 28, 1900. Educated at Blackheath and Rugby; admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge at the age of 17, where he taught for some years. Knightbridge professor of Moral Philosophy, 1883-1900. Unable to consider himself a member of the Church of England, owing to his advanced views along religious and mystical lines, he resigned his Trinity Fellowship which was held upon that condition. Other resignations followed, and this attracted the attention of Parliament, and exercised considerable influence in procuring the abolition of University Tests. Sidgwick was one of the leaders in securing the admission of women to the University. He was one of the organizers of the Society for Psychical Research in 1882, and President thereof during the first three years, 1882-85, and in the later period of 1888-93. He was the Founder of Newnham College, 1876, of which his wife, Eleanor Mildred Balfour was Principal from 1892. Sidgwick devoted some eighteen years to research and writing connected with the beginnings of psychic investigations. He was a man of great patience, high moral fibre, and cautious scientific sense, and exercised much influence over other researchers, such as F. W. H. Myers and others. It must be said, however, that he, together with others of his fellow-workers, failed to pay due attention to the occult teachings brought forth by H. P. Blavatsky and thus hampered their own research.

Sidgwick wrote The Methods of Ethics and Principles of Political Economy. For an appreciation of his character, see “In Memory of Henry Sidgwick,” by F. W. H. Myers, in the S.P.R. Proceedings, Vol. XV.

'''Slade, Dr. Henry (?-1905)'''. See Vol. I, p. 525, for biogr. data.

'''Smith, George (1840-1876)'''. *Ancient History from the Monuments. History of Babylonia. Ed. by Rev. A. H. Sayce. London, 1877.

'''Society for Psychical Research'''. Proceedings. First issue, October, 1882. See also F. W. Barrett for important data.

'''Stahl, Georg Ernst'''. German chemist and physician, b. at Anspach, Oct. 21, 1660; d. at Berlin, May 14, 1734. Having graduated in medicine at Jena, 1683, he became court physician to the Duke of {{Page aside|666}}Weimar, 1687. Held the chair of medicine at Halle, 1694-1716, and was later appointed physician to the King of Prussia in Berlin. He is chiefly known as propounder of the doctrine of phlogiston.

'''Stewart, Balfour (1828-1887)'''. *The Conservation of Energy. Being an Elementary Treatise on Energy and its Laws. New York, 1874; 2nd ed. London, 1874.

'''Syechenov, Ivan Mihailovich (1829-1905)'''. Outstanding Russian physiologist. Had a brief military career, but resigned, 1850, and became M.D., 1856, at Moscow University. Studied in Berlin and Heidelberg under men like Du Bois-Reymond and Ludwig. Prof, of physiology in Moscow Medical Academy and later at St. Petersburg and Moscow Universities. Author of a very large number of important scientific papers and works which established his reputation, among them: 'The Reflex Actions of the Brain, 1863 and 1866.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Taittiriopanishad'''. In The Twelve Principal Upanishads (Engl, tr.) publ. by Tookaram Tatya. Bombay: Bombay Theos. Publ. Fund, 1891. See Vol. VIII, p. 415, for further data.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Talmud'''. Consult Vol. VIII, p. 416, for comprehensive summary of data concerning the Talmud. Both Sot ah and Sanhedrin are treatises therein.

'''Temple, Sir Richard (1826-1902)'''. See Vol. II, p. 546, for biographical data.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Tevijja-Sutta'''. Contained in the Digha-Nikaya of the Sutta-Pitaka. Issued by the Pali text Society.

'''Theophilus, Rev. Arthur'''. *The Theosophical Society, its Objects and Creed, etc., 1882.

'''Tiedemann, Fredericus'''. German anthropologist and anatomist of renown, b. at Kassell, Aug. 23, 1781; d. at Munich, Jan. 22, 1861. Prof, at the University of Heidelberg. Author of many scientific works and papers.

'''Trithemius, or Johannes Tritheim'''. German occultist and mystic, the son of a vine-grower named Heidenberg, and whose Latinized name is derived from Trittheim, a village in the electorate of Trier (Treves), where he was born Feb. 1, 1462. His mother who married a second time had no love for him, and the young lad was ill-fed, ill-clothed, and overworked. After toiling all day in the {{Page aside|667}}vineyards, he devoted the night hours to the acquisition of knowledge, reading whatever books he could beg or borrow. Extorting his small share of the patrimony bequeathed by his father, he wandered away to Trier, entered the famous University there and assumed the name of Trithemius. His progress in studies was phenomenal. At the age of twenty, he had acquired the reputation of a scholar, a fact which meant at the time much more than it does today. In the winter of 1482 he left Trier on a solitary journey to Trittheim, desirous of seeing once more his mother, in spite of the ill treatment he had received from her. Caught in a blizzard near Kreuznach, he found the roads impassable. He found asylum in the Benedictine monastery of Spannheim, and liked it so much that he voluntarily took the monastic vows and remained there. Two years later, he was elected Abbot. He inspired the monks with his own love of learning, and worked for twenty-one years to improve and raise the standard of the monastery. Eventually, the monks revolted against his discipline and elected another Abbot. After some wanderings, Trithemius was elected Abbot of the Schottenkloster St. Jakob at Wurzburg, where he died December 13, 1516.

Trithemius was a prolific writer, but his works, written in Latin, have not been translated. They deal on such subjects as Geomancy, Sorcery, Alchemy, the Guardian Angels, etc. The best known are: Arinales de origine Francorum (incomplete); Catalogus illustriunt Viroum Germaniae (1491); De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis (1494); Steganographia (Frankfurt, 1606; Darmstadt, 1621, 1635).

'''Turner, Samuel'''. English traveller, a kinsman of Warren Hastings, b. about 1749 in Glouchestershire; d. in London Jan. 2, 1802. Given an East India cadetship, 1780, he rose to a regimental captain by 1799. News having reached Calcutta, in February 1782, of the reincarnation of the Tashi Lama in the person of a child, Warren Hastings proposed to dispatch a mission to Tibet, to strengthen the friendly relation established by George Bogle (q.v.) who had recently died. Turner was appointed chief of the mission, Jan. 9, 1783. Following the route through Bhutan taken by Bogle, he reached the monastery of Tashi-Lhiinpo near Shigatse on September 22, 1783, and had an audience with the infant Lama on Dec. 4 at Ter-pa-ling. His mission was successful and its results are embodied in his work: An account of an Embassy to the {{Page aside|668}}Court of the Teshoo Lama of Tibet (London, 1800, 4to). This account was for many years the only published account of a journey to Tibet written by an Englishman, as those of Bogle and Manning (q.v.) did not appear until much later. Turner remained in India for some years engaged in military service, and returned to his native country about 1798.

'''Van Oven, Barnard'''. Most likely work implied is his On the Decline of Life in Health and Disease; being an attempt to investigate the causes of longevity, and the best means of attaining a healthful old age. London: J. Churchill, 1853, 8vo., pp. 300.

'''Vaughan, Thomas (pseud. Eugenius Philalethes) (1622-66)'''. *Magi Adamica: or the Antiquities of Magic, London, 1650. See Vol. V, p. 383, for biogr. data.

'''Vay, Baroness Adelina von''' (also Adelma and Adelheid), German mystic, healer and writer, born at Tarnopol’ in Galicia, October 21, 1840. She belonged to the distinguished family of the Counts Wurmbrandt-Stuppach, her father being a military man who died in her infancy. Her mother remarried and the family moved to Prussia where Adelina and her sister Rosa received a very thorough education. When twenty, she married Baron Eugen von Vay and they settled in Styria, travelling extensively from time to time in various European countries.

From girlhood, Adelina von Vay was a psychically sensitive person, and, under the influence of a magnetizer, engaged in automatic writing. She gradually developed mediumistic faculties and, together with her husband, was drawn into Spiritualism. Many of her experiences are outlined in her work: Studien über die Geisterwelt (Leipzig: Oswald Mutze, 1874; x, 408 pp., 8vo, which is listed as the 2nd edition). This work, which includes a portrait of the author, contains some of the messages she is supposed to have received from various personages who had died. She also wrote Geist, Kraft, Stoff (Vienna: R. Lechner, 1870; transl. into English as Spirit, Power, and Matter, Cleveland, Ohio, 1948, inch portrait), and contributed a number of articles to such journals as the famous Psychische Studien of Leipzig, Licht, Mehr Licht of Gotha, and Hungarian Spiritualistic magazines.

Adelina von Vay engaged in a far flung correspondence with various scholars and thinkers of the day, and became known as a magnetic healer, an art which she praticed very successfully. It is not known how and when H.P.B. became acquainted with {{Page aside|669}}Madame von Vay, whom she always calls Adelma von Vay, but it is obvious that she considered her a close friend and spoke of her with much esteem and admiration. In a brief review of a booklet entitled My Visit to Styria, by Caroline Corner (London: G. Burns, 1882), published in The Theosophist (Vol. IV, March, 1883, p. 146), and which deals with the author’s visit to the home of the von Vays, certain sentences may have been written by H.P.B. herself, even though we have no definite proof of it. It is stated therein that:

"...the details of home-life in the residence of her host and hostess present us with ampler proof, if such were needed, that joy and peace sit by the hearth where life is consecrated to works of beneficence, and the chief pleasure is in filling each day with good deeds and kind words. The Baroness Adelma von Vay is known throughout Europe and America as a psychometer and crystal reader of great endowment, a mesmeric healer of the sick poor, and a clever writer (in the German language) upon psychological subjects. Her family, as well as the Baron’s, is one of very artistocratic relationships, but she has everywhere the reputation of being the incarnation of benevolent and unassuming kindness. Her portrait in our album had quite prepared us to accept as literal Miss Corner’s description of her face and character—‘a beautiful and charming woman— with a countenance beaming with benevolence, cheerfulness, and intelligence .... a veritable humanitarian, comforting the afflicted and distressed. The peasant population maintain an implacable faith in her power to alleviate pain. From far and near, they bring their sick for her tender ministration . . . The Baroness’ bright face is ever a welcome sight in all the homesteads of the poorest and lowliest in the district, and many lips breathe blessings upon her for her goodness and charity.’ Thanks, Miss Corner, for enabling us to hold up before her Asiatic brothers in Theosophy so sweet a portrait of this tender sister of humanity.”

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Vendîdâd'''. See Avesta.

'''Vianney, Saint Jean-Baptiste-Marie'''. Known as the Curé d’Ars. French priest, b. at Dardilly (Rhone) in 1786; d. at Ars in 1859. Inspite of very poor education, became priest, 1815. Became vicar to the rector of Ecully, and at the death of the latter in 1818 was appointed rector of Ars. His ardent faith and religious zeal produced a great impact upon his parish, and his healings made it a place of pilgrimage. {{Page aside|670}}Vianney was beatified by Pope Pius X in 1905, and canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1925.

'''Vossius (Voss), Gerhard Johann'''. German classical scholar and theologian, b. near Heidelberg in 1577; d. at Amsterdam, March 19, 1649. Educated at Univ, of Leyden, where he became a life-long friend of Hugo Grotius, studying the Classics, Hebrew, church history and theology. He was director of the theological college at Leyden, 1614-19. His work on the history of the Pelagian controversies published in 1618 resulted in his being suspected of heresy; he resigned his position, but was appointed later to the chair of Greek. After a brief residence in England where he was made LL.D, at Oxford, he became professor of history in the newly-founded Athenaeum at Amsterdam. His Collected Works were publ. at Amsterdam in 6 vols., 1695-1701. Ref. in the present Volume is to his 'De theologia gentili, at physiologia Christiana; sive de origine ac progressu idolatriae, etc., Amsterdam, 1642 and 1668, 2 vols. Vossius was among the first men to treat theological dogmas and the heathen religions from the historical point of view.

'''Waddell. L. A'''. *The Buddhism of Tibet, or Lamaism, 1895.

'''Wake, C. Staniland''', The Origin and Significance of the Great Pyramid, Reprinted 1975 by Wizard’s Bookshelf, San Diego, California.

'''Wallace, Joseph'''. *A History of Mystic Philosophy. Unidentified.

'''Winfred, C. T'''. *“A Lecture on the Peculiarities of Hindu Literature.”

'''Wittgenstein, Prince Emil-Karl-Ludwig von Sayn (1824-78)'''. See Vol. I. pp. 533-34, for biogr. data.

'''Zöllner, Johann Karl Friedrich (1834-1882)'''. See Vol. V. pp. 26567, for biographical and bibliographical data.