Zirkoff B. - Appendix (BCW vol.3)

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Appendix

by Boris de Zirkoff

H. P. Blavatsky Collected Writtings, vol. 3, page(s) 494-539

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494

NOTE ON THE TRANSLITERATION OF SANSKRIT

The system of diacritical marks used in the Bibliographies and the Index (with square brackets), as well as in the English translations of original French and Russian texts, does not strictly follow any one specific scholar, to the exclusion of all others. While adhering to a very large extent to Sir Monier-Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary, as for instance in the case of the Anusvâra, the transliteration adopted includes forms introduced by other Sanskrit scholars as well, being therefore of a selective nature.

It should also be noted that the diacritical mark for a long “a” was in the early days a circumflex, and therefore all of H.P.B.’s writings embody this sound in the form of “â.” No change has been made from this earlier notation to its more modern form of the “macron,” or line over the “a.” Such a change would have necessitated too many alterations, and almost certainly would have produced confusion; therefore the older usage has been adhered to throughout.

495

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

(WITH SELECTED BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES)

The material contained in the following pages is of necessity a selective one, and is intended to serve three purposes: (a) to give condensed information, not otherwise readily available, about the life and writings of some individuals mentioned by H. P. B. in the text, and who are practically unknown to the present-day student; (h) to give similar data about a few well-known scholars who are discussed at length by H. P. B., and whose writings she constantly quotes; and (c) to give full information regarding all works and periodicals quoted or referred to in the main text and in the Compiler's Notes, with or without biographical data of their authors. All such works are marked with an asterisk (*).

Abu’l-Faraj (or Bar-Hebraeus). A mapharian or catholicus of the Jacobite (Monophysite) Church who lived between 1226 and 1286, and wrote in Syriac and Arabic numerous treatises on theology, philosophy, science and history. He was the son of a physician of Jewish descent and was born at Malatiah on the upper Euphrates. He became in 1246 Jacobite bishop of Gubas, and in 1253 bishop of Aleppo. In 1264 he was promoted by the patriarch Ignatius III to be maphrian, the next rank below that of patriarch. His great historical work is the Syriac Chronicle, the first part of which is a history of secular events. Bar-Hebraeus made a compendium of it in Arabic under the title of al-Mukhtasar fi'd-Duwal (*Compendius History of the Dynasties). The second and third parts of his great work deal with the history of the Church.

Agrippa of Netesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (14867-1535). *De occulta philosophic. libri tres, Beringo Fratres, Lugduni, 1533.—Three Books of Occult Philosophy. Transl. by J. F., London, 1650.

*All the Year Round. Journal conducted by Charles Dickens, and published in London by Chapman Hall from 1859 to 1895.

Alphonso X, el Sabio (the “Learned” or “Wise”). King of Castile and Leon (1252-1284). A ruler of splendid intentions, whose ideas were ahead of his times, he met a great deal of opposition to his 496proposed reforms and died defeated and deserted at Seville. His fame rests largely on his scholarship, and he may be justly considered the father of Castillian prose. Under his patronage and his editorship, a number of vast works were undertaken, including the great legal code, Las Siete Partidas, which is a mine of curious information on Spanish life and customs of the time (ed. by Royal Acad, of Hist., Madrid, 1807). He was the founder of Spanish historiography in the vulgar tongue, and was responsible for one of the greatest collections of medieval poetry and music. His chief interest was in astronomy and astrology, and he is responsible for the erection of the so-called *Alphonsine Tables of planetary positions, produced at Toledo in 1252 in collaboration with a large number of astronomers. These were issued at the time as Tabulae astronomicae Alfonsi regis. Edited by J. Santritter. Joh. Hamman de Landoia dictus Hertzog. Venetiis, 1492, 4to; also Ven., 1521, 4to.

*An Universal History, from the Earliest Account of Time. Compiled from original authors. London, 1747-54. Contains 21 volumes. Another ed., 1736-65.

*Avesta (or Zend-Avesta). The Zend-Avesta. Transl. by James Dar- mesteter. Part I. The Vendidad. Part II. The Sirozahs, Yashts, and Nyayis. Part III (Transl. by L. H. Mills). The Yasna, Visparad, etc. Sacred Books of the East, Oxford.

Baryatinsky, Prince Vladimir. *Le Mystere d'Alexandre I. Paris, 1925; 2nd ed., 1929. Russian text publ. in St. Petersburg, 1912 and 1913.

Beal, Rev. Samuel (1825-1889). *A Catena of Buddhist Scriptures from the Chinese. London: Trubner & Co., 1871.

Beke, Charles Tilstone. English explorer of Abyssinia, b. at Stepney, Middlesex, Oct. 10, 1800; d. July 31, 1874. Educated at a private school in Hackney; entered upon a business career, 1820. After some travels and commercial pursuit, he entered Lincoln's Inn where he studied law. From early youth seriously interested in Biblical and archaeological research, his first work of importance, *Origines Biblicae; or, Researches in primeval History, being publ. by Allen & Co., London, in 1834 (xv, 336 pp.). His object was to establish the theory of the fundamental tripartite division of the languages of mankind, a literary effort for which the Univ, of Tübingen conferred on him the degree of doctor of philosophy. In 1840, Beke made his first journey into Abyssinia, to establish 497commercial relations and discover the sources of the Nile. From that time on, his life was devoted both to an intense study and exploration of African and Middle East countries, and to establishing commercial relations with Central Africa. Together with his wife, Beke travelled through Syria and Palestine, 1861-62, where he was particularly interested in establishing the true location of Mount Sinai. His conclusions were publ. posthumously by his widow. In addition to a great many scientific papers and essays, he also wrote *The Idol in Horeb. Evidence that the golden image at Mount Sinai was a Cone, and not a Calf (London: Tinsley Bros., 1871, vi, 155 pp.).

Berzelius, Jons Jakob. Swedish chemist, b. at Vàfversunda Sorgard, near Linkoping, Aug. 20 or 29, 1779; d. Aug. 7, 1848. Graduated as M.D. from Uppsala, 1802, and became assistant professor of botany and pharmacy at Stockholm. Full Professor, 1807. Taught chemistry in Carolinska medico-chirurgical Institute, 1815-32. Sec’y of Stockholm Academy of Science, 1818. Granted title of baron by Charles XIV, 1835. Berzelius’ early years were devoted to physiological chemistry. Later, to study of atomic theory and the composition of chemical compounds, especially in regard to oxygen. He developed his electro-chemical concepts in his Theory of Chemical Proportions and the Chemical Action of Electricity (1814), and was the chief founder of the “radicle” theory. He also extended Lavoisier’s effort to establish a convenient system of chemical nomenclature. Other works: Lehrbuch der Chemie, 1803-18; 5th ed., 1843-48.—Over 250 Memoirs in the Transactions of the Stockholm Academy.

Bibesco, Princess Martha (1887-?). *Katia. Transi, by Priscilla Bibesco. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1939, xix, 256 pp.

Boehme, Jakob (also Bohme and Behmen) (1575-1624). *Aurora, oder die Morgenrote im Aufgang, 1612.—The Aurora. Transi, by John Sparrow. Ed. by C. J. Barker and D. S. Hehner. London: John M. Watkins, 1914.

Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (480-524). Philosopher and statesman, described as last of the Romans and first of the scholastics, a man of profound learning. Greatly influenced by NeoPlatonism and Stoicism, he also introduced Aristotle to the West, translating into Latin several of his works. Raised by Senator Q. Aur. Memmius Symmachus, he was made Consul by Theodoric, 498510. He was later accused of treason in attempting to restore Rome to liberty and the Senate to integrity. Notwithstanding his innocence, he was imprisoned at Ticinum (Pavia). It is there that he wrote his famous De Consolatione PhUosophiae (996), highly valued in medieval times. He was condemned to death in 524. In addition to the work above mentioned (best ed. being that of R. Peiper, Leipzig, 1871, which also includes his five theological tractates), Boethius wrote Commentaries on Aristotle and Porphyry.

*Book of Numbers or Chaldean Book of Numbers. Occult Treatise unavailable at the present time.

*Book of Sin-King, or The Heart Sutra; also Prajnaparamita Hridaya Sutra. One of the smallest and, with the Diamond Sutra, the most popular of the many Scriptures contained in the vast Prajnaparamita literature. Known in Japan as Shingyo. See D. Suzuki, Manual of Zen Buddhism (with Chinese text), 1935; and Dr. Edward Conze, Buddhist Wisdom Books (with Commentary), 1958.

*Book of the Dead. See Appendix to Volume X of the present Series, pp. 413-14, for comprehensive bibliographical data.

Britten, Mrs. Emma Hardinge (?-1899). *Modern American Spiritualism: a twenty years’ record of the communion between Earth and the World of Spirits, etc.; 3rd ed., New York, 1870. 8vo. See Appendix to Vol. I of the present Series, pp. 466-67, for biographical sketch.

Buck, Dr. Jirah Dewey. American physician and writer, b. at Fredonia, N. Y., November 20, 1838; d. in 1916 or 1917. Educated at Belvidere, III.; graduated at Cleveland Homeopathic College, 1864; married, 1865, Melissa M. Clough. Prof, of physiology at Cleveland Homeop. Coll., 1866-71. Settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, in active practice of medicine. Became, 1880, Dean of Pulte Medical College in Cincinnati; and in 1890 President of the American Institute of Homeopathy. Dr. Buck was a 33° Mason and a lifelong student of occultism. He joined the Theosophical Society in the very early years of its existence. It is stated in The Path (Vol. VII, Jan. 1893, pp. 319-20) that at one time “as H.P.B. was just about to go on the steamer en route to India, she wrote him a friendly letter, using the top of a barrel for table, and telling him of her intended departure, and Dr. Buck then thought he would never see her. Later, in the year of her death, he sailed for London with Mrs. Buck and Annie Besant to make H. P. B.’s personal 499acquaintance. But while they were on the ocean H. P. B.’s body was deserted by its soul, and the travellers saw nothing on arrival but her empty room.”

Dr. Buck was the center around whom the Cincinnati Branch of the T. S. coalesced; he worked indefatigably in the cause of Theosophy and served for a number of years on the Executive Committee of the American Section. He was a valued contributor to the pages of The Path, The Theosophist, and Lucifer magazines. In outer appearance, he was a man over six feet tall, of light complexion and hair. His mind was analytical and used to concentrated work. Among his many books, the following should be mentioned:

The Nature and Aim of Theosophy, 1887.—A Study of Man and the Way to Health, 1888.—Mystic Masonry, 1896.—The Genius of Freemasonry, 1908.—Constructive Psychology, 1909.—The Lost Word Found, 1909.—The Soul and Sex in Education, 1909.—Modern World Movements, 1913.

Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias, Freiherr von (1791-1860). *Egypt's Place in Universal History. Engl, transl. by C. H. Cottrell. London, 1848-67, Five Vols. German orig. entitled: Aegyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte. Hamburg: Gotha, 1845-57. 8vo.

Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1821-1890). British consul, explorer and Orientalist, prolific writer, celebrated translator of the so- called “Arabian Nights” (The Thousand Nights and a Night, 16 vols. privately printed, 1885-88). Married to Isabel Arundell who wrote a Life of her husband (1893). It would appear from H. P. B.’s Diaries (entry of Oct. 12, 1878) that Capt. Burton became a Fellow of the T. S. in Great Britain.

Butlerov, Alexander Mihaylovich (1828-1886). *“Empiricism and Dogmatism in the Domain of Mediumship,” in Russkiy Vestnik, April, 1881. See Vol. I of present Series, pp. 448-49, for biographical data.

Cahagnet, Louis-Alphonse (1805-85). French artisan of no formal education; occupied himself by making chairs. Remarkable man endowed with a great gift of developing lucidity in somnambulic subjects, and a close student of animal magnetism. Greatly interested in mystical thought and the latent powers of man, long before the inception of the Theosophical Movement. Never claimed to be anything more than a mere student. Considering his general background, and his poor circumstances, his literary output was 500prodigious. He was the author of the foDowing works: Guide du magnétiseur, ou procédés magnétiques, etc., Paris, 1849, pp. 63.— Magnétisme. Arcanes de la vie future dévoilée, etc., Paris: Germer- Baillière, 1848-54, 3 vols.; 3rd ed., 1896.—Sanctuaire du spiritualisme, etc., Paris, 1850, pp. 382.— Lumière des morts, Paris, 1851, pp. 322.—Du Traitement des maladies, etc., Paris: G. Baillière, 1851, pp. 212.—Magie magnétique, etc., Paris: Germer-Baillière, 1854, pp. 528; 2nd ed., 1858; 3rd ed., 1895.—*Révélations d9outretombe, etc., Paris, 1856, pp. 383.—Études sur U homme, Argenteuil, 1858, pp. 80.—Méditations d’un penseur, etc., Paris, 1860, 2 vols.— Encyclopédie magnétique spiritualiste, etc., Paris, 1854-62, 7 vols.—Thérapeutique du magnétisme, etc., Paris, 1883, pp. 439.—A number of smaller tracts. In all of the works mentioned above, Cahagnet treats at great length on magnetic conditions of the human body, methods of magnetizing it, results obtained with sen· sitives and somnambules, and also on medicinal herbs and their relation to various diseases. It is obvious from these facts that Cahagnet drew most likely upon a source of inner knowledge he was able to tap.

One of the works mentioned by H. P. B., namely, *The Celestial Telegraphy with the sub-title of “The Secrets of the Life to Come revealed through Magnetism,” exists in Engl, transi. (London, George Peirce, 1850).

Further data concerning this very remarkable student may be had by consulting the work entitled: La Vie et les oeuvres philosophiques d’Alphonse Cahagnet, produced by his disciples and friends, the “Étudiants Swedenborgiens libres,” Paris, 1898, pp. 59, 8vo.

Calmeil, Juste-Louis (1798-1895). *De la Folle considérée sous le point de vue philosophique, etc. Paris, 1845. See Vol. I, p. 363, for further data.

Carpenter, Mary (1807-1877). *The Last Days in England of the Rajah Rammohum Roy. Ed. by M. C., 1866; 2nd ed., 1915, 8vo.

Censorinus (3rd century A.D.). See Vol. VII, p. 364, for data.

*Ceremonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde, représentées par des figures dessinées de la main de Bernard Picart, etc. No author, but ed. by J.-Fr. Bernard and others. Many contributors. Amsterdam: J-Fr. Bernard, 1723-43, 11 vols, fol.; new ed., Paris: Prudhomme, 1807-09, 12 vols. fol.

Chaney, W. H. American astrologer, b. near Augusta, Maine, Jan. 13, 1821. He was a Government surveyor, district attorney in 501Iowa and Maine, and a newspaper editor. Being very proficient in mathematics, he specialized in Primary Directions and worked out Ephemerides for a number of years prior to his time. He wrote a Primer of Astrology, now a collector’s item, largely forgotten by present-day students.

Clement Alexandrinus, *Stromateis. See Vol. VIII, p. 423.

*Codex Nazaraeus “Liber Adami” appelatus Syriace transcriptus. Transi, into Latin by M. Norberg. London, 1815, 16, 4to; 3 vols. Text transcribed into Syrian characters, and the Mandaean dialect of the original is mostly transcribed into High Syrian. Very scarce.

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772-1834). *Kubla Khan, 1816.

*Commentary of the Sephiroth. Not definitely identified.

Confucius (550-478 B.C.). *Praise of the Abyss. This refers to the ancient Chinese ideographic Scripture, the Yi Ching. There is a Commentary to it called The Ten Wings (Shih Yi) and reputed to be by Confucius. In Chapter III of this Commentary, § 11, there is a poem on the “Abyss,” which refers to the 29th Sign of the Yi Ching. Consult the German transi, of the latter by Richard Wilhelm or the Engl. tr. by Legge in the Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XVI.

Coquerel, Athanase Josue. French Protestant divine, b. at Amsterdam, June 16, 1820; d. at Fismes (Marne), July 24, 1875. Studied theology at Geneva and Strasburg. Succeeded uncle as editor of Le Lien until 1870. Helped, 1852, to establish the Nouvelle Revue de théologie, the first of its kind in France. Gained high reputation as preacher and advocate of religious freedom, offending thereby the orthodox party. Upon publishing an article on Renan’s Vie de Jésus, 1864, he was forbidden by the Paris Consistory to continue in ministry. Supported by the Union Protestante Libérale, he continued preaching. Chief works: Précis de F église réformée, 1862.—Le Catholicisme et le Protestantisme, etc., 1864.—Libres études, 1867.—La Conscience et la foi, 1867.

Crookes, Sir William (1832-1919). *Researches in the Phenomena of Spiritualism. Repr. from the Quarterly Journal of Science. London: J. Burns, 1874; also Rochester, N. Y.: The Austin Publishing Co., 1904.

Csoma de Koros, Alexander (Sandor) (1784-1842). See Appendix to VoL I, p. 372, for biographical data.

502 Dayananda Sarasvati (1825-1888). *Rig-Vedadi-Bhdshya-Bhumika. Introduction to the Commentary on the Vedas. Transl. by Ghasi Ram. Meerut, 1925; pp. xii, 507.

Denton, William (1823-1883) and Elizabeth M. Foote Denton. *The Soul of Things, or, Psychometric Researches and Discoveries. 3rd rev. ed., Boston: Walker, Wise & Co., 1866, pp. viii, 370.

*Desatir. Attributed to Muhsin-Fani. The Desatir or Sacred Writings of the Ancient Persian Prophets. With English transl. and Comm., Bombay, 1818, 2 vols.; also transl. by Mulla Firuz Ben Kaus. Rpr. of 1888 ed. by Wizards Bookshelf, San Diego, 1975.

Dialectical Society. *Report on Spiritualism, of the Committee of the London Dialectical Society, together with the evidence . . . and a collection from the correspondence. London, 1871, pp. xi, 412.

Dixon, Jacob. *Hygienic Clairvoyance. London, 1859; 2nd ed., 1863.

Draper, John William. American scientist and author, b. at St. Helens, May 5, 1811; d. at Hastings, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1882. Educated at Univ, of London and Univ, of Pennsylvania where he attended the Medical School, 1835-36. Elected to medical professorship in New York Univ, where he also taught chemistry for many years. Greatly interested in photo-chemistry, he improved Daguerre’s process and was among the first to take portraits by light. Draper was responsible in great measure for the prominence of New York city as a center of medical education. Chief works: Treatise on Chemistry (1846).—History of the Intellectual Development of Europe (1863).—*History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (1874), a work greatly valued by H.P.B.

Drummond, Sir William. English scholar and diplomatist, b. about 1770; d. at Rome, March 29, 1828. It is thought that he is the same individual as the William, son of John Drummond of Perth, who matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, Jan. 24, 1788. After serving in Parliament, he was sent, 1801, as envoy extraordinary to the court of Naples, and as ambassador to the Ottoman Porte. His diplomatic career ended in 1809, and he devoted the later part of his life to scholarly research. His two main works are: Origines, or Remarks on the Origin of several Empires, etc., 18241829, 4 vols.—*Oedipus Judaicus, printed for private circulation, London, 1811, 8vo. This work is an attempt to prove that many parts of the Old Testament are allegories, chiefly derived from astronomy—a trend of ideas well ahead of his day.

503 Dryden, John (1631-1700). *Fables, Ancient and Modern: The Cock and the Fox, 1700.

Du Barry, Marie Jeanne Becu, Comtesse. French adventuress, mistress of Louis XV, b. at Vaucouleurs, Aug. 19, 1746; guillotined, Dec. 7, 1793. She was the illegitimate daughter of a tax collector; lived as a courtesan in Paris under the name of Mdlle. Lange; Jean, comte du Barry, took her into his house to make it more attractive to the dupes whose money he won by gambling. After a nominal marriage with Guillaume du Barry, acquired a great influence on Louis XV who built for her the mansion of Luciennes. At his death, she was banished for a period. In 1792 she went to England to raise money on her jewels, and upon her return was accused by the Revolutionary Tribunal of having conspired against the Republic and condemned to death.

Sources: C. Vatel, Histoire de Madame du Barry, 1882-83; R. Douglas, The Life and Times of Madame du Barry, 1896.

Du Bois-Reymond, Emil (1818-1896). See Vol. VIII, pp. 435-36, for biographical data.

Dupotet de Sennevoy, Baron Jules (1796-1881). See Vol. VII, p. 368, for biographical data.

Eglinton, William. Famous English medium bom on the 10th day of July, 1857, in Islington, North London, England. He was therefore exactly the same age as Damodar. The family on his father’s side was Scottish, and its descent can be traced from the Montgomeries of Ayr. His mother’s maiden name was Wyse, her father having been a prominent merchant from London.

William’s education was quite sketchy, however, as his father evidently had decided to have him pursue a business career. From school he passed into a well-known publishing house of a relative, where he did not stay long, as his psychic gifts were soon to be discovered.

As a boy, he was extremely imaginative, as well as dreamy and sensitive, but, unlike so many other great mediums, he showed no indications of the outstanding power which afterwards became the hallmark of the young man.

His father in early life had renounced Christianity, becoming an Agnostic. His mother, on the other hand, was distinguished by a sweet, gentle piety, and “between the two” he writes, “I was puzzled both ways, and was practically left to solve the problems of life and religious teaching for myself, the result being the 504acceptance of materialistic notions, and the doctrine of total annihilation.”

His mother died in 1873. Writing of this event, he says: “The loss to me was irreparable; for she was my only friend and counsellor. She left a void which has never been filled.”

The year after his mother’s passing, William entered the family “circle” by means of which his father was investigating the phenomena of Spiritualism. Up to that time the circle had obtained no results, but when the boy joined it the table rose steadily from the floor, until the sitters had to stand to keep their hands on it. Questions were answered to the satisfaction of those present. The following evening another sitting was held, during which the young lad passed into a trance for the first time. Communications were received which allegedly came from his dead mother. His mediumship now began to develop very rapidly and he reluctantly decided to become a professional medium. Finally, he had to adopt this course in 1875.

Eglinton soon became one of the most respected mediums of the day and apparently never resorted to trickery to produce phenomenal occurrences, which so many mediums found it expedient to do.

Early in 1881 Eglinton sailed for Calcutta, where he had some friends among whom was a wealthy merchant, J. G. Meugens, who received him as his guest. Eglinton soon became the center of the Spiritualists in that city, and a magazine called Psychic Notes was published for a short time, describing his séances and other psychic manifestations. After a few months, Meugens returned to England. Eglinton then moved to Howrah where Col. and Mrs. Gordon were Theosophists. Eglington was placed in an ideal position to learn about Theosophy and the phenomena associated with H. P. B. However, he did not meet either of the Founders while in India, and it was not until 1884 that all three met in London.

While in India, Eglinton had an opportunity to become a secretary at Simla. He had for some time desired to live apart from Spiritualism as a profession, and soon after his return to England became a partner in the Ross publishing firm. His partner, however, was a man of an erratic temperament and the firm was dissolved in August, 1883.

He turned once again to mediumship for a living, and began a career which spread his fame throughout the world. He gave séances at the home of Mr. Sam Ward, the uncle of the well-known writer of occult novels, F. Marion Crawford, whose book, Mr. Isaacs, dealt with the subject of the existence of the Mahâtmans. It was at 505Mr. Ward’s home that he met A. P. Sinnett for the first time.

Many prominent members of the Society for Psychical Research attended his séances, among whom were E. Dawson Rogers, the Hon. Percy Wyndham, C. C. Massey, who had been one of the seventeen Founders of the Theosophical Society, and the famous homeopath Dr. George Wyld, who figured in the early history of the T.S.

Eglinton died the 10th of March, 1933, at Heatherbank, Chislehurst, Kent. He was then Editor of the magazine The New Age, and a director of a firm of British exporters.

Consult Sven Eek, Dâmodar and the Pioneers of the Theosophical Movement, pp. 185-191, for interesting data concerning one of the early and best authenticated psychic phenomena, the so-called “Vega Phenomenon.” Further information concerning Eglinton may be had by consulting John S. Farmer’s work, Twixt Two Worlds.

Elias Levita. Jewish grammarian, b. 1469 at Neustadt, Bavaria; d. in 1549. Called himself “Ashkenazi,” the German, and bore also the nickname of “Bachur,” the youth or student, which he later gave as a title to his Hebrew grammar. Lived in Padua, Venice and Rome, where he found a patron in the learned general of the Augustinian Order, the future Cardinal Egidio di Viterbo, whom he helped in the study of the Kabbalah. War obliged him to fleetoVenice where he became, 1527, corrector in the printing house of Daniel Bomberg. After some years in Germany, he went back to Venice where he spent the last years of his life. Levita furthered the study of Hebrew in Christian circles, and wrote a large number of scholarly works on the Hebrew grammar. Scientifically important are his works on the Massora; his Concordance to the Massora (1536), and his Massoreth Hamas ore th (1538; Engl, tr., London, 1867).

Escayrac de Lauture, Count Stanislas d’. French traveller and anthropologist, b. March 19, 1826; d. at Fontainebleau, Dec. 20, 1868. Travelled widely in Africa and Syria, recording his experiences in several works, among them: Le Désert et le Soudan, Paris, 1853, and Voyage dans le grand désert et au Soudan, Paris, 1858. Made a journey to China, 1860, on a scientific mission for the French Government, where he experienced great misfortunes and hardships which shortened his life. He relates them in his Mémoires sur la Chine (in Magazin pittoresque, 1865).

Faber, George Stanley (1773-1854). *A Dissertation on the Mysteries of the Cabiri, Oxford, 1803. 2 vols. 8vo.

506 Fadeyev, Rostislav Andreyevich de. Russian General, military writer and reformer of considerable renown, b. at Ekaterinoslav, March 28/April 9, 1824; d. at Odessa, December 29, 1883 old style (January 10, 1884 new style). Highly talented from early childhood, he was especially interested in history and the life of well-known military men. As a boy of ten knew by heart long poems of Russian and foreign poets. After some years of private tutoring, entered in 1838 the College of Artillery at St. Petersburg, where his impulsive temperament ruined his studies and he was sent, 1839, to a battery at Tiraspol· and later at Saratov. In 1842, he took an exam in St. Petersburg to become an officer and returned to Saratov where he soon resigned his commission. For a number of years he devoted his time to the study of various sciences, acquiring a vast background of knowledge. In the period of 1850-59, having become active again in his military career, Fadeyev took part in the current conquest of the Caucasus and the war with the Turks, and distinguished himself on several occasions. The Viceroy of the Caucasus, Prince A. I. Baryatinsky, appointed him as one of his aids, and he was made a Colonel in 1860. The next year he published his first work, Sixty Years of the Caucasian JVar, which proved to be a classic source of information on the Caucasus in general and its many ethnic groups. In 1864, Fadeyev was made a Major-General. His next literary effort was Letters from the Caucasus published in 1865. The same year he went on a trip abroad, and upon his return was invited by the Secretary of War, D. A. Milyutin, to become attached to the Ministry of War, an invitation which Fadeyev declined. He began writing his third work, The Armed Forces of Russia, which was at first printed in the Russkiy Vestnik, and published separately in 1868. This work was of such an outstanding character that it was translated into several foreign languages. A number of well-known military leaders in Russia supported his views and suggested reforms, while others became his enemies. This situation forced Fadeyev to retire into private life and put an end to his military career.

In 1869, Fadeyev published in the newspaper Birzheviya Vedomosti an essay of far-reaching importance entitled “Ideas on the Eastern Problem.” This essay placed the writer in the forefront of Pan-Slavism, and his series of articles entitled “What are We to Be?” published in 1872 in the Russkiy Mir, established his reputation as the protagonist of widespread social reforms in Russia.

In 1870, Fadeyev was invited by the Egyptian Government to come and reorganize the Egyptian army. He accepted and went there in January, 1875. It would appear that he had secretly hoped to 507arouse the Khedive to a war against Turkey, to coincide with a general rebellion of the Slavs. He was offered the Command of the Egyptian Armed Forces, but refused the position if he had to wear an Egyptian uniform. His entire stay in Egypt was a very friendly one. During the ensuing Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, Fadeyev stayed in Montenegro, taking part in military actions.

In the Summer of both 1878 and 1879, Fadeyev had two separate interviews with Emperor Alexander II at Yalta, and outlined to him various needed reforms; with the Emperor’s approval, the text of these was published at Leipzig in 1881 under the title of Letters on the Current, State of Russia. The views which he expressed in these Letters were shared by many, among them by the Russian Prime-Minister, Count Μ. T. Loris-Melikov, who insisted that Fadeyev be attached to the General Staff and the Ministry of the Interior. However, in 1882, Fadeyev was notified that he would be retired into the Reserve by June, 1884. He was undoubtedly the victim of various underhand machinations, professional jealousies and secret enmities. This turn of affairs aggravated in Fadeyev a condition of long-time illness and he died soon after, and was buried with considerable pomp in the Odessa Cemetery.

(Chief Source: article of his sister, Madame Nadyezhda Andreyevna de Fadeyev, H.P.B.’s favorite aunt, entitled “Reminiscences about R. de Fadeyev,” published as an Introductory to Volume I of Fadeyev’s Collected Works, St. Petersburg, 1889.)

Falb, Rudolf. German scientist and writer, b. at Obdach (Steiermark), April 13, 1838; d. at Berlin, Sept. 29, 1903. Founded the popular astronomical Journal Sirius. Travelled, 1877-80, in North and South America, developing his theory of the influence of Sun and Moon on the atmosphere and the interior of the earth, explained in his Wetterbriefe (1882) and Das Wetter und der Mond (2nd ed., 1892). Although his scientific theories were not supported by other scientists, they contain intuitive ideas which are close to the occult viewpoint and deserve further study by open- minded scientists. A keen observer of volcanic and earthquake activity, he wrote the following works discussed by H.P.B.: *Von den Umwälzungen im Weltall (Vienna: Ebendas, 1881, xxiv, 288 pp., ill.); *Grundzüge zu einer Theorie der Erbeben und Vul- canausbrüche, etc. (Graz, 1869-71); *Gedanken und Studien über das Vulcanismus, etc. (Graz, 1875).

(Consult: Ule, Falb’s Theorien im Lichte der Wissenschaft, 1897, and Heller, Rudolf Falb, 1903.)

508 Faridunji, Naurozjl. Educator and reformer, b. at Broach, India, in 1817; educated at the Native Education Society’s school at Bombay, where he later became a teacher. Assistant Prof, of the Elphinstone Institution and leader of the “Young Bombay” party. Was chiefly instrumental in establishing the first girl’s school, native library, literary society, debating club, political association, body for improving the condition of native women, institution for religious and social reforms, law association, and the first educational periodicals. Appointed, 1836, native Secretary and Translator to Sir Alexander Burnes at Kabul, but returned to Bombay before the Afghan war broke out. Appointed, 1845, Interpreter of the High Court of Bombay. Retired, 1864, devoting the rest of his life to improving the condition of the people. He labored to obtain the passing of the Parsee Matrimonial and Succession Act. Visited England on three occasions, lectured before the East India Association, and gained the high opinion of many prominent people. He died September 22, 1885. H.P.B. refers to his *Tareekh-i-Zurtoshte, a title which has not been identified.

Fechner, Gustav Theodor. German experimental psychologist and philosopher, b. at Goss-Sarchen, Lower Lusatia, April 19, 1801; d. at Leipzig, Nov. 18, 1887. Educated at Dresden and Leipzig. Appointed, 1834, professor of physics, but, due to eye affection, turned to the study of the relations between body and mind. His epochmaking work, Elemente der Psychophy sik (1860), is an attempt to discover an exact methematical relation between bodily and conscious facts as different facets of the one reality, as proposed by Spinoza. Fechner conceived the world as highly animistic, including the stars; to him God was the Soul of the Universe, and natural laws the unfoldment of God’s perfection. He was the founder of modem psychological research.

It is of very great interest to occult students to realize that Master K.H. apparently knew Fechner and had conversations with him, most likely during the period when this Adept-Brother attended one or more Universities in Germany, to familiarize himself with the Occidental viewpoint. In one of his letters to A. P. Sinnett (Letter IX in the Mahatma Letters)he tells Sinnett what he then said to Fechner: “You are right; .... ‘every diamond, every crystal, every plant and star has its own individual soul, besides man and animal . . . .’ and, ‘there is a hierarchy of souls from the lowest forms of matter up to the World Soul,’ but, you are mistaken when adding to the above the assurance that ‘the spirits of the departed hold direct psychic communication with Souls that are still connected with a human body’—for, they do not.”

509 Figuier, Guillaume-Louis. French writer and scientist, b. at Monpellier, 1819; d. at Paris, 1894. Became an M.D., 1841; Prof, at Montpellier’s College of Pharmacy, 1846, and later at Paris. Opposed the ideas of Claude Bernard, but failed to prove his point. Wrote a large number of popular books on science, among them: l'Alchimie et les alchimistes (1854); Les Grandes Inventions anciennes et modernes (1861); Histoire du merveilleux dans les temps modernes (Paris, 1860), which H.P.B. approvingly quotes from in Isis Unveiled; La Terre et les mers (1863); *Le Lendemain de la mort, ou la vie future selon la science, Paris, 1871, pp. xi, 449; this work went through eleven impressions and was translated into English as The Day After Death, etc. (London, 1872).

Flammarion, Nicolas Camille. French astronomer, b. at Montigny- le-Roi (Haute Marne), Feb. 25, 1842; d. in Paris, June 4, 1925. Studied theology at Langre and Paris, but was soon attracted to astronomy. At sixteen, wrote a manuscript entitled Cosmologie universelle, which became the foundation of his later work, Le Monde avant la création de l'homme. Was computer at Paris Observatory, 1858-62, and at the Bureau des Longitudes, 1862-65. Involved in the measurement of double stars, 1867. In 1882, was presented an estate at Juvisy, where he installed and equipped a private observatory. Mapped the Moon and Mars and studied their changes of color. His many imaginative books greatly encouraged and popularized the study of astronomy among laymen. He encouraged amateur observers at Juvisy, and in 1887 founded the Société Astronomique de France. Towards the end of life, wrote on psychical research. Chief works: Histoire du del, 1867. — l'Atmosphère, 1872.—La Pluralité des mondes habités.—Études sur l'astronomie, 1867-80, 9 Vols.—Dieu dans la nature, 1875. Also edited a number of reviews and an almanac.

Flint, Robert (1838-1910). *Anti-Theistic Theories. Being the Baird Lectures for 1877. London, 1879; 2nd ed., 1880; 3rd ed., 1885.

*Gerbovnik. Book of Heraldic Coat of Arms and of Nobility, published in 1789-99 by the Department of Heraldry of the Senate of the Russian Empire.

Gladstone, W. E. (1809-1898). *Rome and the Newest Fashions in Religion. Three Tracts: The Vatican Decrees; Vaticanism; Speeches of the Pope. Collected ed. with Preface, London, 1875.

Gougenot des Mousseaux, Le Chevalier Henry-Roger (1805-1878). *Moeurs et pratiques des démons, Paris, 1854; 2nd ed., 1865.—510*Les Houts Phenomenes de la magie, etc. Paris: H. Pion, 1864. See Vol. V, pp. 374-75, for biographical and bibliogr. data.