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'''Brierre de Boismont, Alexandre-Jacques-Franqois'''. French physician, specializing in lunacy; b. at Rouen, Oct. 18, 1798; d. at Saint-Mande, Dec. 25, 1881. Entered the profession, 1825; was {{Page aside|360}}sent to Poland, 1831, for the study of cholera. His treatise on this disease won him a gold medal from the Institute. Took part in founding the Annales médico-psychologiques, and established a lunatic asylum; contributed greatly to the study of general and especially of medico-legal psychiatry. Works: Éléments de botanique (with A. Pottier), Paris, 1825.—Relation historique et médical du choléra-morbus de Pologne. Paris: Germer-Baillière, 1832. 8-vo.— Le délire aigu, 1844.—Traité d’anatomie humaine (with G. Breschet), Paris, 1833.—*Des Hallucinations-, ou histoire raisonnée des apparitions, des visions, des songes, de l’extase, du magnétisme et du somnambulisme. Paris: G. Baillière, 1845. 8-vo. viii, 615 pp.;
'''Brierre de Boismont, Alexandre-Jacques-Franqois'''. French physician, specializing in lunacy; b. at Rouen, Oct. 18, 1798; d. at Saint-Mande, Dec. 25, 1881. Entered the profession, 1825; was {{Page aside|360}}sent to Poland, 1831, for the study of cholera. His treatise on this disease won him a gold medal from the Institute. Took part in founding the Annales médico-psychologiques, and established a lunatic asylum; contributed greatly to the study of general and especially of medico-legal psychiatry. Works: Éléments de botanique (with A. Pottier), Paris, 1825.—Relation historique et médical du choléra-morbus de Pologne. Paris: Germer-Baillière, 1832. 8-vo.— Le délire aigu, 1844.—Traité d’anatomie humaine (with G. Breschet), Paris, 1833.—*Des Hallucinations-, ou histoire raisonnée des apparitions, des visions, des songes, de l’extase, du magnétisme et du somnambulisme. Paris: G. Baillière, 1845. 8-vo. viii, 615 pp.;
2nd ed., 1852; 3rd ed., 1862. Engl. tr. by R. T. Hulme. London: 1859. 1st American ed., Philad.: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1853.
2nd ed., 1852; 3rd ed., 1862. Engl. tr. by R. T. Hulme. London: 1859. 1st American ed., Philad.: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1853.
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'''Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de (1707-88)'''. *Discours sur la nature des animaux. This is the 2nd Vol. of his Histoire naturelle, orig. ed., Paris: Impr. Royale, 1749.—*Histoire du chien. Most likely a section of the above work.
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'''Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias, Freiherr von (1791-1860)'''. *Egypt’s Place in Universal History. Transi, by C. H. Cottrell. With additions by S. Birch. 5 vols. London, 1848-67. 8vo.; 2nd ed., Vol. I, 1867. 8vo.
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'''Burigny, Jean Lévesque de'''. French historian; b. at Reims, 1692; d. at Paris, Oct. 8, 1785. In 1713, began compiling with his brother dictionary of universal knowledge embodying a vast amount of material. Worked, 1718, together with St.-Hyacinthe on L’Europe savante, at The Hague. Returning to Paris, devoted his time to historical research. Modest and peace-loving, his only ambition was to be a scholar. His works show a great amount of learning; his lives of Grotius and Erasmus give data not found elsewhere.
Works: Traité de l’autorité du pape, Paris, 1782.— Théologie païenne, Paris, 1754.—Histoire des révolutions de l’empire de Constantinople, The Hague, 1750.— Vie de Bossuet, Paris, 1761.—Traité de Porphyre touchant l’abstinence de la chair, avec la vie de Plotin. Transi, from Greek, Paris, 1740.
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'''Butler (or Boteler), Samuel'''. English satirical poet, b. at Strensham, Feb. 8, 1612; d. in London, Sept. 25, 1680. Educ. at the King’s school, Worcester, after which he served as a justice’s clerk. Recommended to Elizabeth, Countess of Kent, he had access in her home to a good library and met there John Selden who employed him as secretary. He lived for a long time at the home of Sir Samuel Luke, commander under Cromwell, who appears to have been the original for the chief character in Butler’s poem {{Page aside|361}}*Hudibras, first part of which appeared in 1663, and won him great renown. A satire on the Puritans, its wit and wisdom are applicable, however, to any age and people. After the Restoration, Butler was appointed secretary to Richard Vaughan, lord president of the principality of Wales. He wrote a considerable number of other satirical poems, but in spite of his renown led a life of indigence and was buried at the expense of a friend.
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'''Butleroff, Alexander Mihaylovich ( 1828-86)'''. *Scientific Letters, published in the daily Novoye Vremya (St. Petersburg, Russia), 1883.
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'''Caillet, A. J.''' *Manuel bibliographique des sciences psychiques et occultes. Paris: Lucien Dorbon, 1912. 3 vols.
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'''Caithness'''. Marie, Countess of Caithness and Duchesse de Pomâr was a life-long friend of both H. P. Blavatsky and Col. H. S. Olcott. She was the only daughter of Don Antonio José de Mariâtegui, of Santa Catalina, Macuriges, and was born at Madrid in 1830. In 1853 she married her first husband, General the Count de Medina Pomâr who died in 1868. Her son by this marriage, Manuel Maria de Medina Pomâr y Mariâtegui, was created Duke of Pomâr by Pope Pius IX, on his coming of age in 1875, and the title was recognized and confirmed to him and his heirs by King Alfonso XII of Spain on his accession to the throne. In 1872, she married, as his second wife, Lord Barrogill, head of the Sinclair Clan, and 14th Earl of Caithness, who was born in 1821 and died at New York in 1881. He was well known for his mechanical inventions. In 1879 Pope Leo XIII extended to Lady Caithness by letters patent the title and rank of her son, and she, therefore, became Duchesse de Pomâr. After the death of her second husband, she settled in the Avenue de Wagram in Paris, and died there November 2, 1895.
She was a woman of singular administrative ability; she managed herself her large fortune, kept no housekeeper, and lived in a style becoming her rank and wealth. Her kindness was proverbial; she had a firm will yet her manners were soft and gentle. Lady Caithness called her palace in Paris Holyrood. It contained the finest hall and concert-room in Paris, where she used to gather her friends to hear scientific, literary and religious lectures, by men of great renown. She also gave magnificent balls during the season. She made great efforts to fuse the philosophical with Catholic and aristocratic society, and had a cosmopolitan salon where celebrities of all kinds met on friendly ground and in an atmosphere of culture and good will. The peculiar side of her nature was in the form in which her Spiritualistic beliefs shaped themselves. She believed herself to be the medium of Mary Stuart, and used to write for hours in a clear, plain, business-like hand, betraying neither neurosis nor excessive imagination, communications from Mary, Queen of Scots.
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To quote Col. H. S. Olcott’s own words in an Obituary Notice of Lady Caithness published in The Theosophist (Vol. XVII, December, 1895, pp. 183-85), when she had passed away at the age of 65:
“ Soon after the appearance of Isis Unveiled, H. P. B. received a most enthusiastic letter from the Countess about the book, offering her friendship, and inviting us to pay her a visit on our way out to India; rumours of which journey had reached Europe. From that time on, correspondence has been kept up between her ladyship and ourselves and our relations have continued unbroken. H. P. B.’s death did not interrupt her friendliness to myself, and I have always visited her when passing through Paris. H. P. B. and I were her guests at her Palais Tiranty, at Nice, in 1884, when she nightly gathered there many of the continental nobility to discuss Theosophy with us, and a number of them joined our Society. My last visits to her were in August and October last, when she seemed somewhat suffering but not at all in a dangerous state of health. We parted in the expectation of meeting again when I should next be called to revisit Europe on official affairs.
“ From a somewhat early age Lady Caithness was interested in occult subjects, beginning with Mesmerism and Clairvoyance and following those with Spiritualism, to which she clung to the end of her life. In her Holyrood Palace in Paris, she had a sort of chapel where were held weekly séances of what she called her Star Circle; the presiding genius of which was the supposed spirit of the lovely and unfortunate Mary, Queen of Scots. She kindly permitted me to attend one of the séances last October, and I was so pleased with an essay that one of her mediums wrote on the subject of ‘ Clairvoyance,’ which I gave her to do, that I begged it of my hostess for publication. The table rappings, alleged to come from Mary Stuart and Madame Blavatsky, did not impress me much, and I frankly told her so. Nor did I think much of the rapping Medium. But I did have real affection for herself and feel grateful for many acts of gracious courtesy, among them, repeated offers of the use of her gorgeous ball-room for Theosophical lectures and meetings whenever I should desire it. I presided there at one of Mrs. Besant’s lectures two years ago, given in French with wonderful fluency and her usual eloquence, and once—in 1884— she gave H. P. B. and myself a conversazione. I shall feel her loss as that of a personal friend, and my sincere condolences are offered to her devoted son, the Duc de Pornar, whose beautiful affection for her was charming to witness.”
Col. Olcott also points out that a report about Lady Caithness giving H. P. B. a present of 1,000 pounds sterling to spread
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[[File:Hpb_cw_07_362_1.jpg|center|x400px]]
<center>MARIE, COUNTESS OF CAITHNESS, DUCHESSE DE POMAR</center>
<center>Reproduced from Emma Hardinge Britten’s work, Nineteenth Century Miracles, facing p. 90.</center>
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{{Style P-No indent|Theosophy is false. It appears that she paid H. P. B.’s Paris apartment for three months in 1884, but no other sums were donated.}}
Lady Caithness became the first President of the Société Théosophique d’Orient et d’Occident founded at Paris June 28, 1883. On May 4th, 1884, H. P. B. and Col. Olcott were present at one of the gatherings of this group of students. In June of the same year the group was reorganized as a regular Branch of the Theosophical Society, with Lady Caithness as President, Dr. R. Thurman and Louis Dramard as Vice-Presidents and Madame Émilie de Morsier as Secretary. Several renowned personalities, such as Édouard Schuré, Madame Margherita Albana Mignaty, Princess Olga Volkonsky, and Dr. Charles Richet, were members of it for some time. This work, however, did not last very long, as various troubles ensued after a while.
Lady Caithness published a considerable number of works, both large and small. The best-known of them is The Mystery of the Ages Contained in the Secret Doctrine of All Religions (London: C. L. H. Wallace, 1887. 541 pp.), which went through at least three editions. It has been said that much of what it contains is the result of conversations and discussions with H. P. B. during her stay in Paris.
Among other works from the pen of Lady Caithness may be mentioned the following ones: Old Truths in a New Light·, or, an endeavour to reconcile material science with spiritual science and with Scripture. London, 1876. 8vo.— Serious Letters to Serious Friends, London, 1877. 8vo.—Interpretation ésotérique des livres sacrés, Paris, 1891. 227 pp.-—Le Secret du Nouveau-Testament, Paris, 1896. 559 pp.—Le Spiritisme dans la Bible, Paris, 1894. 64 pp.
In addition to these, she also wrote several Spiritualistic works, embodying various messages received through mediumistic channels, and published a number of booklets on Theosophical and allied subjects, the substance of which had previously appeared in the journal 1’Aurore, a monthly which Lady Caithness started in 1886, and which continued until 1895, running into 14 volumes.
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'''Calmeil, Juste-Louis'''. French physician specializing in insanity; b. at Poitiers, 1798; d. 1895. Disciple of d’Esquirol at the Salpêtrière; first intern at the Charenton hospital in the time of Royer-Collard, becoming its director, 1826. Established that progressive paralysis is related to peri-encephalitis. Works: *De la folie considérée sous le point de vue pathologique, etc., Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1845. 8-vo. 2 vols.—Great number of essays and papers in the Archives générales de médecine, Le dictionnaire de médecine, etc.
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'''Cedrenus, George (Georgios o Kedrênos)'''. Greek monk and chronicler of the 11th century, of whose life practically nothing is known. He wrote in Greek the Synopsis historian, a historical {{Page aside|364}}chronicle based on other Greek histories published before his time, and extending from Creation to the year 1059 of our era. It reflects the credulity of his age and contains many deficiencies. Text publ. by Fabroz, 1647, 2 vols, fol., and by Imm. Bekker, Bonn, 1838, 2 vols., 8-vo. Latin transi, by G. Xylander, 1506 fol.
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