Zirkoff B. - Appendix (BCW vol.11)

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Appendix

by Boris de Zirkoff

H. P. Blavatsky Collected Writtings, vol. 11, page(s) 562-596

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562

NOTE ON THE TRANSLITERATION OF SANSKRIT

The system of diacritical marks used in the Bibliographies and the Index (with square brackets), as well as in the English translations of original French and Russian texts, does not strictly follow any one specific scholar, to the exclusion of all others. While adhering to a very large extent to Sir Monier-Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary, as for instance in the case of the Anusvâra, the transliteration adopted includes forms introduced by other Sanskrit scholars as well, being therefore of a selective nature.

It should also be noted that the diacritical mark for a long “a” was in the early days a circumflex, and therefore all of H.P.B.’s writings embody this sound in the form of “â.” No change has been made from this earlier notation to its more modern form of the “macron,” or line over the “a.” Such a change would have necessitated too many alterations, and almost certainly would have produced confusion; therefore the older usage has been adhered to throughout.

563

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY (With Selected Biographical Notes)

The material contained in the following pages is of necessity a selective one, and is intended to serve three purposes: (a) to give condensed information, not otherwise readily available, about the life and writings of some individuals mentioned by H. P. B. in the text, and who are practically unknown to the present-day student; (b) to give similar data about a few well-known scholars who are discussed at length by H. P. B., and whose writings she constantly quotes; and (c) to give full information regarding all works and periodicals quoted or referred to in the main text and in the Compiler’s Notes, with or without biographical data of their authors. All such works are marked with an asterisk (*).

*Acts, clerical and lay, from the Chronicles of Baronius, collected in old monasteries: translated from the Polish and printed in the metropolis of Moscow, in the year of the Lord, 1791. No further information available.

Addison, Joseph (1672-1719). Passage has not been identified.

Aeschylus (525-456 b.c.). *Choephorae.—*Prometheus Bound. Loeb Classical Library.

Alipili. This is most likely a pseudonym, and the only work known under that name is: Centrum naturae concentratum: or, the salt of nature regenerated. Improperly called the philosopher’s stone. Written in Arabik by A., a Mauritanian, published in Low Dutch, and now done into English (by E. Price). London, 1696, 12°. It may be consulted in the British Museum (1033.d. 18.4.).

Allen, Grant (pseud, of James Grant Wilson, 1832-1914).

*Amagandha Sutta. Second Sutta of the Cula-vagga of the Sutta-Nipata, preached by the Buddha to the Brahmana Amagandha suffering from jaundice (panduroga), as a result of not eating fish and meat. The Buddha said that amagandha is neither fish nor meat, but lust and sinful desires.

564 Amélineau, M. E., *Essai sur Ie gnosticisme égyptien, ses développements et son origine égyptienne, in Annales du Musée Guimet, Vol. XIV, Paris, 1887.

Anderson, Dr. James (1680-1739). *The Book of Constitutions for Freemasons, London, 1723.

Anstey, E. (pseud, of Thomas Anstey Guthrie). *A Fallen Idol. New York: J. W. Lovell Co., 1866.

Apollonius Rhodius. Greek epic poet and grammarian of Alexandria who flourished under the Ptolemies Philopator and Epiphanes (222181 b.c.). Pupil of Callimachus. In his youth, composed the Argo- nautica, an epic in four books on the legend of the Argonauts, a work which was highly esteemed by the Romans and was imitated by several, including Virgil. Apollonius was most of his life librarian of the museum. Text and English translation may be found in the Loeb Classical Library.

Apuleius, Lucius (b. 125 a.d. ?). *Metamorphoses (Golden Ass). Loeb Classical Library.

Aratus. Greek didactic poet of the third century B.C., contemporary with Aristarchus of Samos and Theocritus. Native of Soli in Cilicia; was invited to the court of Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, where he spent the latter part of his life. His chief pursuits were physics, grammar and philosophy. His two poetic works, *Phainomena and Diosêmeia, treat of astronomy and weather; in the first one there occurs the passage quoted by St. Paul in his address to the Athenians (Acts, xvii, 28), Aratus drew a great deal from Eudoxus’ writings of a century earlier, and his astronomical knowledge seems to be rather weak. In spite of this he became very popular in both the Grecian and Roman world, to judge by the number of commentaries and Latin translations.

Aristides, P. Aelius. Sumamed Theodorus. One of the most celebrated Greek rhetoricians of the second century after Christ, b. at Adriani in Mysia, the son of Eudaemon, a priest of Zeus. Travelled extensively and resided for many years in Smyrna. His eloquence brought him a great many honors, and he had considerable influence with the emperor Marcus Aurelius. We have from him some fifty or more orations and several treatises on various subjects. In some of his orations there are many accounts respecting the cure of the sick in temples by means which suggest a knowledge of mesmeric forces.

565 Aristophanes (4487-380? b.c.). *Ranae (Frogs). Loeb Class. Library.

Aristotle (384-322 b.c.). * Metaphysics. Loeb Classical Library.

Arrianus, Flavius (2nd cent.). *Anabasis of Alexander. Loeb Class. Library. Vide Vol. V, pp. 369-70, for further data regarding the author and his works.

Ashmole, Elias. British antiquarian, b. at Lichfield, May 3, 1617; d. May 18, 1692. He was the son of a saddler. Became a solicitor, 1638, and was appointed commissioner of excise, 1644; later was commissioned captain of horse. He was a high favorite at the court of Charles II; was made Windsor herald, comptroller, and accountantgeneral of excise, commissioner for Surinam and comptroller of the White Office; was nominated for the office of Garter king-of-arms, but declined in favor of Sir William Dugdale, whose daughter he married after the death of his second wife. In 1677, he presented to the Univ, of Oxford the first public collection of curiosities in the kingdom, which became the Ashmolean Museum, further enriched after Ashmole’s death. One of the chief interests of his life was heraldry and antiquarian research, some of the results of which were embodied in his great work entitled The Institution, Laws and Ceremonies of the most noble Order of the Garter (London, 1672).

A less known side of his character was his profound interest in astrology, alchemy and mystical lore. It is probable that this interest was aroused by Sir George Wharton and the famous astrologer William Lilly. From the methodical diaries kept by Ashmole himself, we leam that he was associated with various astrologers, kabalists, Rosicrucians, alchemists and early Freemasons, although his entries in the diary are couched in cautious language and suggest more than they actually give out. According to one of the entries, namely, Jan. 13, 1653, it would appear that “Father” Backhouse, an obscure alchemist, communicated to Ashmole as a legacy “in syllables, the true matter of the Philosophers’ Stone.” This circumstance is most likely related to the fact that Ashmole published anonymously a work entitled Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum (London, 1652), and some five years later made public the works of an anonymous adept under the title of The Way to Bliss. In the preface to this work, the true author is spoken of as an Englishman, one of the “Anonymi.” The work also speaks of “a Nation of Wise-men” whose description reminds us of the Adepts and Initiates of the Theosophical tradition.

Ashmole was also a leading member of the Society of Astrologers who met at Masons’ Hall. On October 16, 1646, he was initiated a Freemason at Warrington, Lancashire. This fact has been considered 566for a long time as an important Masonic landmark, and Ashmole has been spoken of as the first gentleman not associated with the building arts to be accepted into the Craft. Writing about Ashmole, H.P.B. says (Isis Unveiled, Vol. II, p. 349):

“Who was, in fact, the first operative Mason of any consequence? Elias Ashmole, the last of the Rosicrucians and alchemists. Admitted to the freedom of the Operative Masons’ Company in London, in 1646, he died in 1692. At that time Masonry was not what it became later; it was neither a political nor a Christian institution, but a true secret organization, which admitted into the ties of fellowship all men anxious to obtain the priceless boon of liberty of conscience and avoid clerical persecution ...”

Athenagoras. Christian apologist and philosopher of the 2nd century A.D., believed to have been a native of Athens. His principal work is the Apology (text in Migne, PCC, Ser. Gr.-Lat., Vol. VI; Engl. tr. in ANF) addressed to the Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Commodus, in which he refutes a number of accusations against the Christians. He also wrote a discourse on the resurrection of the body. His theology is strongly tinged with Platonism.

Augustine, Saint (Aurelius Augustinus, 354-430). *Contra epistolam Manichaei quam vocant fundamenti (Against the Epistle of Manichaeus called fundamental). Migne, PCC, Series Latina, Vol. 42; Engl. tr. in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Ser., Vol. IV.

Bacon, Roger (1214-1294). *De mirabili potestate artis et naturae, 1256-57, a work usually spoken of as Treatise on the Admirable Force of Art and of Nature. Transl. into English by L. Davis. Easton, Penna.: The Chemical Publ. Co., 1923.

Baronius, Caesar. Italian ecclesiastical historian, b. at Sora, 1538; d. 1607. Educated at Veroli and Naples. Joined Oratory at Rome, 1557, and became superior in 1593. In 1596 he became Cardinal and librarian to the Vatican. Nearly elected Pope but opposed by Spain for his work On the Monarchy of Sicily. His chief work, however, is the Series known as the *Annales Ecclesiastici in twelve folios (15881607). In spite of some errors, especially in Greek history, this work is an honest one. The Annales end with the year 1198. They were continued by Rinaldi (9 Vols., 1676-77), by Laderchi (3 Vols., 1728-37), and by Theiner (3 Vols., 1856). The most useful edition is that of Mansi (38 Vols., Lucca, 1738-59).

See also under Acts, etc.

567 Bastian, Adolph. German ethnologist, b. at Bremen, June 26, 1826; d. 1905; educated as a physician, but from early years devoted himself to travel. Going to Australia as surgeon on a vessel, he had visited every part of the world before his return in 1859. Started in 1861 on an expedition to the Far East, which lasted five years. Upon his return, he commenced the publication of his great work, Die Völker des Östlichen Asien (Leipzig: 0. Wiegand, 1866-71), an immense storehouse of facts. Became professor of ethnology at the Univ, of Berlin and keeper of the ethnological museum; succeeded R. Virchow as Pres, of the Berlin Anthropol. Soc., and encouraged German colonialization of Africa. He later undertook further travels in Africa, So. America and India, reporting the results of his observations in a number of papers. He was co-editor, with Virchow and R. von Hartmann, of the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. Other works: Der Mensch in der Geshichte, Leipzig, 1860, 3 Vols. — Ethnologische Forschungen, 1871-73. — Die Kulturländer des alten Amerika, Berlin, 1878-89. — Der Buddhismus in seiner Psychologie, 1881. — “Spiritisten und Theosophen,” in Deutsche Revue, Breslau, Oct., 1885, pp. 77-90.

Bellarmino, Roberto Francesco Romolo. Italian cardinal and theologian, b. at Monte Pulciano, Tuscany, Oct. 4. 1542 ; d. at Rome, Sept. 17, 1621. Entered the Society of Jesus, 1560; studied theology at Padua, 1567-68; ordained priest, 1570, and began to lecture on theology at Louvain. In 1576, having returned to Rome, he was chosen by Gregory XIII to lecture on the same subject in the new Roman college. His lectures appeared in the famous work, Disputationum de controversiis Christianae Fidei adversus huius temporis Haereticos (3 Vols., 1581, 1582, 1593; Venice, 1721) ; which aroused considerable controversy from the Protestant side. He was made cardinal, 1599, and archbishop of Capua, 1601. There existed between him and Galileo a bond of mutual respect and friendship. Bellarmino’s life was a model of Christian virtue, and he ranks very high among Catholic controversialists. His devotional treatises were very popular among English Catholics. The main source of his life is his Latin Autobiography (Rome, 1675; Louvain, 1753). His Complete Works in eight volumes appeared at Naples (1856-62, repr. 1872), and in twelve volumes at Paris (1870-74). His essay entitled *De ecclesia triumphante is part of the Disputationum, etc., being in the 2nd volume thereof.

Berthelot, Marcellin Pierre Eugène (1827-1907). *La Synthèse chimique. Paris: G. Baillière, 1876, 8vo.

568 Besant, Annie (1847-1933). *JFAy I became a Theosophist, July, 1889; 3rd ed., 1891.

Boerhaave, Hermann. Dutch physician and famous professor of medicine, b. at Voorhout, near Leyden, Dec. 31, 1668; d. at Leyden, Sept. 23, 1738. Graduated in philosophy at Leyden and in medicine at Harderwyck. Became rector of the Leyden Univ., and taught there most of his life, his genius raising the fame of the university to new heights. When Peter the Great went to Holland, 1715, to instruct himself in maritime affairs, he also took lessons from Boerhaave. Chief works: Institutiones medicae, Leyden, 1708; Elementa chemiae, Paris, 1724.

*Book of Numbers, Chaldean. Unavailable. Original source of the Zohar and other Kabalistic works. According to H.P.B., there are only two or three copies of it extant and these are in private hands.

*Book of the Dead. Consult Bio-Bibliographical Index of Volume X in the present Series, for comprehensive information concerning the nature of this title and the various editions of the text.

Borrichius, Olaus. Danish chemist and philologist, b. at Borchen, Jutland, April 26, 1626; d. Oct. 3, 1690. His father was a preacher. Distinguished himself as a teacher at Copenhagen and engaged in the study of medicine. Spent a number of years in widespread journeys, while engaged in studies, visiting and staying in Hamburg, in various parts of Holland and at Paris. After graduating as a physician at Angers, France, travelled through Italy, staying for two years at Rome. Returned to his native country, 1666, and was appointed Court Physician. During his travels, he became the friend of numerous scholars who held him in high esteem. He remained single and willed his considerable estate for the benefit of poor students to help them in their studies.

Brugsch-Bey, Heinrich Karl. German Egyptologist, b. in Berlin, Feb. 18, 1827; d. 1894. Started very early egyptological studies, publishing Scriptura Aegyptiorum demotica, Berlin, 1848. Went to Egypt, 1853; upon returning, became privat-docent at Univ, of Berlin. Went to Egypt again, 1857-58; then to Persia on official business. Was Consul in Cairo, 1864-68; Prof, at Göttingen, 1868-70. In the latter year, was asked to direct the School of Egyptology founded in Cairo. Was Commissioner General of the Egyptian Government at Vienna and Philadelphia exhibitions, 1873 and 1876; received, 1881, the title of Pasha. Founded, 1863, the Zeitschrift für Aegyptische Sprache und 569Altertumskunde. Chief Works: Geschichte Aegypten’s under den Pharaonen. Leipzig, 1877, 1878; Engl. tr. by P. Smith, 2nd ed., London, 1881. — Thesaurus inscriptionum aegyptiacarum. Leipzig, 1883-91, 6 Vols.

Burgoyne, T. H., *The Light of Egypt or the Science of the Soul and the Stars; publ. anonymously; Chicago: Religio-Philosophical Publ. House, 1889. 292 pp.

Burritt, Elihu. Called “the Learned Blacksmith.” American reformer, b. in New Britain, Conn., Dec. 8, 1811; d. Meh. 7, 1879. Son of a shoemaker; educated in the common school of his native town; at age 16 was apprenticed to a blacksmith. Had a great desire to read the Scriptures in their original language, which led him to philological studies in the intervals of labor; showed unusual diligence and remarkable faculties, learning rapidly. Removed to Worcester to take advantage of the Library of the Antiquarian Society. Still plying his trade, edited, 1844-51, the Christian Citizen, advocating abolishment of slavery, temperance and self-culture. Went to Europe, 1846-51, and established in England the League of Universal Brotherhood, publishing the Peace Advocate and Bond of Brotherhood. It was through his efforts that the Brussels Peace Congress was held in 1848. In 1852, he founded in Philadelphia the Citizen of the World, to promote the emancipation cause. Served, 1865-70, as United States Consul in Birmingham, England. Works: Sparks from the Anvil, 1848. — Ten Minutes Talks, 1873. — Chips from Many Blocks, 1878.

Consult: Curli, Merle E., The Learned Blacksmith: The Letters and Journals of Elihu Burritt, New York, 1937.

Byron, George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron (1788-1824). *Don Juan, 1818-23, unfinished. — *The Island.

Caine, William Sproston. English politician and temperance advocate, b. at Egremont, Wallacey, Chechire, March 26, 1842; d. of heart failure, March 17, 1903. Educated privately. Entered as partner in his father’s business; early bent for preaching and philanthropy, but mainly absorbed in temperance movement in Liverpool. Upon being elected to Parliament, urged his views on temperance; joined the new party of “Liberal Unionists” which became known as “Brand of Caine.” The native population of India engaged his sympathies, and he severely criticized British methods of government, esp. the encouragement of liquor and opium trade. Visited India, 1890, as delegate to Indian National Congress at Calcutta, and contributed to 570the Pall Mall Gazette a series of letters called *“Young India” which ably advocated large measures of self-government. He was a man of great courage, high ethical ideals and lively sense of humour, though often abrupt in speech. His two main works are: A Trip Round the World in 1887-88, and Picturesque India, a Handbook of European Travellers, London and New York, 1890.

*Cathechism of the Gupta-Vidyâ. Untraced; most likely an esoteric work that is unavailable.

Chaho, J.-Augustin. French writer, b. at Tardets (Basses-Pyrénées), 1811; d. in 1858. Travelled a great deal in Spain, and studied deeply the language and the literature of the Basques. Chief works: *Philosophie des religions comparées, Bayonne, 1846-48, 2 vols. 8vo. — Histoire primitive des Euskariens-Basques, langue, poésie, moeurs et caractère de ce peuple, Bayonne, 1847. 8vo. — Dictionnaire français-basque-espagnol et latin (unfinished), 1856. 4to.

Chevreul, Michel Eugène. French chemist, b. at Angers, August 31, 1786, where his father was a physician; d. at Paris, April 9, 1889, being 103 years of age. At 17, went to Paris and entered the Vauquelin chemical laboratory; became assistant at the natural history museum in the famous Jardin des Plantes. Prof, of chemistry at the Lycée Charlemagne, 1813. Subsequently undertook the directorship of the Gobelins tapestry works. In 1826, became member of the Academy of Sciences and a foreign member of the Royal Society of London. Succeeded his master, Vauquelin, as professor of organic chemistry in the natural history museum, 1830, and became its director (186079). His chief researches were on the subject of animal fats which led to new methods in the manufacture of soap and candles.

Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 b.c.). *De natura Deorum.—*Oratio pro Flacco. — *De legibus. — *De divinatione. Text and parallel Engl, transl. in Loeb Class. Library.

Clement Alexandrinus (Titus Flavius Clemens, 150?-220? a.d.). Strômateis or Stromata (Miscellanies). Standard ed. of collected works is the one of O. Stâhlin (Leipzig, 1905). H.P.B. frequently uses the ed. of John Potter, Bishop of Oxford, and later Archbishop of Canterbury, Clementis . . . opera quae extant, etc. (Greek and Latin), 1715 and 1757 fol. 2 vols. — Engl. tr. in Ante-Nicene Fathers Series.

*Conversations Lexicon.

571 Cory, I. P. (1802-42). *Ancient Fragments, etc. London: Wm. Pickering, 1828, 8vo.; 2nd ed., 1832; lix, 361 pp. Greek, Latin and English texts; the most valuable edition.

Coryn, Dr. Herbert A. W. (1863-1927). Vide biographical sketch in Volume IX of the present Series.

Coues, Elliott. *Kuthumi, etc. See p. 315, footnote for data.

Crawford, J. M., *The Kalevala, the Epic Poem of Finland. Translated into English verse. New York; J. B. Alden, 1888, 2 vols. 8vo.

*Cullavagga. Second Section of the Khandhakas, or second main division of the V inaya-Pitaka. SBE, Vols. XVII and XX.

Decharme, Paul (1839-1905). *Mythcilogie de la Grece antique. Paris: Gamier freres, 1879, 8vo, xxxv, 644 pp.; 2nd rev. and corr. ed., ibid., 1886. See Vol. VIII, p. 435 of this Series for other data about him.

Dexiphanes. Vide Sostratus the Cnidian.

*Dhammapada. In the Khuddaka-Nikaya of the Sutta-Pitaka. SBE, Vol. X.

Dick, Frederick J. (1856-1927). Civil engineer by profession, a member of the Institute of Civil Engineers, and for some years Head of the Harbors and Lighthouse Board for Ireland, and Inspector of Harbors. Joined the Theosophical Society in Dublin in 1888, and soon became a personal pupil of H. P. Blavatsky. While in Ireland, he was Secretary of the Dublin Lodge of the T.S. and editor of The Irish Theosophist. He was greatly interested in the Gaelic Movement, the aim of which was to revive the spirit and knowledge of Irish antiquity. This spiritual effort was started in the Dublin Lodge and involved such men as W. B. Yeats, Charles Johnston, John Eglinton, Charles Weeks, George W. Russell (AE), Robert E. Coates and others.

Professor Dick came to the Theosophical Headquarters at Point Loma, California, in 1905, and soon became one of its outstanding workers. He was a mathematical astronomer of unusual qualifications, and a capable commentator on the subject of the Mayan calendar and chronology. For many years he wrote important essays for The Theosophical Path published at Point Loma, and also became an authority on meteorology and earthquakes. On mystical and philosophical subjects, he was a lucid and profound writer.

572 For many years he was engaged in editorial work connected with new editions of both Isis Unveiled and The Secret Doctrine. The Third and Revised Point Loma edition (1919) of Isis Unveiled, and the Third Point Loma edition (1925) of The Secret Doctrine, embody a great many corrections of quoted material and references which lacked accuracy in the original editions of these works; they were laboriously checked by Prof. Dick’s untiring efforts.

Mention should also be made of Prof. Dick’s important Essays published as Papers of The School of Antiquity at Point Loma, and which bear the titles of: Notes on Peruvian Antiquities; Ancient Astronomy in Egypt, and its Significance; Neglected Fundamentals of Geometry; Maya Chronology (I and II).

Prof. Dick was twice married. His first wife was Annie P. Dick, a woman of culture and attainment and a fine writer. She passed away in 1904. Ten years later, Prof. Dick married Miss Fanny Coryn, sister of Dr. Herbert A. W. Coryn, another personal pupil of H.P.B. and a resident of Point Loma at the time.

Prof. Dick was a man of great nobility of character, a dedicated student of the Esoteric Philosophy, a tireless worker in the Cause, and an example of a true Theosophist.

Dickens, Charles John Hufam (1812-70). *Martin Chuzzlewit, novel, 1843-44.

Duchoul, Guillaume (Lat. Caulius). Noted French antiquary, bom at Lyon in the XVIth century in a distinguished family, and was named bailli of the mountains of Dauphiné, a post which he retained until his death, the year of which is unknown. He lived at Lyon in a house situated on the Gourguillon Hill, in the vicinity of which a great many finds were made of ancient coins and other objects. Duchoul bought many of these and became greatly interested in the subject. He travelled in Italy and established relations with some of the most learned antiquaries of the day. He published the result of his findings in a work entitled *Discours sur la castramétation et discipline militaire des Romains, Lyon, 1555, fol., which was almost immediately followed by another one entitled *Discours sur la religion des anciens Romains, Lyon, 1556, fol. Both of these works complement each other. They have been republished at Lyon, 1567,1581, 4to; and at Wesel, 1672, 4to, and 1731; and have been transl. into Italian, Latin and Spanish. La Croix du Maine ascribed to Duchoul some twelve works on the antiquities of Rome and Gaul.

Edkins, Rev. Joseph (1823-1905), *Chinese Buddhism: a volume of Sketches, historical, descriptive and critical, 2nd. ed., rev. London: K. Paul, Triibner & Co., 1893.

573 *Encheiridion of the Alchemists, 1672. No information.

Epictetus (60?-120? a.d.), *Dissertationum Epicteti digestarum ab Arriano primum librum (Arrian’s Discourses of Epictetus). Loeb Class. Library. — Also the ed. of J. Schweighäuser, Leipzig, 17991800, 6 vols.

Espagnet, Jean d’. French magistrate and alchemist of the first half of the seventeenth century. He was president of the Bordeaux Parliament and distinguished himself by his integrity. Fought the abuses of the Fronde as well as the evils of witchcraft. He is considered one of the most outstanding representatives of the Hermetic Philosophy of the time. His chief work is the Enchiridion physicae restitutae (Paris: Nicolas Buon, 1623. 8vo.) which outlines the physical theory upon which is based the transmutation of metals, the philosophy of the Alexandrian School, and the teachings concerning the three worlds: elemental, celestial and archetypal. This work went through a considerable number of editions (Paris, 1638, 1642, 1650; Rouen, 1647, 1658; Geneva, 1653, 1673; Kiel, 1718; Tübingen, 1728, with a Commentary by Hanneman). It was translated into French by Jean Bachon, as La philosophic naturelle restablie en sa purete (Paris: Edme Pepingue, 1651. 8vo.; reprinted in the Bibliotheca chimica of Albineus, and in the Chimica curiosa of Manget). Espagnet also wrote a work entitled Arcanum philosophiae hermeticae containing rules for the practice of the Great Work.

Eusebius Pamphili (260?-340?), *De vita Constantini (Life of Constantine). Text in Migne, PCC, Ser. Gr.; Engl. tr. in Nicene and Post- Piicene Fathers. The work contains four books.

Euraeneus Philaletha Cosmopolita. There is a great deal of uncertainty about the identity of this student of the occult. He is at times taken to be George Starkey (or Storkey, or Stork), who died ca. 1665. The Dictionary of National Biography distinguishes between Starkey and Eirenaeus Philoponus Philalethes (b. ca. 1622). Whatever the truth may be, the title of the work quoted is: *Secrets Revealed: or an open entrance to the Shut Palace of the King. Containing the greatest treasure in Chymistry, never yet so plainly discovered. Published by Wm. Cooper, Esq., London, 1669, 8vo.

*Fa-hua-Ching or Sutra of the Lotus of the Good Law, also known as the Saddharma-pundarika, is the favorite book of the T’ien-t’ai School of Buddhism. It is one of the Canonical Books of the Nepalese, the standard classic of the Lotus School. Its Japanese title is Hokekyo. It 574was written in India most likely in the second century a.d., and teaches the identification of the historical Buddha with the transcendental Buddha existing from the beginning of this age, his appearance in the phenomenal world being only a skilful device (upaya) adopted to preach the Dharma to mankind. See abridged version by Soothill from the Chinese, Oxford, 1930.

Fauchet, Claude. French magistrate and historian, b. in Paris, about 1529-30; d. about 1601. Very little is known of his early life. Lived at Marseilles and gathered a very valuable collection of books and manuscripts which were partially destroyed in a popular uprising. Was for a time secretary to the Cardinal of Toumon, ambassador to Italy, who sent him several times on missions to the French Court. His character and abilities were appreciated, and he became president of the Cour des Monnais. Engaged for many years in research into the antiquities of France. Need of money made him sell his position to pay his debts, 1599. At first ridiculed by Henry IV, he was later appointed historiographer. He proved himself to be an impartial historian, scrupulously careful; his works contain facts not found elsewhere. His chief literary production is: *Les Antiquitez Gauloises et Francoises . . . contenans les choses advenues en Gaule et en France, jusques en I’an sept cens cinquante et un, Paris, 1579, 2 Vols.; other volumes were added in 1599 and 1602. He also wrote a work entitled Origine des chevaliers, Paris, 1600, and translated Tacitus (1582).

Felix, M. Minucius, *Octavius. Loeb Class. Library. See Vol. VII, p. 370, for inform, about him.

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814). Quotations from this German philosopher have not been identified.

Figulus, Publius Nigidius (ca. 98-45 b.c.). Roman savant, next to Varro the most learned Roman of the age. Friend of Cicero whom he supported at the time of the Catilinarian conspiracy. In 58 he was praetor, sided with Pompey in the Civil War, was banished by Caesar and died in exile. According to Cicero, he tried to revive the doctrines of Pythagoras and was greatly interested in magic. Suetonius and Apuleius credit him with supernatural powers. In his work De diis, he examined cults, ceremonials, divination and dreams. His other work in many volumes is the Commentarii grammatici.

Foote, G. W., *Mrs. Besant’s Theosophy, ca. 1889. The author was Editor of The Freethinker.

575 Franck, Adolphe. French-Jewish philosopher and writer, b. at Liocourt, Oct. 9, 1809; d. at Paris, April 11, 1893. Obtained first a secular education under Marchand Ennery, hoping to become a rabbi; failing to win a rabbinical scholarship, tried medicine, but at length found his proper field in philosophy. Became agrégé of philosophy in 1832; taught successively at Douai, Nancy, Versailles, and, 1840, at the Collège Charlemagne in Paris. In the same year, began series of lectures at the Sorbonne. Appointed, 1842, assistant Curator of the Bibliothèque Royale. After a visit to Italy, 1843, began his principal work, Dictionnaire des sciences philosophiques (1844-52, 6 Vols. 8vo; new ed., 1875; 3rd impr., 1885). Elected member of the Institut de France, 1844, for his Esquisse d’une histoire de la logique and his remarkable and important work entitled *La Kabbale, ou philosophie religieuse des Hébreux (Paris; Hachette, 1843. 8vo., iv, 412; 2nd ed., 1889. 8vo., vi, 314; 3rd ed., 1892; German transi, by A. Jellinek, Leipzig: H. Hunger, 1844. 8vo., xvi, 296).

Resuming his work at the Sorbonne, 1847, Franck started a course in social philosophy, and was soon asked by Barthélemy St.-Hilaire to take his place at the Collège de France. Affected by the political turmoil of the time, he became unsuccessful candidate for the deputyship of the Department of Meurthe. In 1856, became incumbant of the chair of natural and civil law, a position he held for thirty years. Franck also became president of the Anti-Atheist League, and took deep interest in the Society for the translation of the Scriptures, joining at its inauguration in 1866. He founded the journal Paix Sociale, wrote for the Journal des Débats, was one of the editors of the Journal des Savants, and contributed for some fifty years to the Archives Israélites. A patron of the Société des Études Juives, he became its president in 1888. He also served as representative of Judaism at the Conseil Supérieur de l’instruction Publique, resigning in 1874. He was one of the founders and presidents of the Ligue de la Paix. Franck’s scholarly work was early recognized, and he became Commander of the Légion d’Honneur in 1869. The revolution of 1870 prevented him from reaching the Senate, a position to which the emperor had wished to elevate him.

Other works: Paracelse et l’Alchimie au XVJme Siècle, Vaugirard, 1855; 2nd ed., 1875. — La Philosophie Mystique en France à la fin du XVIIIme Siècle: Saint Martin et son maître Martinez Pasqualis. Paris: G. Baillère, 1866, 228 pp. — Philosophie et Religion, Paris : Didier, 1867, xv, 451. — La Religion et la Science dans le Judaïsme, Versailles, 1883, 18 pp.

Geber or Jâbir (more fully Abû Mûsâ Jâbir ibn Hayyân). Most celebrated alchemist of mediaeval times, bom at Tus (near the present 576Meshed) in 721 or 722 a.d. After the execution of his father for political reasons, he was sent to Arabia where he studied under Harbi at Himayari, and attached himself to the sixth Shi‘ite Imam, Ja‘Far al-Sâdiq, from whom he probably obtained his first knowledge of occultism, and allied sciences. He later joined the Sufi Order. Having become a friend of Hârûk-al-Rashîd’s powerful ministers the Marmakids, he shared their banishment from Baghdad, a.d. 803. Retiring to Kûfa, he spent the rest of his fife in obscurity, and is alleged to have been alive yet in 813 A.D.

Jâbir was a voluminous writer, and fortunately made a list of his works, which was reproduced in part by Ibn al-Nadîm (d. 385 a.d.) in his Kitâb al-Fihrist, a Muslim encyclopaedia of the 10th century A.D. Many of his works are still extant, nearly 100 having been reported as existing in MS. on native lithographs in various European, Indian and North African libraries. The reputation he acquired has never since been equalled in the history of chemistry. When, in the 12th and 13th centuries Islamic science was transmitted to Latin Christianity, the fame of Jâbir went with it, and some of his works were translated into Latin.

Girard, Paul. French lecturer and classical scholar, b. in Paris, 1852. Author of: *L’Asclépeion d’Athènes, d’après de récentes découvertes. Paris: Thorin, 1882, 8vo., 4 pl. This forms fasc. 23 in the Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome.

Godwin, William. *Lives of the Necromancers, 1834 & 1876.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832). Verses have not been identified.

Gregory I, the Great, Saint. Bom and died at Rome, ca. 540-604. Pope from 590 to 604. In early life withdrew from his civic post as prefect, to live as a Benedictine monk. Founded seven monasteries; later became deacon and, in 579, resident ambassador to the imperial court at Constantinople. After returning to the monastery for a period, he was chosen successor to Pelagius II, September, 590, during a critical time of panic, plague and floods. Although greatly inclined to the tranquility of monastic life, he accepted the challenge of his office and restored peace and order, bringing great political and social power to the Papacy. As a strict disciplinarian, he enforced the authority of Rome. Among his missionary enterprises, he dispatched Augustine to heathen England in 596, and made strenuous efforts to uproot paganism in Gaul, Italy, Sicily, etc. He protected the Jews 577and secured for them legal privileges. His Life of St. Benedict (Engl, tr., ed. by H. Coleridge, 1874) was devoted to the spread of Benedictine rule. Through his writings on Ezekiel and the Gospels, he won the reputation as one of the four classical Doctors of the Western Church. He is considered as the last of the great Latin Fathers and the first representative of mediaeval Catholicism. Most of his writings are included in Migne, Patrol. Lat., Vols. 75-79.

Gubernatis, Count G. A. de (1840-1913). *Zoological Mythology, or the Legends of Animals. London: Triibner & Co., 1872. See Vol. VI, p. 437 in the present Series for data concerning him.

Gutzlaff, Carl F. A. *History of China. This work has not been definitely identified, but might be his Geschichte des Chinesischen Reiches, etc., Stuttgart, 1847, although the facts referred to have not been traced.

Guyon, Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Mothe. French quietist writer, b. at Montargis, April 13, 1648; d. near Blois, June 9, 1717. Attended various convent schools, and married, 1664, a rich invalid by the name of Guyon, who left her a considerable fortune. Her attraction towards the mystical life was due to a Father Lacombe, a Barnabite monk, whose reputation was none too good. They travelled together for some time in various French provinces, spreading their ideas. Lacombe was finally sent to the Bastille. Madame Guyon was arrested, 1688, but released through the efforts of the duchesse de Bethune, her old friend. Soon after, Mme. Guyon was introduced into the devout court-circle presided over by Mme. de Maintenon, and displayed there her eloquence. She was befriended by Fenelon. Her writings became a source of controversy and she appealed to Bossuet for a certificate of orthodoxy; although she obtained it, her relations with Bossuet became strained on account of her sudden departure without his leave; she was arrested and placed in the Bastille where she remained until 1703. She was set free on condition she would live on her son’s estate near Blois under the eye of a stem bishop. The rest of her life was spent in charitable and pious exercises. Her life and thoughts aroused in France and elsewhere both admiration and severe strictures. Her Complete Works appeared in 40 volumes in 1767-91.

Hammond, W. A. H. (1828-1900). *“The Elixir of Life,” in North American Review, September, 1889. See Vol. I, pp. 465-66 of the present Series for data concerning him.

578 Hardy, Robert Spence (1803-68). *A Manual of Buddhism, in its Modern Development, London, 1853; 2nd ed., 1880. See Vol. X of the present Series for biogr. data.

Haywood, Eliza (1693?-1756), *Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lunen-burgh, 1729.

Hesychius. See Vol. VIII, p. 458, for biogr. data.

Higgins, Godfrey (1773-1833). See Vol. VII, pp. 458-59, for biographical data.

Hippolytus (d. ca. 230). *Philosophumena (or Refutation of All Heresies). Text publ. by Miller (Oxford, 1851), Duncker and Schneidewin (Gottingen, 1859) and Cruice (Paris, 1860). Engl. tr. by Legge (1951). See Ante-Nicene Fathers.

Hughes, R. Passage untraced.

Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885). Passage, quoted by a journal or newspaper, has not been identified.

Iamblichus (4th cent, a.d.), *Liber de mysteriis (Greek·. Peri musterion). Ed. with Latin transl. and notes by T. Gale, Oxford, 1678; and by G. Parthey, Berlin, 1857.—*Iamblichus on the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians. Transl. from the Greek by Thomas Taylor, Cheswick, 1821. Second ed., London: Theos. Publ. Society, 1895. — Theurgia or the Ancient Mysteries, by Iamblichus. Transl. by Dr. Alexander Wilder. New York: The Metaphysical Publ. Co., 1911. 283 pp.

Ibn Gebirol, Solomon ben Yehudah (known also as Avicebron). Jewish poet and philosopher, born in Malaga about 1021. He was educated at Saragossa, and died at Valencia, 1070. Wrote poems and hymns at the early age of sixteen, and a Hebrew grammar in verse at nineteen. While writing poetry in Hebrew, he produced profound philosophical works in Arabic. Occupied a first rank among the Jewish poets of the Middle Ages. In consequence of some personal allusions in one of his works, he was obliged to leave Saragossa, 1046, and to wander about Spain, until he obtained recognition and encouragement from Samuel Ibn Nagrela, also called Nagdilah, the Prime Minister of Moorish Spain, a great scholar himself. It was about 1050 that Ibn Gebirol wrote in Arabic his great philosophical work, the Me’qor ’Hayyim, or Fountain of Life, called in Latin De Materia Univer soli and Fons Vitae, which in reality is 579a Kabbalistic work. Among his hymns, the best known is the Kether Molkhuth or Crown of the Kingdom. The writings of Ibn Gebirol are of great importance to scholars of both Western and Oriental traditions, and throw a good deal of light upon the stream of Kabalistic thought and the secret teachings which several centuries later became embodied in the Zohar.

*1 Ching or Book of Changes. Ascribed to Fuh-hi, 30th century B.c.

Ingersoll, Col. Robert Green (1833-99). Passage has not been identified.

Inman, Dr. Thomas. English mythologist, b. Jan. 27,1820, in Leicester; d. at Clifton, May 3, 1876. Went to school at Wakefield, and in 1836 was apprenticed to his uncle, Richard Inman, M.D., at Preston, Lancashire. Entered King’s College, London, graduating M.B., 1842, and M.D., 1844, at the University of London. Settled in Liverpool as house-surgeon to the Royal Infirmary. His favorite subjects were archaeology, philology and mythology. His theories and ideas were propounded in three works entitled: Ancient Faiths embodied in Ancient Names, in two volumes (London, 1868-69; 2nd ed., 1872-73); Ancient Pagan and Modern Christian Symbolism exposed and explained (London, 1869; 2nd ed., New York, 1871); and Ancient Faiths and Modern (New York, 1876). He also wrote a number of medical essays and contributed scholarly studies to the Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool.

Jerdan, William (1782-1869). See Bio-Bibliogr. Index of Vol. VI in the present Series.

Jerome, Saint (or Hieronymus), Sophronius Eusebius (340?-420). *Epistola XIV: Ad Heliodorum Monachum. See Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, Vol. 54: S. Eusebii Hieronymi Epistolae. Pars I, pp. 46-47. Edition Isidorus Hilberg.

Justin Martyr (Justinus Flavius, 100?-165 a.d.). Passage has not been definitely identified.

Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis, ca. 60-ca. 140). *VIth Satire, and another verse which has not been definitely identified.

Keightley, Dr. Archibald (1859-1930). See Vol. IX, Bibliogr. Index, for comprehensive biographical sketch.

Keightley, Bertram (1860-1945). See Vol. IX, Bibliogr. Index, for comprehensive biographical sketch.

580 Kennedy, Major-General Vans (1784-1846), *Researches into the Origin and Affinity of the Principal Language of Asia and Europe, London, 1828. — *Researches into the Nature and Affinity of Ancient and Hindu Mythology, London, 1831.

See Vol. IX, Bibliogr. Index, for biogr. sketch.

King, Charles William (1818-88), *The Gnostics and Their Remains, ancient and mediaeval, London, 1864; 2nd ed., London, 1887.

Knight, Charles, *The English Cyclopaedia, London, 1854-62; Supplement on the Arts and Sciences, London, 1873.

Kopp, Hermann Franz Moritz. German chemist, b. at Hanau, Oct. 30, 1817; d. at Heidelberg, Feb. 20, 1892. Son of a physician and chemist. Studied at Marburg and Heidelberg; went to Giessen, 1839, and became a Privatdozent in 1841, and professor of chemistry, 1853. In 1864, he was called to Heidelberg in the same capacity. Devoted himself primarily to physico-chemical inquiries. A prolific writer, he outlined his future volumes at the age of twenty-two. Works: *Geschichte der Chemie (Braunschweig, 1843-47, in four vols.).— Alchemy in Ancient and Modern Times (1866).—Assisted Liebig in editing the Annalen der Chemie and the Jahresbericht.

Kullûka-Bhatta. *Annals. No information available.

Lewes, George Henry (1817-1878). *The History of Philosophy from Thales to Comte, etc., 1857; also 1867 & 1871. Two Vols.

Lysippus. Greek sculptor, head of the school of Argos and Sicyon in the days of Philip and Alexander of Macedon. He worked in bronze only. Modified the canon of Holycleitus towards a slenderer type, and seems to have produced striking types of Zeus, Poseidon, the Sun-god, etc. He became the court sculptor of Alexander the Great of whom he made many statues. His work is spoken of by Pliny.

MacKenzie, Kenneth Robert Henderson (?-1886). *The Royal Masonic Cyclopaedia, etc., London [1875-77], 8vo.

Mackey, A. G. (1807-81). *Encyclopaedia of Freemasonry, Chicago, 1929.

Malherbe, François de (1555-1628), *Consolation à Duperier, ca. 1599.

*Mâlunkya-Sutta. A Buddhist Scripture.

581 Mansel, Henry Loncueville (1820-71). *The Limits of Religious Thought Examined in Eight Lectures, Oxford, 1858; 1st Amer, ed., Boston: Gould and Lincoln, 1859. — See Vol. VIII, pp. 464-65, for biogr. data.

Martin, Rev. Wm. Alexander Parsons (1827-1916). *“The Study of Alchemy in China.” A paper read at a meeting of the Oriental Society at New Haven, Conn., in October, 1868. This information is given by Dr. A. Wilder in the Theosophical Review, Vol. XXII, July, 1898, p. 452.

*Mashalim, or Sayings and Proverbs of Solomon. Same as Proverbs.

Massey, Gerald (1828-1907). See Vol. VIII, pp. 465-67, for biogr. data.

Massinger, Philip (1583-1640). English dramatist, educated at Oxford; prolific writer of plays which had generally an obvious moral intention. In the art of construction he had hardly any rivals in his days. The passage quoted by H.P.B. has not been identified.

Medwin, Thomas. English author, b. at Horsham, March 20, 1788; d. there, Aug. 2, 1869. Educated at Sion House, Brentford, where he was in close association with his cousin, Shelley. Entered the army, 1813, and had numerous adventures in India which he embodied in his The Angler in IP ales (London, 1834). In 1821, he went to Italy for his health, and joined a party of literary Englishmen. Shelley introduced him to Byron at Pisa, with whom he stayed almost two years, making notes of his talks with him. Upon Byron’s death, 1824, Medwin published a Journal of the Conversations of Lord Byron. He married in Italy, 1825, Anne, Baroness Hamilton, of Sweden, but later deserted her. Best known for his Life of Shelley (London, 1847, 2 Vols.; also 1913). Produced a number of poetical works and translated Agamemnon into English verse. Spent some twenty years in retirement at Heidelberg, before returning to his native country.

Menander. Early Gnostic teacher, regarding whom very little is known. G. R. S. Mead, an authority on the subject of Gnosticism, writes as follows:

“Of the line of descent of the Simonian school we have but the scantiest information; the history of the earliest Gnostics is plunged in as great obscurity as the rest of the origins. One of the followers of Simon, however, is singled out by Justin for especial mention 582because of his having led ‘many’ away, even as Marcion was gaining an enormous following in his own time. This teacher was Menander, a native of the Samaritan town Capparatea. The notice in Justin shows us that Menander was a man of a past generation, and that he was especially famous because of his numerous following. We know that the dates of this period are exceedingly obscure even for Justin, our earliest authority. For instance, writing about 141 a.d., he says that Jesus lived 150 years before his time; that is to say that even in Samaria the epoch was quite legendary. Hence his Simon and Menander dates are equally vague; Menander may have lived a generation or four generations before Justin’s time.

“The centre of activity of Menander was at Antioch, one of the most important commercial and literary cities of the Graeco-Roman world, on the highway of communication between East and West. He seems to have handed on the general outlines of the Simonian Gnosis, especially insisting on the distinction between the God over all and the creation power or powers, the forces of nature. Wisdom, he taught, was to be attained by the practical discipline of transcendental magic; that is to say, the Gnosis was not to be attained by mere faith, but by definite endeavour and conscious striving along the path of cosmological and psychological science. Menander professed to teach a knowledge of the powers of nature, and the way whereby they could be subjected to the purified human will; he is also said to have claimed to be the Saviour sent down by the higher powers of the spiritual world to teach men the sacred knowledge whereby they could free themselves from the dominion of the lower ‘angels.’ The neophyte on receiving ‘baptism,’ that is to say, on reaching a certain state of interior purification or enlightenment, was said to ‘rise from the dead’; thereafter, he ‘never grew old and became immortal,’ that is to say, he obtained possession of the unbroken consciousness of his spiritual ego. Menander was especially opposed to the materialistic doctrine of the resurrection of the body, and this was made a special ground of complaint against him by the Patristic writers of the subsequent centuries.

“The followers of Menander were called Menandrists, and we can only regret that no record has been left of them and their writings. As they seem to have been centralized at Antioch, seeing that tradition assigns the founding of the Church of Antioch to Paul, and assigns to it Peter as its first bishop, seeing again that the ‘withstanding to the face’ incident is placed by the Acts’ tradition in the same city, it cannot but be that their writings would have thrown some light on the obscure origins of dogmatic Christianity.” (Lucijer, London, Vol. XIX, February, 1897, pp. 483-85.)

583 Mirville, Jules Eudes, Marquis de (1802-73). *Pneumatologie. Des Esprits, etc. See Volume VII, p. 384, for full particulars about this work.

Monier-Williams, Sir Monier (1819-99). *Buddhism, in its Connection with Brahmanism and Hinduism, and in its Contrast with Christianity. London: J. Murray, 1889; 2nd ed., 1890. Based upon the “Duff Lectures” delivered at Edinburgh, 1888. — *Mystical Bud- dism. Untraced.

Montyon, Auguste-Jean-Baptiste-Robert Auget, baron de. French economist and philanthropist, b. in Paris, Dec. 23, 1733; d. there, Dec. 29, 1820. Trained as a lawyer and magistrate; held post of Superintendent of the provinces of Auvergne, Provence and Aunis; was a man of great integrity; resigned because he felt he would be forced into unjust procedures. Became Councillor of State, 1775; emigrated to Switzerland in 1792, going later to England where he became Fellow of the Royal Society. He returned to France in 1815. Montyon wrote on economic and social problems of the day and was a friend of Benjamin Franklin. He founded six different prizes to be awarded to people who distinguished themselves through acts of heroism or work for the benefit of mankind.

Moses ben Shem-Tob de Leon (1250-1305). *Ha-Nephesh ha-hokh- mah (The Soul of Wisdom), Basel, 1608. — *Sepher has-sodoth. See Vol. VII, p. 270, for biogr. data.

Mosheim, J. L. von (1684-1775). See Vol. I, p. 501, in this Series for data.

Myer, Isaac, *Qabbalah. The Philosophical Writings of Solomon Ben Yehudah I bn Gebirol or Avicebron. And their Connection with the Hebrew Qabbalah and Sepher ha-Zohar, with remarks upon the antiquity and content of the latter, and translations of selected passages from the same. Also An Ancient Lodge of Initiates, translated from the Zohar. Diagrams, etc. Published by the author (350 copies only), Philadelphia, 1888, xxiv, 499 pp.

Nestorius. Syrian ecclesiastic, patriarch of Constantinople from 428 to 431; he was a native of Germanicia in Syria, though the year of his birth is unknown; he died about 451. Received his education at Antioch; as monk at monastery of Euprepius, and later as presbyter, became famous for his asceticism, orthodoxy and eloquence. When he was consecrated as patriarch, he set to work extirpating various 584so-called heresies. Having been trained in the tradition of the School of Antioch, he was theologically committed to the concept of the reality of Jesus’ human nature as well as his divine nature. Thus when he became patriarch of Constantinople, he attacked the usage of the title “theotokos” (usually translated “mother of God”) in referring to Mary, the mother of Jesus, asserting that she was the mother of his human nature only. This was part of the tradition of the church in Alexandria, hence Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, counter-attacked. It should be noted that the third canon of the second ecumenical council at Constantinople, 381 a.d., that the “Bishop of Constantinople has the precedence of honour after the Bishop of Rome as it is New Rome,” undoubtedly roused great jealousy amongst the Alexandrians. Alexandria, long the center of learning in the Roman Empire, had traditionally enjoyed precedence in the eastern half of the Empire.

The ensuing controversy ultimately resulted in Nestorius persuading the Emperor Theodosius II to summon a general council. This was done in June, 431 a.d. However, it was extraordinary in that it was convened before the bishops from Antioch and its province arrived. Cyril held the council under his own presidency; Nestorius’ teachings were condemned, and in 436 he was exiled to Upper Egypt. He maintained till his death his orthodoxy.

Whether or not he actually said what is ascribed to him is subject to question. The part played by Cyril’s desire for ascendency and his jealousy of the widening influence of the patriarchate of Constantinople will probably never be known. The fourth ecumenical council held at Chalcedon in 451 made the final statement regarding the person of Jesus, proclaiming that there were two natures in one person —the human and the divine.

Followers of Nestorius exist even today and the Syriac Church is Nestorian in theology. A more unbiased view of the whole Nestorian affair is provided by the collection of Nestoriana published in 1905 by Dr. F. Loofs, and Nestorius’ own evidence and testimony may be found in his work, The Bazaar of Heraclides of Damascus, preserved in a Syriac version by Nestorian settlers in the Euphrates valley. The text of this work has been edited by P. Paul Bedjan (Leipzig, 1910), and selections therefrom may be found in J. F. Bethune-Baker’s work, Nestorius and his Teaching (Cambridge, 1908).

Nork, Friedrich N. (pseud. of Selig Korn, 1803-50). See Vol. VIII, p. 470, for biogr. data. The brief passage has not been identified as to source.

Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso, b.c. 43 - a.d. 17), *Metamorphoses. Loeb Class. Library.

585 Oxley, William, *The Philosophy of Spirit. Illustrated by a New Version of the Bhagavat Gîtâ, an Episode of the Mahabharat, one of the epic poems of ancient India. Glasgow: Hay Nisbet & Co.; London: E. W. Allen, 1881, vi, 306 pp.

Pausanias (2nd cent, a.d.), *Hellados Periêgêsis (Grecian Itinerary, or Description of Greece). Loeb Class. Library.

Perrault, Charles. French author, b. at Paris, Jan. 12, 1628; d. May 16, 1703. Educated at Collège de Beauvais, quarrelled with his master and followed his own bent. Studied law at Orléans, 1651, practicing for a short time at Paris bar. Ten years later became Colbert’s secretary, and Controller-General of Public Works. Ended his official career, 1683, and devoted himself to literature. Several of his works caused heated controversy in France and England, especially his Le Siècle de Louis le Grand (Paris, 1687). While he was the author of many works, such as the Parallèle des ancients et des modernes ( 168896, 4 vols.) and others, he is best remembered for his Contes des Fées (Épinal, 1698). Perrault was admitted to the famous Académie Française.

Petrie, Sir William Matthew Flinders. English Egyptologist, b. at Charlton, June 3, 1853; d. at Jerusalem, July 28, 1942. His early interest in archaeology led him to studies of Stonehenge and other ancient remains. Began in 1880 a series of important surveys and excavations in Egypt, which enriched our egyptological knowledge considerably, especially with regard to the Great Pyramid, the Temple of Tanis, the Greek city of Naucratis in the delta region, the Temple of Medum, the site of ancient Memphis, etc. He was later appointed Edwards professor of Egyptology at University College, London, and was instrumental in founding the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Resigning his professorship in 1933, he went on an expedition to Palestine, 1932-38. Petrie was knighted in 1923. Author of a great many works, among which should be noted: The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh. London: Field and Tuer, 1883, 1885. — A History of Egypt. London: Methuen & Co., 1898-1905. — The Arts and Crafts of Ancient Egypt. London: T. N. Foules, 1909. — Seventy Years in Archaeology. London: S. Low, Marston & Co., 1931.

Philippus of Thessalonica. Greek epigrammatic poet who, besides composing a large number of epigrams himself, compiled one of the ancient Greek Anthologies. This work, in imitation of that of Meleager, contains chiefly the epigrams of poets who lived in, or shortly before, the time of Philip. It is inferred that he flourished in the time of 586Trajan, though he may have lived after the time of Augustus. (Vide Jacobs, Anth. Graec., Vol. XIII, pp. 934-36.)

Philo Judaeus (ca. b.c. 20-a.d. 54), *Questiones et solutiones in Genesin. Loeb Class. Library.

Platino, Bartolomeo de Sacchi de (1421-81, sometimes called di Piadena), *Vitae Pontificum, Venice, 1479, fol.; Paris, 1530. Engl, tr. by P. Rycaut, London, 1685.

Plato (427?-347 b.c.) *Phaedo. — *Phaedrus. — *Theaetetus. Loeb Classical Library.

Polycarp (ca. 69-ca. 155). Passage has not been identified. The only writing extant of this Apostolic Father who was bishop of Smyrna, is his Epistle to the Church at Philippi.

Pope, Alexander (1688-1744), *Epistles to Severed Persons (Moral Essays); Epistle I to Richard Temple, Viscount Cobham. Other passages have not been identified.

Porta, Giovanni Battista della (1540-1615). *Magiae naturalis, sive de miraculis rerum naturalium. Neapoli: M. Cancer, 1558, fol. Also later editions. — Natural Magic ... in twenty books. Tr. from Latin. London: T. Young & S. Speed, 1658, 4to.

Praetextatus, Vettius Agorius. Roman senator of distinguished ability and uncorrupted morals, proconsul of Achaia in the reign of Julian, and praefectus urbi under Valentinian I; died while in this last office, when he was consul elect. It was at his house that Macrobius supposes the conversation to have taken place, which he has recorded in his Saturnalia. (Vide Amm. Marc., XXII, 7; XXVII, 9; XXVIII, 1; Zosimus, IV, 3; Symmachus, Epistles, X, 26; Valesius, ad Amm. Marc., XXII, 7.)

Proclus, sumamed Diadochos (412-85 A.D.). *The Commentaries of Proclus on the Timaeus of Plato, in five books; containing a treasury of Pythagoric and Platonic physiology. Translated from the Greek by Thomas Taylor. London: Author, 1820; 2 vols. The passage quoted is from I. P. Cory, Ancient Fragments, p. 265 (2nd ed., London: Wm. Pickering, 1832).

Quinet, Edgar (1803-1875). *La Creation, etc. Paris, 1870, two vols. 8vo.

587 Quintus, Curtius Rufus. Ref. is most likely to his Historiarum Alexan- dri Magni Macedonia, Loeb Classical Library.

Ragon de Bettignies, Jean-Baptiste-Marie. French Mason, distinguished writer and great symbologist, who tried to bring Masonry back to its pristine purity. He was bom at Bray-sur-Seine (Seine et Mame), Feb. 25, 1781, where his father was a notary public. His mother, Juliana Colmet d’Aag, was a native of Tournai. His business career commenced at Bruges (formerly Department de La Lys) as clerk in the Treasury Department of the Ministry of the Interior; later he served as Cashier and Paymaster to Armed Forces during the war, and became a Freemason. At the close of the war, he was transferred to Paris, where he took charge of the office of the Garde Nationale, and was reappointed to this position under several administrations. In 1819, Ragon went to the U.S.A, with some friends, to take possession of land purchased at Big Guyandotte, on the Ohio river in Kentucky. At the time, he was married to Nathalie de Bettignies and had two children by her. Mortgages on the property were discovered which he had not been told about; the capital was lost, and within two years or so he was back in Paris, where he devoted himself to literary work and to inventions (tubular railways and steam engines for what we would now call motor cars). He died March 22, 1862 and was buried in Paris.

As early as 1803, Ragon had been initiated into the Masonic Lodge Réunion des Amis du Nord, at Bruges. Somewhat later he assisted in the founding of the Lodge of Vrais Amis in the same city. On his removal to Paris, Ragon founded in 1805 the Society of Les Trino- sophes. He delivered in that Lodge a remarkable series of lectures, in 1818, on ancient and modem Initiation; twenty years later these lectures were repeated, and finally published in 1841 as *Cours philosophique et interprétatif des Initiations anciennes et modernes, printed with express permission of the Grand Orient of France, although the same body denounced its second edition for containing some additional matter. In the years 1818-19, Ragon was editor-in- chief of Hermes ou Archives Maçonniques, a Journal founded by the Librarian Bailleul. In August, 1853, he published another remarkable work entitled Orthodoxie Maçonnique, abounding in historical information, and in 1861 followed it up with *Tuüeur Général de la Franc-Maçonnerie, où Manuel de F Initié, enriched with valuable notes. Another work of great importance is his *La Messe et ses Mystères comparés aux Mystères anciens (Paris: E. Dentu, 1882). In addition to various other Masonic publications which he published in advanced old age, Ragon projected several other important works, 588and partly completed some of them before he died. In the Preface to his Orthodoxie, he states his intention to crown his Masonic labors by writing a work entitled Les Fastes Initiatiques, giving an exhaustive view of the ancient mysteries, of the Roman colleges of architects, their successors, etc. This work was to have six volumes. Its unfinished MSS. was purchased by the Grand Orient of France from his heirs, for the price of 1,000 francs; it was then quietly deposited in the Archives of this body, because, as confessed, no Mason could be found in France who had ability enough to supply its lacunae and prepare it for the press. Ragon taught that primitive ideas of Masonry are to be found in the initiations of the ancient Mysteries, and that for its present-day form it was indebted mainly to Elias Ashmole of the 17th century.

Contemporary students did not hesitate to call Ragon “the most learned Mason of the 19th century.” It has been rumored that he was the possessor of a number of papers given to him by Count de Saint-Germain, from whom he had derived his profound knowledge upon early Masonry. It is also rumored that Jesuits hastened to buy up every edition of his works they could find after his death. It is an obvious fact that Ragon’s works are extremely rare nowadays, and that some of them have entirely disappeared.

Cf. K. MacKenzie, The Royal Masonic Cyclopaedia, London, 1877; Latonia, Freimaurische Vierteljahrschrift, Leipzig, J. J. Weber, Vol. XXI, 1862, pp. 331-32; Albert G. Mackey, An Encyclopaedia of Freemasonry; Ars Quatuor Coronatorum. Vol. XVIII, No. 2076, pp. 97-103.

Ravaison-Mollien, Félix (1813-1900). *La Philosophie en France au xixme siècle. Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1868.

Roca, Abbé. All available information concerning him and his works will be found in Vol. VIII, pp. 341-42, of the present Series.

Roscommon, Wentworth Dillon, Earl of Roscommon (ca. 1630-1685). English poet born in Ireland; educated partly by a tutor, partly at Caen, in Normandy, and partly at Rome. After the Restoration, returned to England and was well received at Court. In 1649, succeeded to the earldom of Roscommon and was put in possession by act of Parliament of all the lands his family owned before the Civil War. His reputation as a didactic writer and critic rests on his blank verse translation of the Ars Poetica (1680) and his Essay on Translated Verse (1684). As a writer, he was free from the indecencies of his contemporaries, and stood for a higher code of morals 589in literature. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. See The Poetical Works of Wentworth Dillon, Earl of Roscommon. Edinburgh: Apollo Press, 1780.

The passage from his writings has not been identified.

Rosenroth, Baron Christian Knorr von. Christian Hebraist, b. at Alt-Randen, in Silesia, July 15, 1631, d. 1689. After completing studies at the Universities of Wittenberg and Leipzig, travelled through Holland, France and England. Upon settling at Sulzbach, devoted himself to the study of Oriental languages, especially Hebrew. At a later date, became a diligent student of the Kaballah, in search for proofs of the doctrines of Christianity. Best known on account of his work entitled Kabbalah denudata, seu doctrina Hebraeorum transcendentalis et metaphysica atque theologica, etc. It contains a Latin translation, as well as the Hebrew text, of several treatises of the Zohar, such as the Idrah Rabbah, the Idrah Zutah, and the Siphra di Zeni ’ulah, as well as some of the writings of Isaac Luria. It combines both the Mantua and Cremona versions, together with other insertions. Vol. I appeared at Sulzbach, 1677-78, and Vol. II at Frankfurt a. Main, 1684. An English translation of parts of this work were published by C. Liddell MacGregor Matbers, as The Kabbalah Unveiled, London, George Redway, 1887, 8vo.

Ross, William Stewart (pseud.: “Saladin”), *Woman: her Glory, her Shame, and her God. London: Wm. Stewart & Co., 1888. — *God and His Book, 1887. — *Miscellaneous Pamphlets.

See Vol. IX, Bibliogr. Index, for information concerning this remarkable man.

Row, T. Subba (1856-90). *Notes on the Bhagavad-Gita. See Vol. VIII, p. 475, for complete data about it.

*Samyutta-Nikaya. In the Sutta-Pitaka. See Pali Text Society Translation Series No. 16: The Book of Kindred Sayings, Part V, Mahd- Vagga, transl. by F. L. Woodward.

Sand, George (pseud, of Mme. Amantine Dudevant, 1804-76). Passage not identified.

*San-kiea-yi-su. Untraced.

Schlagintweit, Emil. German Tibetan scholar, b. in Munich, July 7, 1835; d. at Zweibrucken, Oct. 20, 1904. Held a position in the Bavarian Administration, devoting most of his time to research. 590Chief works: *Buddhism in Tibet illustrated by literary Documents and Objects of religious worship, etc. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus; London: Triibner & Co., 1863, 8vo. — Die Könige von Tibet, 1866. — Indien in Wort und Bild. Leipzig: H. Schmidt & C. Günther, 1880-81, 1889-91, in 2 Vols. — Various translations from Tibetan.

Schwartz, Friedrich L. Wilhem (1821-1899). *Der Ursprung der Mythologie, dargelegt an griechischer und deutscher Sage, Berlin, 1860, 8vo.

Shakespeare, William. *Henry IV, 2nd Part. — *Henry VI, 3rd Part. — *Henry VIII. — *The Merchant of Venice. — *The Winter's Tale.

*Shan-Hai-Ching. Antique géographie Chinoise. Translated from the Chinese by Léon de Rosny, Paris, 1891.

Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792-1822). *Hellas.— *Prometheus Unbound.—*Queen Mab.—*The Necessity of Atheism, 1811.

Shimon ben Yohai. See Vol. VII, pp. 269-70, for biogr. inform.

Sinnett, Alfred Percy (1840-1921). *Esoteric Buddhism. London: Trubner & Co., 1883; many subsequent editions.—*Incidents in the Life of Madame Blavatsky. London: George Redway, 1886; New York: J. W. Bouton, 1886.—*The Letters of H. P. Blavatsky to A. P. Sinnett. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1924.—*The Mahatma Letters to A. P. Sinnett, etc. London: T. Fisher Unwin, December, 1923, New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1923; 3rd and rev. ed., edited by Christmas Humphreys and Elsie Benjamin. Adyar, Madras: The Theosophical Publishing House, 1962. New Index.

Skinner, J. Ralston, *Key to the Hebrew-Egyptian Mystery in the Source of Measures, etc. Cincinnati: R. Clarke & Co., 1875. xvi, 324 pp.; 3rd ed., Philadelphia, Penna.: David McKay Co., 1931.

Sophocles (496?-406 b.c.), *Electra. Loeb Class. Library.

Sostratus. Son of Dexiphanes, of Cnidus, one of the great architects who flourished during and after the life of Alexander the Great. He built for Ptolemy I, the son of Lagus, at the expense of 800 talents, the famous Pharos of Alexandria. He also embellished his native Cnidus with a work that was one of the wonders of ancient architecture — a portico or collonade, supporting a terrace, which served as a promenade and is referred to by Pliny as pensilis ambulatio. (Vide Pliny, Hist. Nat., XXXVI, 12; Strabo, XVII, p. 791; Suidas, s.v. Pharos.)

591 Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903). *First Principles, 1862; rev. ed., 1900.

Strabo (1st cent, b.c.), *Geographica. Loeb Class. Libr. See Vol. V, p. 382, for biogr. data.

Suidas. *Greek Lexicon. Best editions are those of T. Gainsford (without Latin version), Oxford, 1834, three volumes, and of G. Bernhardy, Halle, 1834, which embodies the Latin version as well.

*Sutra of Forty-Two Sections. Transl. Chu Ch’an. The Buddhist Society, London, 1947. Originally of the Hinayana School, it was early taken to China and is said to be the first Sanskrit work to be translated into Chinese. As time went on, it gathered interpolations from Mahayana sources. It has many verses in common with the Dhammapada.

*Sutra of the Lotus of the Good Law. See Fa-hua-Ching.

*Sutta-Nipata. Transl. by Sir M. Coomaraswamy. Lond.: Triibner, 1874. One of the oldest scriptures in the Pali Canon; a collection of 71 Suttas in five Vaggas or Sections. The passage quoted is from the Khaggavisana Sutta.

Swift, Jonathan (1667-1745).*Miscellanies in Prose and Verse, London, 1727.

*Targum (pl. Targums or Targumim). A Hebrew and Aramaic word meaning interpretation. It is used in connection with translations or paraphrases of some portion of the Old Testament in the Aramaic of Judea or Galilee, mostly dating in the present form from the Geonic period and later; in part they are based on oral tradition going back to the pre-Christian Roman period. Among the important Targums now extant are: the Pentateuch, the Targum of Onkelos, or Babylonian Tar gum on the Pentateuch; and the Tar gum of Jonathan, or Jerusalem Tar gum I; for the Prophets, the Tar gum of Jonathan bar Uzziel, called also the Babylonian Tar gum on the Prophets. There are also T ar gums for Psalms, Proverbs, Job, etc.

Temple, Sir Richard (1826-1902). See Vol. II, p. 546, of the present Series for biogr. data.

Tennyson, Alfred, 1st Baron (1809-1892). *The Golden Year.

Tertullian (ca. 155-ca. 222). *De Carne Christi.—*De spectaculis. Loeb Classical Library.

592 Theodoret. Bishop of Cyrrhus, b. at Antioch, Syria, about 386 A.D., d. not earlier than 457. Important writer in the domain of exegesis, dogmatic theology, church history and ascetic theology. Early in life entered the cloister; in 423 became Bishop of Cyrrhus, a small city between Antioch and the Euphrates, where he spent the remainder of his life, except for a short period of exile. As an exegete, he belongs to the Antiochene school of which Diodorus of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia were the heads. He was the chief opponent of the views of Cyril and Dioscurus of Alexandria, and taught that in the person of Christ we must distinguish two natures (hypostases), which are united in one person but are not amalgamated in essence. When the Council of Chalcedon condemned monophysitism, he yielded to pressure and took part in anathematizing Nestorius. Apart from his works on exegetical subjects, Theodoret wrote an Ecclesiastical History in five books, a number of books directed against Cyril, orations, homilies, and a work against heresies in general entitled Haereticarum Fabularum Epitome in five books.

Tod, Col. James (1782-1835), *Annals and Antiquities of Rajast’han or the Central and Western Rajput States of India. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1829-32; 2 Vols.; also 1914, 2 Vols. and 1920, 3 Vols.

Ueberweg, Friedrich (1826-1871). *A History of Philosophy, from Thales to the present time, Transl. from the 4th German ed. by G. S. Morris, with additional material. New York, 1872-74, 2 vols. The German original work is: Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophic, etc., Berlin, 1863-68, in 3 pts.

Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro - B.c 70-19), *Aeneid. Loeb Classical Library.

Volney, Comte de (1757-1820). *Les Ruines, etc., 1791. See Vol I, p. 530, for data.

Wade, Sir Claude. See Bio-Bibliogr. Index of Vol. II in the present Series.

Walker, E. D., Reincarnation, A Story of Forgotten Truth. See p. 142, footnote, for data about it. Wheeler, J. Mazzini, *“Buddhism in Tibet.” An article.

Wilder, Dr. Alexander (1823-1908). *New Platonism and Alchemy: A Sketch of the Doctrines and Principal Teachers of the Eclectic or 593Alexandrian School; also an Outline of the Interior Doctrines of the Alchemists of the Middle Ages. Albany, N.Y., 1869.

*Wisdom of laseous. The same as the apocryphal work known as The Wisdom of Jesus, the Son of Sirach, and also as Ecclesiasticus. The name is sometimes shortened to Ben Sira in Hebrew, or Bar Sira in Aramaic. The work is variously described as the Words, the Book, the Proverbs, or the Wisdom of the son of Sira (or Sirach). The most important ed. in English is that of G. H. Box and W. O. E. Oesterley, in R. H. Charles, Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the New Testament, 1913.

*Wisdom of Solomon. A work of the Jewish-Alexandrian literature, the form of which is that of Hebrew poetry, while the matter is Hellenic. See R. H. Charles, Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, Oxford, 1963-64.

Wright, Claude Falls. One of the devoted early workers in the Theosophical Movement who was bom September 18th, 1867, in Dublin, Ireland. His mother was English, a member of an old Cheshire family. His father was the nephew of a well-known Crimean General named Falls. He was educated at the High School in Harcourt Street, Dublin, where many well-known Irish Theosophists were also taught. Preparing to enter the Civil Service in England, he passed one grade, but while waiting for an appointment became an accountant in an Assurance Company. When he was eighteen, he entered the Royal College of Surgeons to study medicine, but had not completed the first year before he heard of Theosophy through Charles Johnston. This subject then claimed his attention and he went over to London at the age of twenty to see H.P.B., afterwards asking her to advise him about going to India, to which she replied: “Do not go, but come to me and I will teach you.” She also suggested that he would first form a Branch at Dublin. Acting on this, he gathered some people together, and a Branch was formed, and opened by W. Q. Judge and Dr. Archibald Keightley. Since then, Mr. Wright has devoted himself entirely to the Society.

He was with H.P.B. for three years, and beside her at the time of her death. At one time he was one of her secretaries, and at another time Manager of the Duke Street Publishing Company, later the Theosophical Publishing Society. Almost every picture and ornament in H.P.B.’s room at 19 Avenue Road, London, he put up at her request, as well as constructing many of the shelves for them. During the first and last visit H.P.B. paid to No. 17 Avenue Road, next door 594to the Headquarters, she leaned on Brother Wright’s arm as he showed her around the place, and at the time of her passing he knelt beside her holding her left hand, and as she passed away took the ring from her fourth finger.

For a long time he was also Secretary of the Blavatsky Lodge in London. After H.P.B.’s death, he came to America, arriving in New York seven months to a day after that eventful hour. For years he travelled about the United States, lecturing and organizing, and working at the Headquarters on Madison Avenue when in New York. At one time or another, he visited most of the Branches then in existence and was instrumental in forming many new ones.

Mr. Wright and his wife, Leoline Leonard Wright, accompanied Katherine Tingley on her first tour around the world, leaving New York June 13, 1896. He was at the time member of the Executive Committee of the T.S. in America, of which E. T. Hargrove was then President. He was present at Point Loma and participated in the Ceremonies of the laying of the Corner Stone of the School for the Revival of the Lost Mysteries of Antiquity, Feb. 23, 1897. He spoke, taking as title “H. P. Blavatsky.”

The Wrights had a son who, unfortunately, lost his mind and was placed in an Institution.

At the end of 1922, Mr. Wright was in New Orleans and stayed with his close friends, Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm McDowell. A firm there dealing in bananas asked him to go to Central America for them, to attend to some business, offering excellent payment for his services. He went, against his friends’ advice, and the McDowells received a letter from the American consul in Nicaragua saying that Mr. Wright had lost his footing when stepping from the larger to the smaller boat by which passengers landed then at Bluefields. It was quite dark and the body was not recovered until it was washed ashore. This happened on January 8, 1923.

(Sources: The Path, New York, Vol. VIII, February, 1894, pp. 35152; letter from Alice Boyd to Mrs. Annie Besant, The Theosophist, Vol. XLIV, May 1923, pp. 221-22; Point Loma Archives.)

*Yuhasin (or Sepher Yuhasin, i.e., Book of the Genealogies). Gives an account of the oral law as transmitted from Moses through the elders, prophets and sages; and also records the acts and monuments of the kings of Israel and surrounding nations. See Sepher ha-Yuhasin, by Rabbi Moses Abraham ben Samuel Zacuto (Zacut or Sakuto) (14501510 or later), ed. by Samuel Shalom, Constantinople, 1566; repr. Cracow, 1581, Amsterdam, 1717, Kbningsberg, 1857. Complete ed. by Filipowski, London, 1857.

595 Zander, Jonas Gustaf Wilhelm. Swedish physician and inventor of Medico-Mechanical Gymnastics. Born in Stockholm, March 29, 1835; died June 17, 1920. Graduated at Uppsala University, 1885, and became an M.D. in 1877. Appointed Docent in medical gymnastics at the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 1880. Member of the Academy of Sciences, 1896. Honorary member of the Medical Society, 1904. Received the Gold Medal “Illis quorum meruere labores,” 1915.

Hardly any other Swedish physician was as well known over most of the civilized world as Dr. Zander. As early as 1857, when serving as instructor of gymnastics at the Zander Boarding School for Girls, founded by his two sisters, he made his first attempts at using machines to produce muscle exercises when manual methods were found to be too strenuous. He conceived the idea of constructing mechanical apparatus which would set only some of the muscles in action. Jan. 7, 1865, Dr. Zander opened his Medico-Mechanical Institute, located at Arsenalsgatan 2, Stockholm, where the number of his apparatuses grew from twenty-seven at the start, to some seventy-two in 1905. Often against opposition on the part of some of his colleagues, he created precision apparatus which eventually aroused admiration and recognition in many countries, where Institutes, similar to his own, were organized, especially in Germany and Austria. When, at the age of eighty-five, he retired from the management of his Institute, his son, Dr. Emil Wilhelm Zander (b. 1867), became its director. In 1893, a special ward of the Institute was formed for treatment of spinal curvature.

In his professional work, Dr. Zander was a scientist of note and rank, with a sharp sense of observation, strong logic and a sober presentation of facts. He was a man of noble ideas, of original thought and dignity of behavior. Apart from his medical work, Dr. Zander was one of the pioneers of Theosophy in his native land. Between 1880 and 1896, he was President of The Theosophical Society, and remained very active in it until his death. His Theosophical affiliation was with the Point Loma Theosophical Society, under the leadership of Katherine Tingley. For many years, he devoted himself to the Editorship of Teosojisk Tidskrijt (1891-96), Theosophia (1896-1911), and Den Teosojiska Vdgen (1911-20), in all of which he wrote serious and enlightening articles on the various teachings of the Ancient Wisdom. He also lectured widely on behalf of the Society in Scandinavia.

Dr. Zander was married to Fanny Agnes Eleanora Hansen (d. 1924), and had by her five sons and two daughters.

(Sources: Dr. Zander’s own thesis Om Mekanisk Gymnastik, dated 5961864, but not published until 1915; biographical sketches by A. Levertin and Emil Zander in a Festive Pamphlet to Dr. Zander, 1915; by Patrik Haglund in Higiea, 1920; in Nordisk Familjebok, 1922; and the Supplement to the History of the Swedish Medical Association.

Zhelihovsky, Vera P. de (1835-1896). *Pravda, etc. See p. 364, footnote, for data about it.

*Zohar. See comprehensive information in Vol. VII, pp. 269-71, 402. Consult also the detailed Bibliography on the Zohar and Commentaries thereon in Dr. Gerhard Scholem, Bibliographia Kabbalistica. Leipzig: W. Drugulin, 1927, pp. 166 et seq.

Zosimus. Greek historian who lived in the 5th century a.D. in Constantinople, and regarding whose personal life very little is known. He was the author of a history of the Roman empire in six books, in which he undertook the task of developing the events and causes which led to its decline. Zosimus was a pagan, and shows himself as a severe critic of the faults and crimes of the Christian emperors, making the change of religion largely responsible for the decline of the empire. In spite of having been fiercely assailed by some Christian writers, he proves himself to be on the whole trustworthy. Best editions are those of Bekker (1837) and Mendelssohn (1887).