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'''Bouillaud, Jean-Baptiste B'''., French physician, b. at Angoulême, Sept. 16, 1796; d. October 29, 1881. Became M.D. in 1823, and was appointed, 1831, to the Chair of Medicine at La Charité. Engaged in considerable research along physiological and psychological lines, and wrote a large number of scientific papers, some of which have been translated into other European languages. Became, 1868, Fellow of the Academy of Sciences at Paris.
'''Bouillaud, Jean-Baptiste B'''., French physician, b. at Angoulême, Sept. 16, 1796; d. October 29, 1881. Became M.D. in 1823, and was appointed, 1831, to the Chair of Medicine at La Charité. Engaged in considerable research along physiological and psychological lines, and wrote a large number of scientific papers, some of which have been translated into other European languages. Became, 1868, Fellow of the Academy of Sciences at Paris.
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'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Brahmajâlasûtra'''. Chinese text and French transi, in Le code du Mahâyâna en Chine ... by J. J. M. de Groot. Amsterdam: Johannes Müller, 1893.
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'''Braid, James'''. Physician and writer on hypnotism, b. at Rylaw House, Fifeshire, about 1795, the son of a landed proprietor in that country. After studies at the Univ, of Edinburgh, and a period of apprenticeship, he became surgeon to the miners employed in Lanarkshire, subsequently moving to Manchester, where he acquired considerable reputation as a physician. It was in 1841 that the subject of animal magnetism drew his special attention, and he engaged in its investigation with a truly scientific thoroughness. Certain phenomena of abnormal sleep and peculiar conditions of mind and body, induced by fixed gaze on any inanimate object, were called by him “neuro-hypnotism.” His research aroused violent opposition from various quarters, including the mesmerists of the time. Among the many works from his pen, one of the most important is *Neurypnology, or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep, considered in relation to Animal Magnetism (1843; new ed., with introd, by A. E. Waite, 1899). He also wrote Observations on Trance; or Human Hibernation, London, 1850. Braid died suddenly in Manchester on March 25, 1860.
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'''Broca, Paul'''. French surgeon and anthropologist, b. at Sainte-Foy la Grande, Gironde, June 28, 1824; d. July 9, 1880. Completed medical studies in Paris and rapidly rose in his profession. Member of the Academy of Medicine, 1867, and prof, of surgical pathology to the Faculty. Discovered the seat of articulate speech in the left side of the frontal region of the brain, known now by his name. Establishing the Anthropological Society of Paris, 1859, he formulated the modern science of craniology. Founded the Revue <TAnthropologie in 1872, and later turned to the exclusive study of the brain in which his greatest triumphs were achieved.
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'''Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins'''. English physiologist and surgeon, b. in 1783 at Winterslow, Wiltshire; d. at Broome Park, Surrey, Oct. {{Page aside|637}}21, 1862. Assistant surgeon at St. George’s hospital for over thirty years. Greatly contributed to our knowledge of the diseases of the joints, on which he wrote an important work. He also published anonymously a volume of * Psychological Inquiries (London, 1854), to a second volume of which (1862) his name was appended. He was the first President of the General Medical Council, and was created a baronet in 1834.
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'''Buchanan, Joseph Rodes (1814-1899)'''. See Vol. VI, pp. 429-30, for biographical data.
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'''Bulwer-Lytton (Edward George Earle Lytton, 1st Baron, 1803-73)'''. *Zanoni, 1842.—*A Strange Story, 1862.
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'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Bundahish'''. In Pahlavi Bûndahishar. A Pahlavi text on creation, cosmogony, etc.; one of the Scriptures of the Parsis. Transi, by E. W. West in SEE, Vol. V.
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'''Burq, V. B. (1823-84)'''. French physician and scientist, mainly famous as the discoverer of metallotherapy, concerned with the influence of metals upon various conditions of health, and the treatment of diseases by means of them. Charcot and Schiff later confirmed his investigations. His chief work is Métallothérapie, nouveau traitement par les applications métalliques, Paris, 1853.
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'''Butler, Alban'''. English Roman Catholic priest and hagiologist, b. in Northampton, Oct. 24, 1710; d. at St. Omer, May 15, 1773. Educ. at the English college, Douai, where, after ordination, 1735, he held chairs of philosophy and divinity. After some years in England, he became president of the English seminary at St. Omer. His great work is The Lives of the Saints, the result of thirty years’ study, the best edition of which is the one of Dublin, 1779-80, which incl. valuable notes.
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'''Cahagnet, Louis-Alphonse (1805-1885)'''. See Vol. HI, pp. 499-500, for biographical data.
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'''Cailletet, Louis Paul'''. French ironmaster, b. at Châtillon-sur-Seine, Sept. 21, 1832; d. there Jan. 5, 1913. Worked in his father’s ironworks, and later was in charge of them. Animated by a love of scientific research, he succeeded, 1877, in liquefying oxygen, and later hydrogen and nitrogen as well. His experiments were carried out independently of those of Pictet along similar lines. Also interested in aeronautics. Author of a number of papers in the Comptes Rendus. Elected member of the Paris Academy.
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'''Carducci, Giosuè'''. Italian poet, b. at Val-di-Castello, Tuscany, July 27, 1836; d. in 1907. Educated at the Univ, of Pisa; began life as a public teacher at Arezzo, but ran into opposition for his political ideas. Settled for a while at Florence, and became, 1860, prof, of Italian literature at Bologna where he lectured for some 40 years. He and a group of his young friends advocated a return from romantic tastes to classical models. Carducci was an admirer of ancient mythologies and mystical traditions. “Other gods die,” he wrote, “but the divinities of Greece know no setting.” He was an ardent Mason. Among his many powerful poems, he also wrote in his younger days an hymn to Satan *“A Satana” which appeared in 1865.
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'''Cassels, W. R. (1826-1907)'''. *Supernatural Religion: An Inquiry into the Reality of Divine Revelation (anonymously published). London, 1874, 2 vols.; 6th ed., 1875; 3rd vol. publ. 1877; rev. ed. of complete work, 1879. See Vol. VI, 430-31, for biogr. data.
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'''Charcot, Jean Martin'''. French physician, b. in Paris Nov. 29, 1825; d. Aug. 16, 1893. M.D. at Paris, 1853; appointed physician of the Central Hospital Bureau, 1856; prof, of pathological anatomy in the medical faculty of Paris, 1860, and in 1862 began his famous connection with the Salpêtrière where he created the greatest neurological clinic of modern times. Apart from a large number of medical studies, he contributed greatly to the understanding of hypnotism and hysteria. Best known works: Leçons sur les maladies du système nerveux, 1872-93, 5 vols.; and Leçons du mardi à la Salpêtrière, 1889-90, 2 vols.
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'''Chatterjee, Mohini Mohun (1858-1936)'''. Mohini, as he was usually referred to, was a personal pupil of Master K.H. and one of the most brilliant Hindu members of the early Theosophical Society. He was a descendant of the Râjâ Rammohun Roy, a great Hindu reformer, and was also related to Debendra Nâth Tagore; he was a native of Calcutta and a Brahmana.
Being by profession an attorney-at-law, he proved an able defender, during the 1884-85 crisis in Europe, of H.P.B. and her phenomena, testifying at several hearings before the Society for Psychical Research. He lectured extensively in Europe and America where his clarity of exposition and intellectual grasp of Theosophical and Vedic teachings greatly contributed to the success of the Society.
In January, 1884, Master K.H. wrote to A. P. Sinnett: “He [Olcott] will be accompanied by Mohini, whom I have chosen {{Page aside|639}}as my chela and with whom I sometimes communicate directly.” (The Mahatma Letters, Letter No. 84.)
Unfortunately, the adulation which was bestowed upon him in London and Paris went to his head and he failed to exercise proper judgment in his relations to some of the members. This caused a great deal of trouble and additional worry for H.P.B. Mohini did not take her stricture philosophically and this eventually caused a break between the two.
Mohini had also been very critical of Col. Olcott and the manner in which the business of the T.S. was conducted. In collaboration with Arthur Gebhard, he wrote a memorandum entitled “A Few Words on the Theosophical Organization.” On the back of this Manuscript, now in the Adyar Archives, Col. Olcott wrote: “Manifesto of Mohini and Arthur Gebhard about my despotism. H.P.B.’s cutting reply. 1886.” H.P.B.’s powerful reply to this “Manifesto” was later called “The Original Programme of the Theosophical Society,” though at first it did not bear any title. The text of both Mohini’s declaration and of H.P.B.’s reply, together with all pertinent historical information, may be found in Vol. VII of the present Series, pp. 135 et seq.
Later on, Mohini wrote a small volume in collaboration with Laura C. Holloway-Langford, an American Chela who was a sensitive and possessed a considerable degree of clairvoyance. This work, entitled Man·. Fragments of Forgotten History (London: Reeves and Turner, 1885, xxvi, 165 pp.; 2nd ed., 1887; 3rd ed., 1893), did not receive the plaudits of either Master K.H. or H.P.B., and the latter prepared a number of corrections and emendations which she wanted to have inserted in a second edition of the work (See The Letters of H. P. Blavatsky to A. P. Sinnett, Letter No. CXX). However, none of these corrections found their way into subsequent editions, all of which are now extremely scarce.
Mrs. Holloway and Mohini also selected certain articles from the early Theo sophist and published them as Five Years of Theosophy (same Publisher, 1885; 575 pp. incl. Glossary and Index; 2nd ed., 1894). All the articles from H.P.B.’s pen, included in this work, are now in the Collected Writings.
Mohini also wrote an excellent rendering of the Bhagavad-Gita, with a Preface and marginal notes giving parallel passages in the New Testament.
In 1887, Mohini resigned from the T.S. and returned to Calcutta, where he resumed his practice of law. At the time of his death in 1936, he was almost blind from cataract.
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'''Chevillard, A'''. Prof, at the School of Fine Arts in Paris. *Études expérimentales sur le jluide nerveux et solution définitive du problème spirite. Paris: Corbeil, 1869, 8vo.
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'''Chromatius (4th and 5th cent.)'''. See Vol. VIII, p. 422, for data.
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'''Clemens Alexandrinus (Titus Flavius Clemens, 150?-220? a.d.)'''. *Strômateis or Stromata (Miscellanies). Standard ed. of collected works is the one of O. Stâhlin, Leipzig. 1905. H. P. B. frequently refers to the ed. of John Potter, Bishop of Oxford, and later Archbishop of Canterbury, Clementis . . . opera quae extant, etc. (Greek and Latin), 1715 and 1757, fol. 2 vols.
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'''Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772-1834)'''. *The Watchman. A periodical which he started publishing in 1796, and which lasted only two months.
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'''Cooke, Josiah Parsons (1827-94)'''. *The New Chemistry, 1872; 2nd ed., London, 1874. See Vol. IX, p. 240, for biogr. sketch.
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'''Cossa, Pietro (1830-80)'''. Italian dramatist, b. at Rome. Fought for Roman republic in 1849 and later emigrated to South America. He soon returned to Italy, however, and lived precariously as a literary man until 1870, when he gained unexpected success for his acted tragedy Nerone. He produced several other tragedies on classical subjects.
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'''Crawford, Francis Marion'''. American author, b. at Bagni di Lucca, Italy, Aug. 2, 1854; d. at Sorrento, April 9, 1909. Son of the American sculptor, Thomas Crawford. Educated at St. Paul’s school, Concord, N. H., Trinity College, Cambridge, Heidelberg and Rome. Went to India, 1879, where he studied Sanskrit and edited the Allâhâbâd Indian Herald. Returning to America, continued his studies at Harvard and in 1882 produced his first novel, Mr. Isaacs, a brilliant sketch of Anglo-Indian life mingled with Oriental mystery, and which had an immediate success. After further travels, he made in 1883 his permanent home in Italy, where he wrote a large number of novels and historical works with imaginative vividness and accuracy.
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'''Csoma de Koros, Alexander (Sandor) (1784-1842)'''. See Vol. V, p. 372, for biographical data.
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'''Daji Raja Chandra Singhjee, Thakur Sahib of Wadhwan (?-1885)'''. His Highness was a Prince of the Jhala tribe of Rajputs; he had been educated at the Rajkumar College of Rajkote, where he availed himself of a liberal and varied education. He believed that the ultimate object of good government is the well-being of the people, and he spared neither pains nor money to carry out this most noble precept. He is said to have possessed all the salient traits which mark the character of a wise and just administrator. During his brief reign, he was instrumental in introducing gas into his capital, the city of Wadhwan, in encouraging the building of new suburbs, in providing an abundant supply of good water for the city, in establishing careful administration of the State revenues, and in pursuing the highest form of justice. His liberality to public institutions, and especially to the Talukdari Girasia School, knew no bounds.
Daji Raja was a close friend of both H.P.B. and Col. Olcott, and was the President of the Daji Raja Theosophical Society at Wadhwan. He was a man of exquisite taste and possessed a thorough knowledge of architecture; when in Europe on a trip, he purchased furniture for a palace he was then building. He married the daughter of Raja Gajapati Row, late Member of Council. He attended the anniversary meetings of the T.S. at Bombay, and visited the then newly founded Headquarters at Adyar. He died of tuberculosis. (Cf. The Theoso- phist, Vol. VI, Supplement to June, 1885, p.. 224.)
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'''Darmesteter, James (1849-94)'''. See Avesta.
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'''Davy, Sir Humphry'''. English chemist, b. at Penzance, Cornwall, Dec. 17, 1778; d. at Geneva, May 29, 1829. A gifted student from early youth, he turned to chemistry in 1797, and became associated with the Medical Pneumatic Institution of Bristol investigating the medicinal properties of gases. Engaged, 1801, as lecturer in chemistry at the recently established Royal Institution in London, where his chief interest soon became electro-chemistry. He discovered potassium, sodium, chlorine and boron, and delivered a number of important lectures on his research. On his return from Italy, where he went with his wife and the young Michael Faraday as “assistant,” he became in 1820 President of the Royal Society. He contributed a great deal to the development of Agricultural Chemistry, and devised a miner’s safety lamp. Apart from his scientific pursuits, he was a poet of considerable accomplishment. His Elements of Chemical Philosophy was published in 1812.
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'''Dax, Marc''', French physician, b. at Sommieres in 1771, where he practiced and died June 3, 1837.
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'''Dee, John'''. English mathematician and astrologer, b. in London, July 13, 1527; d. at Mortlake, September, 1608. He was educated in St. John’s College, Cambridge, receiving his B.A., 1545, and his M.A., 154-8. He studied for two years at Louvain and Rheims, 154850, then went to Paris where he lectured on mathematics. Returning to England, 1551, he received a pension from Edward VI, which he later exchanged for a living at Upton-upon-Severn. Since his Cambridge days he had been suspected of practicing magic, and shortly after the accession of Mary I, he was imprisoned on a charge of using enchantment against her life, but was released, 1555. Dee enjoyed the favor of Elizabeth I, and was consulted by her as to a propitious day for her coronation. He gave the Queen lessons in the mystical interpretation of his writings, and was sent abroad in 1578 to consult with German physicians and astrologers on the nature of her illness. An advocate of the Gregorian calendar, Dee made in 1583 preparatory calculations for its possible adoption in England. Dee did much for the development of mathematical studies in England, as may be seen from “John Dee his Mathematical Praeface” to Billingsley’s version of The Elements of Geometric of the most Ancient Philosopher Euclide of Megara (1570), in which the fifteen books are translated for the first time in English, and of which we are lucky enough to possess a copy. Other works by Dee are: Propaedeumata aphoristica (1558), Monas hieroglyphica (Antwerp, 1564), and a large number of mathematical essays fully listed in his Compendious Rehearsal (1592).
It was in 1581 that began his unfortunate collaboration with a man called Edward Kelly, who professed to have discovered the philosopher’s stone and to be able to communicate with “spirits.” These communications were received by “skrying” in a certain crystal, and there is little doubt that Kelly himself was a very unusual psychic; but the source of the ideas and suggestions which he obtained from various “spirits” was anything but elevating and at times quite depraved. Dee was fascinated by Kelly’s powers and fell victim to his psychic delusions, imagining himself to have been selected above all others to receive wonderful communications from “spirits.”
Dee and Kelly spent the years 1583-89 in Poland and Bohemia, under the patronage of Albert Laski, palatine of Siradez, engaged in crystal gazing and magic. Dee returned to England in 1589, and was helped over his financial difficulties by the Queen and his friends. In 1595 he became warden of Manchester College, serving until 1604, when he went back to Mortlake and died there in great poverty.
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The life of John Dee is very instructive to students of the Ancient Wisdom, as it depicts the fall of a man of great ability, restless energy, and laborious application, through over-credulity in the psychic visions of a “sensitive” which had exercised on Dee a hypnotic effect, a dangerous type of glamor. Thomas Smith, a “Doctor of Sacred Theology and Presbyter of the Anglican Church,” published in Latin a life of Dee in his Vitae illustrium virorum (1707). This has been translated as The Life of John Dee (London: Theosophical Publishing Society, 1908) by the Reverend Wm. Alex. Ayton, an old and respected friend of H.P.B., and deserves careful perusal.
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'''Denton, William (1823-83) and Elizabeth M'''. Foote Denton. *The Soul of Things, or, Psychometric Researches and Discoveries, 3rd rev. ed., Boston: Walker, Wise & Co., 1866. The first ed. of this work was entitled Nature’s Secrets, or Psychometry, and was published in 1863.
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'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Desâtîr'''. Persian text and Eng. tr. by Mulla Bin Kaus, published by Courier Press, Bombay 1818; republ. by the Educational Society’s Press, 1888, and Wizard’s Bookshelf, 1975.
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'''Desideri, Ippolito'''. Italian Jesuit missionary, b. at Pistoia, 1684; d. at Rome, 1733. Went to India, 1712, staying in Surat for a number of years, learning Oriental languages. Then went to Delhi, Lahore and Kashmir. Continued his journey to Bhutan, 1715, in company with Père Freyre; they were at first received well, but later accused of spying and had to leave. Desideri made his way to Lhasa, 1716: being very zealous, he made enemies among the Capuchin missionaries who forced his withdrawal, 1727. He went to Rome to justify himself, but Pope Benedict XIII refused to permit him to return to Tibet. Desideri translated the Kanjur into Latin. His Letters may be found in Lettres édifiantes and in the Bibliotheca Pistoriensis.
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'''Dickinson or Dickenson, Edmund'''. English physician and alchemist, b. in Berkshire, Sept. 26, 1624; d. April 3, 1707. Educated at Eton and Merton College, Oxford; became an M.D., 1656. At about this time, he met Theodore Mundanus, a French alchemist, who prompted him to devote himself to the study of chemistry. He practiced medicine for some years in Oxford, settling in London in 1684. As a result of successful treatments he was recommended to King Charles II who appointed him as his physician; the King also built for him a laboratory under the royal bedchamber, {{Page aside|644}}with communication by means of a private staircase. It is said that many curious experiments were made there for the edification of the King and the Duke of Buckingham. Dickinson held his office until the abdication of James II, 1688. The remaining years of his life he spent in study and writing. He was buried in the church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields. Among his works should be mentioned: *Epistola ad T. Mundanum de Quintessentia Philosophorum, Oxford, 1686 and 1705.—Physica vetus et vera, London, 1702, 4to, a work on which he spent the last years of his life and which expounds an entire system of philosophy. (Cf. Blomber’s Dickinson s Life and Writings, 1737; 2nd ed., 1739.)
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'''Diodorus Siculus'''. See Vol. V, p. 373, for data.
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