Zirkoff B. - Appendix (BCW vol.7)

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Appendix

by Boris de Zirkoff

H. P. Blavatsky Collected Writtings, vol. 7, page(s) 354-404

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354

NOTE ON THE TRANSLITERATION OF SANSKRIT

The system of diacritical marks used in the Bibliographies and the Index (with square brackets), as well as in the English translations of original French and Russian texts, does not strictly follow any one specific scholar, to the exclusion of all others. While adhering to a very large extent to Sir Monier-Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary, as for instance in the case of the Anusvâra, the transliteration adopted includes forms introduced by other Sanskrit scholars as well, being therefore of a selective nature.

It should also be noted that the diacritical mark for a long “a” was in the early days a circumflex, and therefore all of H.P.B.’s writings embody this sound in the form of “â.” No change has been made from this earlier notation to its more modern form of the “macron,” or line over the “a.” Such a change would have necessitated too many alterations, and almost certainly would have produced confusion; therefore the older usage has been adhered to throughout.

355

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

(With Selected Biographical Notes)

The material contained in the following pages is of necessity a selective one, and is intended to serve three purposes: (a) to give condensed information, not otherwise readily available, about the life and writings of some individuals mentioned by H. P. B. in the text, and who are practically unknown to the present-day student; (b) to give similar data about a few well-known scholars who are discussed at length by H. P. B., and whose writings she constantly quotes; and (c) to give full information regarding all works and periodicals quoted or referred to in the main text and in the Compiler’s Notes, with or without biographical data of their authors. All such works are marked with an asterisk (*).

Acilius Glabrio. Roman tribune of the plebs, 201 b.c., when he opposed the claim of Cn. Corn. Lentulus, one of the consuls of that year, to the province of Africa, which a unanimous vote of the tribes had already decreed to P. Scipio Africanus I. The following years, Glabrio was appointed commissioner of sacred rites {decemvir sacrorurn). He was praetor in 196 b.c. and praetor peregrinus the next year. He became consul in 191 b.c., the year Rome declared war against Antiochus the Great, king of Syria. In the allotment of the provinces, Greece, the seat of war, fell to Glabrio. He was eminently successful in this campaign, and won a decisive victory over the armies of Antiochus at Thermopylae.

Agrippa of Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (1486?-1535). *De occulta philosophia libri tres, Beringo Fratres, Lugduni, 1533.— Three Books of Occult Philosophy. Transl. by J.F., London, 1650.

Aldrovandi, Ulysse. One of the most distinguished Italian naturalists of the 16th century; b. at Bologna, Sept. 11, 1522; d. May 10, 1605. Educated partly in native city and partly at Padua. Arrested as heretic at Rome, 1549. After liberation, wrote treatise on statuary. Took degree in medicine at Univ, of Bologna. From 1560, occupied there chairs of botany and natural history, practising medicine for some time. Established botanical garden at Bologna, 1567, and organized museum of nat. hist.; aroused interest in natural sciences when it was neglected, and was the first one to make a real herbarium; travelled widely. His chief work on nat. hist, is Ornithologia (Bologna, 1599-1603. 12 vols.), of which five vols. were prepared during his life, and seven were published after his death. His collections were given by will to the Senate of Bologna, and became the germ of the 356great Museum of that city. Many of his MSS. and drawings are in the Library of Bologna. Other works: De animalibus insectis libri septem. Francofurti: I. Hoferi, 1623.—De piscibus libri V, etc., 1613.

Alexander Trallianus. One of the most eminent of the ancient physicians, b. at Tralles, a city of Lydia, sometime in the sixth cent. a.d. Brought up under his father, Stephanus, also a physician. A man of extensive practice, long experience and great reputation in Rome, Spain, Gaul and Italy. His chief work called Biblia Yatrika (in Latin, Libri Duodecim de Re Medico) was written by him in an extreme old age, from the results of his own vast experience; it was ed. in Greek by Jac. Goupylus, Paris, 1548, fol., and publ. again with a Latin trans, by Jos. Guinterus Andernacus, Basel, 1556. Alexander wrote other medical works, such as De Lumbricis (Venice, 1570).

Amiot (also Amyot), Joseph-Maria. French missionary to China, b. at Toulon, Feb. 8. 1718; d. at Peking, Oct. 8 or 9, 1793. Joined Soc. of Jesus, 1737. Sent to China as missionary, 1740, and remained at Peking for 43 years. Won confidence of Emperor Kien Long; learned Tartar and Chinese; proficient in music, physics, literature, history, mathematics; made special study of Chinese music, and gathered a great deal of information concerning Chinese life. Most of his writings are contained in a Collection known as * Mémoires concernant l’histoire, les sciences, les arts, les moeurs, les usages, etc. des Chinois, par les Missionnaires de Pékin [J. Amiot, C. Bourgeois, Cibot, Ko, Poirot, A. Gaubil]. Edited by C. Batteux, L. G. Oudart Feudrix de Bréquigny, J. de Guignes, and A. I. Silvestre de Sacy. 16 vols. Paris, 1776-1814, 4to. An earlier ed. is mentioned as of 1776-89, in 15 vols. Paris: Nyon aîné.·—-Amiot also compiled a Dictionnaire Tatare-Mantcheou-Français, edited by Langlès, Paris, 1789. 3 vols.; and a Grammaire Tatare- Mantcheou (in Vol. Ill of the above-mentioned Mémoires, etc.); he also wrote a very fine Abrégé historique des principaux traits de la vie de Confucius, Paris, 1789.

Ammianus Marcellinus (330-395 a.d.). *History. Loeb Classical Library.

Anstey, F. (pseud, of Thomas Anstey Guthrie, 1856-1934). *A Fallen Idol. New York: J. W. Lowell Co., 1886; new ed., London: Smith Elder & Co., 1902. Reviewed at great length in The Theosophist, Vol. VII, pp. 791-96.

Apuleius, Lucius (b. 125 a.d. ?). *De Deo Socratis Liber (On the God of Socrates). In Pétrone, Apulée, Aulu-Gelle. OEuvres complètes, Désiré Nizard. Paris: Firmin-Didot et Cie., 1882. Latin and French text.—*Metamorphosea (Golden Ass). Loeb Classical Library.

357 Aristophanes (448?-380? b.c.), *Ranae (The Frogs). See The Comedies of Aristophanes. Ed. and transl. by Benjamin Bickley Rogers. 6 vols. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1919. 2nd ed.

Aristotle (384-322 b.c.). *De generations animalium. See Philoponus on Aristotle’s De gen. anim. Ed. Michael Hayduck. Berlin, 1903, p. 86, lines 10 and 11.

Arnold, Sir Edwin (1832-1904). *The Light of Asia, or the Great Renunciation (Mahdbhintshkramana). London: Trübner & Co., 1879. Many editions since.

Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire, Jules (1805-95). No specific work mentioned; quotation untraced.

Benedict (Benoit) XIV, Pope (Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini) (1675-1758). *De servorum Dei beatificatione et de beatorum canonization. In his Complete Works, Rome, 1747-51 ; Venice, 1767; Prato 1839-1846.—Heroic Virtue: a part of the treatise of Benedict XIV on the beatification, etc. Tr. into English. London: T. Richardson & son, 1850-52. 3 vols.

Bentley, Richard (1662-1742). English scholar and critic, born at Oulton, Yorkshire, and educated at St. John’s College, Oxford. Early in life became intimate with many distinguished scholars, and took orders in 1690; became keeper of the Royal library, 1693. In 1700 he was chosen master of Trinity College, where he instituted wide-spread reform against much opposition; the feud was kept up some thirty years in all, but Bentley did not lose his position. He is considered as the first Englishman, and perhaps the only one, who can be ranked with the great heroes of classical learning. Self-taught, he created his own science. The English school of Hellenists, by which the 18th century was distinguished, was Bentley’s creation; his influence reached various countries of Europe. Apart from a considerable number of editions of classical writers, such as Cicero, Aristophanes, Horace, Menander, Terence, and others, he wrote a work proposing a New Edition of the Greek Testament, intended to restore the Greek text as received by the Church at the time of the Council of Nicaea.

Bertrand, Abbé François Marie (1807-1881), *Dictionnaire Universel historique et comparatif de toutes les religions du monde, etc. 4 vols. Paris, 1848-50; in J. P. Migne, Encyclopédie théologique, tom. 24-27.

*Bibliothèque des sciences. Vide Dean, Richard.

Binsfeld, Pierre (Petrus Binsfeldius). Flemish theologian, b. in Luxemburg early in 16th cent.; d. at Trêves (Trier), Nov. 24, 1598. His parents were quite poor, and he worked as domestic in his youth; his inclinations for sciences noted by Jean von Bridell, abbé of Hemmenrode, of the Order of Citeaux, who gave 358him means to study; after studying humanities, he went to the Collège Germanique, Rome, graduating in philosophy and theology, becoming doctor of theology, 1577. At first, canon at Trêves, then suffragan bishop under the Elector Jacques d’Eltz; continued as such under Jean of Schoenenburg, who appointed him to combat in his diocese the heresy of Olevianus; was ordered later to re-establish discipline among the monks of the Abbaye de Prûm, in which he was quite successful. He became bishop in partibus of Azot, 1589. Works: De maleficis et mathematicis, 1589, 1591, 1596, a learned defense of the credibility of witch-confessions, which for over a century played the part of a Code to the witch-prosecutors. He also wrote a Commentary on the title of this work.—*Tractatus de confessionibus maleficorum et sagarum recognitus. Augustae Trevirorum, 1591, 1596, 1623.—Enchiridion Theologiae pastorales, Douay, 1630, 1636.

*Biographie universelle, etc. Vide Cuvier, Frédéric.

Bleuler, Eugen. Swiss physician, b. at Zollikon, near Zürich, April 30, 1857. Director of the Health Center Rheinau, 1886-98; later, prof, of psychiatry at the Univ, of Zürich, and director of the Health Center at Burghölzli. Famous through his research on Schizophrenia and Psychology. Wrote: Naturgeschichte der Seele und ihres Bewusstseins, 1921.—Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. 4th. ed., Berlin, 1923.

Bodin, Jean. Famous French magistrate and political philosopher, b. at Angers, 1530; d. at Laon, 1596. Studied law at Toulouse; settled in Paris as advocate, but soon went into politics. His learning, genial disposition and conversational powers won him the friendship of Henry III, which later was lost to him through jealousy. Appointed king’s attorney at Laon, 1576; the same year represented the tiers état of Vermandois in the states-general of Blois; defended with skill freedom of conscience, justice and peace ; resisted clergy and nobility, opposing the idea that all the king’s subjects should be Catholic. Joined the party of due d’Alençon, brother of Henry HI, and acted as his secretary, 1581, when that prince came over to England. Latter part of life spent at Laon writing ; died of the plague. Bodin was a man of action, enterprizing, dynamic; the leading thinker of France at the time, perhaps even of Europe; he exercised strong influence over the people and can be considered the father of political science in France. His Six livres de la République (Paris, 1576, 1578), trans, into Latin by himself, laid foundation of political economy; in it he opposes the Divine Right of Kings, considers the family as the corner-stone of the state, and holds that laws and institutions correspond to three climatic zones. His remarkable work *De la Démonomanie des Sorciers (Paris, 1580, 4to; also 1581, 1587, 1593) demonstrates that spirits have communication with mankind and 359covers the vast field of evocations, ecstasies, spells, sorcery, etc.; it supports the reality of magic and witchcraft on the authority of Scriptures, Councils and Popes, refuting the work of John Wier who held that sorcerers were fools or people of unsound mind. Other works: Colloquium Heptaplomeres de abditis rerum sublimium arcanis, 1588 (first publ. by Guhrauer, Berlin, 1841, and by L. Noack, 1857). It is a philos. of naturalism cast as a conversation between seven learned men, whose discussion presents other religions to the disadvantage of the Christian faith.—Universale Naturae Theatrum, Lyon, 1590; trans, by de Fougerolles, Lyon, 1597; was suppressed and is very rare now.

Bonnet, Charles. Swiss naturalist and philosopher, b. at Geneva, March 13, 1720; d. May 20, 1793. Belonged to a French family. Educated for the profession of law and became a lawyer, but his favorite pursuit was the study of natural sciences. Member of the Acad, of Sciences, 1740, and of the Royal Society, 1743; doctor of law in the same year. His life was uneventful and he seems never to have left Switzerland. He was a member of the Council of the republic, 1752-68. In 1745 appeared his Traite d’insectologie (Paris: Durand), and in 1754 his Recherch.es sur I’usage des Jeuilles dans lesplantes (Leyden, E. Luzac, 1754), in which he suggested that plants possess sensation and discernment. Very poor eyesight caused Bonnet to turn to philosophy, and he published anonymously in London his Essai de psychologic, 1754, followed soon by his Essai analytique sur les facultes de Fame (Copenhague, 1760), mainly on the physiological conditions of mental activity. In his Contemplation de la nature (Amsterdam, 1764-65. 2 vols. 8-vo), he sets forth the hierarchy of all creatures, and in *La palingenesie philosophique (Geneva, 1769-70. 2 vols. 8-vo) treats of the past and future state of living beings, supporting the idea of the survival of all animals. Bonnet’s complete works appeared at Neuchatel, 1779-83, partly revised by himself.

*Book, of Armagh, The. MSS. in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.

*Book of Numbers, Chaldean. Probably the source from which the Zohar of Shimon ben Yohai has been derived. Acc. to H.P.B. {Theos. Glossary, p. 75), “it is very rare indeed, there being perhaps only two or three copies extant, and these in private hands.”

Bossuet, Jacques Benigne, Bishop of Meaux (1627-1704). *Traite de la Connaissance de Dieu. Posthumous work; orig. ed., Paris: Vve. Alix, 1741. Many later editions.

Brierre de Boismont, Alexandre-Jacques-Franqois. French physician, specializing in lunacy; b. at Rouen, Oct. 18, 1798; d. at Saint-Mande, Dec. 25, 1881. Entered the profession, 1825; was 360sent to Poland, 1831, for the study of cholera. His treatise on this disease won him a gold medal from the Institute. Took part in founding the Annales médico-psychologiques, and established a lunatic asylum; contributed greatly to the study of general and especially of medico-legal psychiatry. Works: Éléments de botanique (with A. Pottier), Paris, 1825.—Relation historique et médical du choléra-morbus de Pologne. Paris: Germer-Baillière, 1832. 8-vo.— Le délire aigu, 1844.—Traité d’anatomie humaine (with G. Breschet), Paris, 1833.—*Des Hallucinations-, ou histoire raisonnée des apparitions, des visions, des songes, de l’extase, du magnétisme et du somnambulisme. Paris: G. Baillière, 1845. 8-vo. viii, 615 pp.; 2nd ed., 1852; 3rd ed., 1862. Engl. tr. by R. T. Hulme. London: 1859. 1st American ed., Philad.: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1853.

Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de (1707-88). *Discours sur la nature des animaux. This is the 2nd Vol. of his Histoire naturelle, orig. ed., Paris: Impr. Royale, 1749.—*Histoire du chien. Most likely a section of the above work.

Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias, Freiherr von (1791-1860). *Egypt’s Place in Universal History. Transi, by C. H. Cottrell. With additions by S. Birch. 5 vols. London, 1848-67. 8vo.; 2nd ed., Vol. I, 1867. 8vo.

Burigny, Jean Lévesque de. French historian; b. at Reims, 1692; d. at Paris, Oct. 8, 1785. In 1713, began compiling with his brother dictionary of universal knowledge embodying a vast amount of material. Worked, 1718, together with St.-Hyacinthe on L’Europe savante, at The Hague. Returning to Paris, devoted his time to historical research. Modest and peace-loving, his only ambition was to be a scholar. His works show a great amount of learning; his lives of Grotius and Erasmus give data not found elsewhere.

Works: Traité de l’autorité du pape, Paris, 1782.— Théologie païenne, Paris, 1754.—Histoire des révolutions de l’empire de Constantinople, The Hague, 1750.— Vie de Bossuet, Paris, 1761.—Traité de Porphyre touchant l’abstinence de la chair, avec la vie de Plotin. Transi, from Greek, Paris, 1740.

Butler (or Boteler), Samuel. English satirical poet, b. at Strensham, Feb. 8, 1612; d. in London, Sept. 25, 1680. Educ. at the King’s school, Worcester, after which he served as a justice’s clerk. Recommended to Elizabeth, Countess of Kent, he had access in her home to a good library and met there John Selden who employed him as secretary. He lived for a long time at the home of Sir Samuel Luke, commander under Cromwell, who appears to have been the original for the chief character in Butler’s poem 361*Hudibras, first part of which appeared in 1663, and won him great renown. A satire on the Puritans, its wit and wisdom are applicable, however, to any age and people. After the Restoration, Butler was appointed secretary to Richard Vaughan, lord president of the principality of Wales. He wrote a considerable number of other satirical poems, but in spite of his renown led a life of indigence and was buried at the expense of a friend.

Butleroff, Alexander Mihaylovich ( 1828-86). *Scientific Letters, published in the daily Novoye Vremya (St. Petersburg, Russia), 1883.

Caillet, A. J. *Manuel bibliographique des sciences psychiques et occultes. Paris: Lucien Dorbon, 1912. 3 vols.

Caithness. Marie, Countess of Caithness and Duchesse de Pomâr was a life-long friend of both H. P. Blavatsky and Col. H. S. Olcott. She was the only daughter of Don Antonio José de Mariâtegui, of Santa Catalina, Macuriges, and was born at Madrid in 1830. In 1853 she married her first husband, General the Count de Medina Pomâr who died in 1868. Her son by this marriage, Manuel Maria de Medina Pomâr y Mariâtegui, was created Duke of Pomâr by Pope Pius IX, on his coming of age in 1875, and the title was recognized and confirmed to him and his heirs by King Alfonso XII of Spain on his accession to the throne. In 1872, she married, as his second wife, Lord Barrogill, head of the Sinclair Clan, and 14th Earl of Caithness, who was born in 1821 and died at New York in 1881. He was well known for his mechanical inventions. In 1879 Pope Leo XIII extended to Lady Caithness by letters patent the title and rank of her son, and she, therefore, became Duchesse de Pomâr. After the death of her second husband, she settled in the Avenue de Wagram in Paris, and died there November 2, 1895.

She was a woman of singular administrative ability; she managed herself her large fortune, kept no housekeeper, and lived in a style becoming her rank and wealth. Her kindness was proverbial; she had a firm will yet her manners were soft and gentle. Lady Caithness called her palace in Paris Holyrood. It contained the finest hall and concert-room in Paris, where she used to gather her friends to hear scientific, literary and religious lectures, by men of great renown. She also gave magnificent balls during the season. She made great efforts to fuse the philosophical with Catholic and aristocratic society, and had a cosmopolitan salon where celebrities of all kinds met on friendly ground and in an atmosphere of culture and good will. The peculiar side of her nature was in the form in which her Spiritualistic beliefs shaped themselves. She believed herself to be the medium of Mary Stuart, and used to write for hours in a clear, plain, business-like hand, betraying neither neurosis nor excessive imagination, communications from Mary, Queen of Scots.

362 To quote Col. H. S. Olcott’s own words in an Obituary Notice of Lady Caithness published in The Theosophist (Vol. XVII, December, 1895, pp. 183-85), when she had passed away at the age of 65:

“ Soon after the appearance of Isis Unveiled, H. P. B. received a most enthusiastic letter from the Countess about the book, offering her friendship, and inviting us to pay her a visit on our way out to India; rumours of which journey had reached Europe. From that time on, correspondence has been kept up between her ladyship and ourselves and our relations have continued unbroken. H. P. B.’s death did not interrupt her friendliness to myself, and I have always visited her when passing through Paris. H. P. B. and I were her guests at her Palais Tiranty, at Nice, in 1884, when she nightly gathered there many of the continental nobility to discuss Theosophy with us, and a number of them joined our Society. My last visits to her were in August and October last, when she seemed somewhat suffering but not at all in a dangerous state of health. We parted in the expectation of meeting again when I should next be called to revisit Europe on official affairs.

“ From a somewhat early age Lady Caithness was interested in occult subjects, beginning with Mesmerism and Clairvoyance and following those with Spiritualism, to which she clung to the end of her life. In her Holyrood Palace in Paris, she had a sort of chapel where were held weekly séances of what she called her Star Circle; the presiding genius of which was the supposed spirit of the lovely and unfortunate Mary, Queen of Scots. She kindly permitted me to attend one of the séances last October, and I was so pleased with an essay that one of her mediums wrote on the subject of ‘ Clairvoyance,’ which I gave her to do, that I begged it of my hostess for publication. The table rappings, alleged to come from Mary Stuart and Madame Blavatsky, did not impress me much, and I frankly told her so. Nor did I think much of the rapping Medium. But I did have real affection for herself and feel grateful for many acts of gracious courtesy, among them, repeated offers of the use of her gorgeous ball-room for Theosophical lectures and meetings whenever I should desire it. I presided there at one of Mrs. Besant’s lectures two years ago, given in French with wonderful fluency and her usual eloquence, and once—in 1884— she gave H. P. B. and myself a conversazione. I shall feel her loss as that of a personal friend, and my sincere condolences are offered to her devoted son, the Duc de Pornar, whose beautiful affection for her was charming to witness.”

Col. Olcott also points out that a report about Lady Caithness giving H. P. B. a present of 1,000 pounds sterling to spread

MARIE, COUNTESS OF CAITHNESS, DUCHESSE DE POMAR Reproduced from Emma Hardinge Britten’s work, Nineteenth Century Miracles, facing p. 90.

363

Theosophy is false. It appears that she paid H. P. B.’s Paris apartment for three months in 1884, but no other sums were donated.

Lady Caithness became the first President of the Société Théosophique d’Orient et d’Occident founded at Paris June 28, 1883. On May 4th, 1884, H. P. B. and Col. Olcott were present at one of the gatherings of this group of students. In June of the same year the group was reorganized as a regular Branch of the Theosophical Society, with Lady Caithness as President, Dr. R. Thurman and Louis Dramard as Vice-Presidents and Madame Émilie de Morsier as Secretary. Several renowned personalities, such as Édouard Schuré, Madame Margherita Albana Mignaty, Princess Olga Volkonsky, and Dr. Charles Richet, were members of it for some time. This work, however, did not last very long, as various troubles ensued after a while.

Lady Caithness published a considerable number of works, both large and small. The best-known of them is The Mystery of the Ages Contained in the Secret Doctrine of All Religions (London: C. L. H. Wallace, 1887. 541 pp.), which went through at least three editions. It has been said that much of what it contains is the result of conversations and discussions with H. P. B. during her stay in Paris.

Among other works from the pen of Lady Caithness may be mentioned the following ones: Old Truths in a New Light·, or, an endeavour to reconcile material science with spiritual science and with Scripture. London, 1876. 8vo.— Serious Letters to Serious Friends, London, 1877. 8vo.—Interpretation ésotérique des livres sacrés, Paris, 1891. 227 pp.-—Le Secret du Nouveau-Testament, Paris, 1896. 559 pp.—Le Spiritisme dans la Bible, Paris, 1894. 64 pp.

In addition to these, she also wrote several Spiritualistic works, embodying various messages received through mediumistic channels, and published a number of booklets on Theosophical and allied subjects, the substance of which had previously appeared in the journal 1’Aurore, a monthly which Lady Caithness started in 1886, and which continued until 1895, running into 14 volumes.

Calmeil, Juste-Louis. French physician specializing in insanity; b. at Poitiers, 1798; d. 1895. Disciple of d’Esquirol at the Salpêtrière; first intern at the Charenton hospital in the time of Royer-Collard, becoming its director, 1826. Established that progressive paralysis is related to peri-encephalitis. Works: *De la folie considérée sous le point de vue pathologique, etc., Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1845. 8-vo. 2 vols.—Great number of essays and papers in the Archives générales de médecine, Le dictionnaire de médecine, etc.

Cedrenus, George (Georgios o Kedrênos). Greek monk and chronicler of the 11th century, of whose life practically nothing is known. He wrote in Greek the Synopsis historian, a historical 364chronicle based on other Greek histories published before his time, and extending from Creation to the year 1059 of our era. It reflects the credulity of his age and contains many deficiencies. Text publ. by Fabroz, 1647, 2 vols, fol., and by Imm. Bekker, Bonn, 1838, 2 vols., 8-vo. Latin transi, by G. Xylander, 1506 fol.

Censorinus. The compiler of a treatise entitled *De Die Natali, which treats of the generation of man, of his natal hour, of the influence of the stars and genii upon his career, and discusses the various methods employed for the division and calculation of time, together with sundry topics connected with astronomy, mathematics, geography, and music. Contains much valuable information on the various systems of ancient chronology. The work is dedicated to Q_. Cerellius, whom the writer addresses as his patron and benefactor, and was composed in the year 238 a.d., in the consulship of Ulpius and Pontianus. Censorinus speaks of Rome as the “ communis patria ” of himself and Cerellius. This is about all that is known of him and of his work. The latter contains a number of very interesting facts and theories about nature and man, and suggestive hints betraying at least some degree of occult knowledge.

The editio princeps is in 4to., and without date, place, or printer’s name; the second ed. appeared at Bologna, fol., 1497; the first critical ed. is that by Vinetus, Pictav. 4to., 1568, followed by those of Aldus Manutius, Venet. 8vo., 1581, and Carrio, Lutet. 8vo., 1583. The most complete and valuable is that by Havercamp, Lug. Bat. 8vo., 1743.

Chabas, François-Joseph. French Egyptologist, b. at Briançon (Hautes-Alpes), Jan. 2, 1817; d. at Versailles, May 17, 1882. Combined scientific studies with commercial pursuit, as a merchant of wines at Chalon-sur-Saône. Beginning with 1855, published a large number of essays on Egyptological subjects, first in existing journals, later in his own called l’Égyptologie, which was started in 1874. He was the first one who attempted to translate, word for word, an hieratic text, a good example of this being his Voyage d’un égyptien en Syrie, en Phénicie et en Palestine au XIV siècle avant notre ère, based on the Papyrus Anastasi I (1866). His life-work contributed greatly to the development of egyptological science. Works: *Le Papyrus magique Harris, etc. {Vide page 126 of the present volume for data).— Recherches pour servir à l'histoire de la XIXme dynastie, 1873.—Notice du Papyrus médical Ebers, 1876.—Mélanges Égyptologiques, 1862-73, in 4 vols.

Champollion, Jean François (1790-1832). *Monuments de l’Égypte et de la Nubie, etc., Paris: Firmin Didot frères, 1835-45.

Charcot, Jean-Martin. French physician; b. in Paris, 1825; d. at Lac des Settons (Nièvre), March 18, 1893. Entered the 365profession, 1856, and worked at the Salpêtrière Hospital from 1862; became Prof, of pathological anatomy, member of the Academy of Medicine, 1873, and of the Acad, of Sciences, 1883. Made scientific study of hypnotism, and added much to the knowledge of nervous diseases. Organized at the Salpêtrière an anatoxno- pathological museum of great renown. Works: Leçons sur les maladies du système nerveux, 1873, 1875, and other abstracts from his instructive courses.—Les démoniaques dans l’art, 1887.—Traité de médecine. Paris, 1891-94. 6 vols.—OEuvres complètes. Ed. by M. D. Bourneville and others. Paris: Bureau du progrès médical, 1888-90. 9 vols. 8-vo.

Chomel, Auguste François. French physician, b. at Paris, 1788; d. 1858. Wrote a remarkable doctorate thesis on Rheumatism·, held the chair of clinical medicine at the Hôtel-Dieu, and was physician to Louis-Philippe. Chief work: Éléments de pathologie générale, Paris, 1817.

Chwol’son (Khvolson), Daniel Avraamovich (1819-1911). *Book of Nabathean Agriculture. See Vol. VIII of the present Series for complete data regarding this ancient Chaldean Scripture.

Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106- 43 b.c.). *De legibus. In Loeb Classical Library.—* Tusculan Disputations. Ditto.

Clement of Alexandria, Titus Flavius (150?-220? a.d.). *Stro- mateis. In Migne, Patr. Curs. Compl., Ser. Lat.—* Cohortatio ad Gentes (Discourse to the Gentiles). Ibid.

Clinton, Henry Fynes. English classical chronologist, b. at Gamston, Jan. 14, 1781; d. at Welwyn, Oct. 24, 1852. Educ. at Southwell School, 1789-96, and Westminster, 1796-99. M.A., 1805. Private tutor at Oxford to Earl Gower, 1803-06. Entered Oxford Univ, with passion for Greek. Elected to Parliament, 1806, and served until 1826, when he retired. Whole life devoted to classical studies; kept minute journal of his studies which contained much valuable information. 1811, began to draw up list of Greek and Latin authors, also to build classical library. Was firm believer in a revealed religion, and specialized in ancient chronology. Chief works, which placed classical chronology on a scientific basis, are: Fasti Hellenici, the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece, etc., Oxford Univ. Press, 1824-51; and Fasti Romani, the Civil and Literary Chron. of Rome and Constantinople, etc., ibid., 1845-50.

Cobb, John Storer. English barrister and Dr. of Laws. At one time, Editor of the New Era magazine, organ of the Reform Jews published in New York from 1870 to 1876. Was greatly interested in the early Cremation Movement. Became one of the CoFounders of The Theosophical Society, in 1875, and was sent as Presidential Agent by the Council in New York, to assist in the 366formation of the British Theosophical Society, 1878. Soon lost interest and disappeared.

Cory, Isaac Preston (1802-1842). *Ancient Fragments. London: W. Pickering, 1828. xxviii, 129. Greek and English in parai, columns. Sec. ed. was publ. in 1832. New ed. appeared in 1876, with the elimination of the Chaldean Oracles.

Council of Lateran, Fourth (Twelfth General Council), 1215 a.d. *First Capitulum. Vide Carl Joseph von Hefele, Conciliengeschichte. 7 vols. Freiburg i. Breisgau, 1855-74; 2nd ed., 1886. Engl, transi, as A History of Church Councils, Edinb., 1871, etc. Vide Compiler’s footnote on p. 28 of present volume.

Cruden, Dr. Alexander (1701-70). No specific work mentioned ; quotation un traced.

Cuvier, Frédéric (1773-1838). *Biographie Universelle, etc., 1847, etc. Art. on Buffon’s life, p. 119.— Vide also s. v. Flourens.

Dean, Richard. English author; b. at Kirkby-in-Craven, Yorkshire, about 1727; d. at Middleton, Feb. 8, 1778. First, curate of Royton Chapel; then, curate of Middleton. Master of the Middleton Grammar school. He wrote An Essay on the Future Life oj Brutes (Manchester, 1767, 2 vols.) in which he argued for the reasonableness of believing in the future existence of lower animals. His views were contradicted by James Rothwell. H. P. B. quotes a passage written by him in the Bibliothèque des Sciences, Vol. XXIX, 1st Trimestre, 1768.

Delaplace, Bishop of China. *“Missions de la Chine. Lettre de M. Delaplace, Missionnaire Lazariste, à un Prêtre du diocèse de Sens,” Annales de la propagation de la foi (Lyon, France), t. XXIV, No. 143, July, 1852.

Delrio, Martin Anton (or Rio, Martinus An ton us Del) (1551-1608). *Disquisitionum magicarum libri sex. 3 vols. Lovanii, 1599. 4to; also 1600, 1603, 1608, 1613, 1657. Available in the British Museum. Very scarce.

*Dictionnaire des sciences médicales. Par une société de médecins et de chirurgiens. Publié par Chaumeton et Mérat. Paris, 1812-22. 60 vols.

*Dictionnaire universel, etc. Vide Bertrand.

Dieu, Louis de. Belgian theologian and Orientalist, b. at Flessingue, April 7, 1570; d. at Leyden, Dec. 23, 1642; was the son of the Belgian theologian, Daniel de Dieu (1540-1609). Became clergyman in native city, then Prof, at Waloon Coll., Leyden. Devoted himself to the study and the teaching of Semitic language:· and was the first one to make a comparative study of Hebrew, Syriac 367and Chaldean. Published the first Persian Grammar, and utilized his philological knowledge to determine the correct meaning of many controversial passages in both Testaments. Works: Compendium grammaticae hebraïca, syriaca et chaldaica, Leyden, 1639.— Rudimenta linguae persicae, ibid., 1639.—Critica sacra, etc., Amsterdam, 1693, fol.

Diodorus Siculus, *Hitorical Library. Loeb Classical Library. Vide Vol. V, p. 373, for biographical data. Diogenes Laertius, (3rd cent. a. d.), *De clarorum philosophorum vitis. Bohn’s Classical Library.

Dollinger, Johann Joseph Ignaz von (1799-1890), *Heidenthum und Judenthum. Vorhalle zur Geschichte des Christenthums. Regensburg: G.J. Manz, 1857. 8vo.—*Paganisme et Judaïsme, etc. Trad, par J. de P., Bruxelles: Goemaere, 1858.

Drioux, l’Abbé Claude-Joseph. French divine and man of letters, b. at Bourdons (Haûte-Marne), 1820; d. 1898. Prof, of history at the seminary and Honorary Canon of Langres. Published considerable number of well-known works which had wide distribution for a number of years; among them are: La Bible populaire. 2 vols., 1864-65.—La Sainte Bible. 8 vols., 1872-73.—Histoire de l’Église depuis sa fondation jusqu'à nos jours, 1867.—Les Apôtres, 1862.— *La Somme Théologique de saint Thomas. Latin and French in parai, columns. 15 vols. Paris: E. Belin, 1853-56. 8vo.; translation only, in 8 vols., Paris, 1851-54; and other editions.

Drival, E. van. French antiquarian; b. 1815; d. at Arras, June 21, 1887. Canon of the Arras Cathedral. Prolific writer whose chief works are: Grammaire comparée des langues bibliques. 3 vols., 1853-61. 8vo.—Gramm, comp, des langues sémitiques et de l’égyptien, 1879. 8vo.— Histoire de Charlemagne, 1884.

Dulaure, Jacques-Antoine. French archaeologist and historian: b. at Clermont-Ferrand (Auvergne), 1755; d. at Paris, Aug. 9, 1835. Studied at the College of native city, then architecture and topography at the renowned School of Rondelet, at Paris, 1859. Issued many strongly worded pamphlets against nobility, kings and priests. A man of great activity, dynamic, fertile in research, strongly opposed to injustices and false doctrines of established social order, as witnessed by his earlier writings. Embraced with fervor the revolutionary cause and became a Jacobin, playing a considerable part in the Revolution. Persecuted and fled to Switzerland; returned after a time and was given post on Committee of Public Instruction. Became one of the founders of Académie Celtique which became the Société des antiquaires de France. Retired and devoted himself to writing. Works: Histoire civile, physique et morale de Paris. Paris, 1821, 10 vols. 8-vo; 3rd ed., 368Paris, 1825. This work caused a furore of accusations, because it brought to light various injustices and wrongdoings.—*Des cultes qui ont précédé et amené l’idolâtrie et l’adoration des figures humaines. Paris, 1805. 8-vo.— Des divinités génératrices, etc., Paris, 1806. 8-vo. The last two works re-publ. as Histoire abrégée des différents cultes, 2nd ed., Paris, 1825. 2 vols. 8-vo.—Edited journal, Le thermomètre du jour, Aug. 11, 1791-Aug. 25, 1793.

Dunlap, Samuel Fales. American writer born in Boston, Mass., 1825, son of Andrew Dunlap. Works: The Origin of Ancient Names. Cambridge, 1856. 8vo.—Vestiges of the Spiritual History of Man. New York: D. Appleton, 1858. 8vo.—Sod. The Mysteries of Adoni. London: Williams and Norgate, 1861. xvii, 152 pp.—Sod. The Son of Man. London: ibid., 1861.—The Guebers of Hebron. New York: J. W. Bouton, 1894; new and rev. ed., 1898. xv, 1017 pp.

Dupotet de Sennevoy, Baron Jules. French scholar and publicist, b. at LaChapelle (Yonne), April 12, 1796; d. at Paris, July 1, 1881. A descendant of the famous Dukes of Burgundy, he was a disciple of Mesmer and occupied himself almost exclusively with the study of magnetism, concerning which he wrote a number of works. On strength of his experiments, the Academy of Medicine formed a Committee in 1826 for the investigation of the scientific basis of the facts advanced by him. Acc. to Col. H. S. Olcott {The Theos., I, 116-17), he did “more than any living man of the past century to show what are the possibilities of human magnetism.” In his eighty-fourth year, he became Honorary Fellow of The Theos. Society ( Vide above ref. for his letter of acceptance). Was highly esteemed by H. P. B. Founded, 1827, a special journal, Le Propagateur du magnétisme animal, which was superseded in 1845 by Le Journal du magnétisme. Works: Exposé des expériences sur le magnétisme animal, Paris, 1821. 8-vo.—Cours de magnétisme. Paris : Roret, 1834 and 1840,— *La magie dévoilée, ou principes de science occulte, Paris, 1852. 4-to.—Thérapie magnétique, 1863.— Traité complet du magnétisme animal. Paris: F. Alcan, 1856. 8-vo; 8th ed., 1930.

Eusebius Pamphili (260?-340?). *Chronicle (or Universal History}. Ed. of Cardinal Angelo Mai and Dr. J. Zohrab, Milan, 1816.— *Praeparatio Evangelica, in Migne, P.C.C.

Fabre d’Olivet, Antoine. French writer, mystic, philosopher and scholar, b. at Ganges (Hérault), Dec. 8, 1767; d. in Paris, March 27, 1825. Descendant of the Protestant family of Jean Fabre, he was raised in that religion and intended to take up commerce. After his first stay in Paris, 1779-84, showed more aptitudes for music and poetry than commerce. Travelled in Germany and Switzerland, 1787. For a while active in the field of politics, 1789, when he took the name of d’Olivet, the maiden name of 369his mother. Interested in the study of theatrical business, he wrote two revolutionary plays: Génie de la nation and Le 14 de juillet 1789, which received some acclaim. For a time he identified himself with the Jacobins, but renounced politics, 1791. He stayed in Paris during the Terreur, 1793, and wrote a few more plays. Met, 1796, Delisle de Sales, who was to influence greatly his literary career. The financial catastrophe of 1796-97 ruined his father’s business, and he attempted to live by his pen. After starting two short-lived journals, he became employed by the Ministry of War, 1799. Published a novel: Azalaïs et le gentil Aimar, 1799, and collaborated with the Journal des Hommes Libres. Compromised in the affair of the “infernal machine,” he was saved by Lenoir-Laroche; entered upon a period of fruitful literary activity, 1801-1805, during which he published several works, such as the Troubadour, a collection of poems, and several musical pieces.

During the years 1800-1805, Fabre d’Olivet passed through a serious religious and intellectual crisis, discovering his true vocation as philologist, and becoming a student of mystical and occult subjects. It is likely that a love affair for someone whom he called later by the fictitious name of Égérie Théophanie played considerable role in this crisis. He married someone else, however, in 1805. During the years 1805-10, he labored on his important work, La langue hébraïque restituée et le véritable sens des mots hébreux rétabli et prouvé par leur analyse radicale, attempting to have it published at the expense of the State. He retired from office, 1810. Endowed with a certain degree of magnetic power, he healed several deaf-mutes, but was enjoined by the Government to cease doing so. Published, 1813, Les Vers dorés de Pythagore (Paris: Treuttel & Würtz, 1813. 8vo; also Paris: Niclaus, 1946; English transi, by Nayân Louise Redfield. New York and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. 1917). The restoration of the Bourbons made possible the publication of La langue hébraïque (Paris, 1816. 2 prts., 4to; also Paris: Dorbon, 1931; Engl, transl. by N. L. Redfield, as above, 1921), in which he shows that every letter of the Hebrew alphabet represented symbolically an idea. During the years 1816-17, he labored on a work dealing with the Langue d’Oc. After several years of troubled married life, a divorce took place, March 22, 1823. In 1822 appeared his work, De l'état social de l'homme (Paris, 1822, 2 vols. 8vo), which was re-published, 1824, as Histoire philosophique du genre humain (also Paris: Dorbon, 1931; Engl, transi, by N. L. Redfield under the title of Hermeneutic Interpretation of the Origin of the Social Status of Man, etc.; New York and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1915). In 1824, Fabre d’Olivet showed again some brief political aspirations, but soon returned to his literary pursuits, writing several tragedies and operas.

370 About 1824, Fabre d’Olivet founded some sort of mystical cult based upon precepts and teachings which he tried to embody in his work, Théodoxie universelle (facs. of MSS., Paris: Dorbon, 1931). It would appear from various passages in his unpublished Memoirs, which he had started to edit in 1820-24 as Mes Souvenirs, that this cult was intimately connected with the figure of the woman called by him Égérie, and who had died some years before. The cult and its sanctuary were dedicated to the renovation of the ancient initiatory ceremonies, in the spirit of Pythagorean discipline. However, from the meagre material at hand, and from the allusions of Fabre d’Olivet himself, one is led to believe that his cult was associated with “sensitives” of one sort or another, and was bordering on quasi-spiritualistic lines, where mediumship of one or another type played a role. The cult did not survive the death of its originator, which took place, as the result of a stroke, March 27, 1825.

For further biographical data of this very remarkable man, vide Léon Cellier, Fabre d’ Olivet. Contribution à l’étude des aspects religieux du romantisme. Paris: Nizet, 1953; and his introduction and notes to an heretofore unpublished text of Fabre d’Olivet entitled La vraie maçonnerie et la celeste culture (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1952); also the essays by G. Monod-Herzen in the Lotus Bleu, March, 1925, and the Revue Theosophique, December, 1927.

Felix, M. Minucius. Distinguished Roman lawyer, the author of a dialogue entitled *Octavius, which occupies a conspicuous place among the early Apologies for Christianity, and is a work of high literary quality, which was for a long time believed to belong to Arnobius, notwithstanding the express testimony of Jerome, whose words leave no room for doubt {de Viris III., 58). The time, however, when Minucius Felix lived is very uncertain; by some he is placed as early as the reign of M. Aurelius; by some as late as Diocletian while others favor intermediate points between these two extremes. It seems safe to assume, however, that Minucius flourished about 230 a.d.; his eminence as a lawyer is distinctly asserted by both Jerome and Lactantius, but beyond this we know next to nothing about his personal history; acc. to his own words, he was at first a Gentile, later converted to Christianity. See Loeb Classical Library for the text of his work.

Festus, Sextus Pompeius. Roman lexicographer of uncertain date, prob, late 2nd century a.d. His name is attached to a Glossary or Dictionary of Latin words and phrases, divided into 20 books and commonly known as Sextus Pompeii Festi de Verborum Significatione. It is an epitome of De significatu verborum of Verrius Flaccus, celebrated grammarian in the time of Augustus whose work has been lost. The first part of Festus’ Glossary is lost also. His work was 371epitomized by Paulus Diaconus in the 8th century. The manuscript of as much of Festus as came down was in the hands of Manilius Rallus in 1485. It found its way into the Farnese Library, at Parma, whence it was conveyed in 1736 to the Royal Library of Naples. Standard edition (including Paulus) is that of W. M. Lindsay, 1913, whose later ed. in Glossaria Latina (IV, 93-467) incorporates Festus’ material gleaned from Glossaries.

*Five Years of Theosophy. Compiled by Mrs. Laura Langford Holloway and Mohini Mohun Chatterji. London: Reeves and Turner, 1885. 575 pp. Index.

Flaccus, Granius. *De Indigitamentis (On the Sacred Books of the Pontifs). Cited by Censorinus.

Flourens, Pierre-Marie-Jean. French physiologist; b. at Maureil- han, April 15, 1794; d. at Mongeron, Dec. 6, 1867. Taking M.D. at Montpellier, began physiological research at Paris; chosen by Cuvier, 1828, to deliver course of lectures at the Collège de France; received, 1832, professorship of compar. anatomy at the Museum. At request of Cuvier, was appointed, 1833, permanent secretary of the Academy of Sciences. Elected, 1840, in preference to Victor Hugo, to succeed Michaud at the French Academy; created a peer of France, 1846. Drew the attention of the Acad, of Sc. to the anaesthetic effect of Chloroform. Withdrew from all political activities at the revolution of 1848, and in 1855 accepted professorship of natural history at the Coll, de France.

Works: Expériences sur le système nerveux, 1825.—Cours sur la génération, l'ontologie, et l’embryologie. Paris: Trinquart, 1836.—Analyse raisonnée des travaux de G. Cuvier, 1841.—Buffon: histoire de ses travaux et de ses idées. Paris: Paulin, 1844.—OEuvres complètes de Buffon, 1853;—*De la longévité humaine et de la quantité de vie sur le globe. Paris, 1854; 2nd ed., Garnier frères, 1855; 3rd ed., 1856; 4th ed., 1860 (On Human Longevity, etc. Tr. by C. Martel. London, 1855).—Cours de physiologie comparée, 1856.— De la vie et de l’intelligence, 1858.—De la raison, du génie, et de la folie. Paris: Garnier frères, 1861.—*De l’instinct et de l’intelligence des animaux. Résumé des observations de F. Cuvier, 2nd enl. ed. Paris, 1845. 12°.

Franck, Adolphe (1809-1893). *La Kabbale, Paris, 1843. Engl, transi., Leipzig, 1844.

Fréret, Nicolas (1688-1749). *Article in Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions, t. XXIII, p. 247.

Galton, Sir Francis. English anthropologist; b. at Birmingham, Feb. 16, 1822; d. at Haslemere, Jan. 11, 1911. Educated in his native city, then at King’s Coll., London, and Trinity Coll., Cambridge. Travelled in Sudan, 1845-46; explored Damaraland, 372and S. W. Africa, 1850; visited Spain, 1860. He then turned to anthropology. His Meteorographica (London: Macmillan Go., 1863) was the first serious attempt to chart weather on extensive scale ; he was the first one to establish the existence and theory of anti-cyclones. Inspired by his cousin’s Origin of Species (1859), he made serious study of heredity and laid foundations of the science of eugenics; he advocated furthering of the productivity of the fit and the restriction of the birthrate of the unfit; made special investigation of color-blindness, mental imagery, instinct and criminality; originated process of composite portraiture, and paid much attention to fingerprints. Knighted, 1909. By will founded laboratory for study of national eugenics.

Works: Hereditary Genius. London: Macmillan & Co., 1869.— English Men of Science. Ibid., 1874.—*Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development. Ibid., 1883; also New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1908, 1928.—Finger Prints. London: Macmillan & Co., 1892.— Essays in Eugenics. London: The Eugenics Education Soc., 1909.— Memoirs of My Life. London: Methuen & Co. 1908.—An Explorer in Tropical So. Africa, 1853, 1889.— The Art of Travel. London: J. Murray, 1855.

Geijer, Erik Gustaf. Swedish historian and poet, b. at Ransater (Varmland), Jan. 12, 1783; d. at Stockholm, April 23, in 1847. Educ. at the Univ, of Uppsala. After short period of teaching there, entered public record office at Stockholm. Founded there the Gothic Society, to whose organ Iduna he contributed prose essays and songs which he set to music. Succeeded Erik M. Fant, as prof, of history at Uppsala, 1817. Became member of the Swedish Academy, 1824. A single vol. of a projected larger work, Svea Rikes HaJder, a masterly critical examination of Sweden’s legendary history, appeared in 1825. This was followed by Svenska folkets historia (3 vols., 1832-36; Engl, transi, by J. H. Turner, 1845) down to the year 1854. His acute critical insight and finished historical art. entitle him to a high place among historians. He also edited with J. H. Schroder a continuation of Fant’s Scriptores rerum svecicarum medii aevi, 1818-28, and by himself the state writings of King Gustaf HI (4 vols., 1843-46). Resigned his chair, 1846, on account of failing health. His Samlade skrifter (13 vols., 1849-55; new ed., 1873-77) include large number of philosophical and political essays contributed to reviews.

Gerard, John. English herbalist; b. at Nantwich, Cheshire, 1545; d. February, 1611 (or 1612). Family connected with the Gerards of Ince. Went to school at Willastone; studied medicine; travelled in Scandinavia, Russia, poss. on the Mediterranean. Apprenticed, 1562, to Alexander Mason, surgeon; admitted to the Barber-Surgeons’ Company, 1569. Elected, 1595, member of the Court of Assistants of that body; already known then as an 373herbalist, with a large garden of herbs at Holborn. Published, 1596, first catalog of plants in a garden. Made, 1597, Junior Warden of the Company, and Master of it in 1607. In 1597 appeared his famous Herball (London: J. Norton), illustrated with 1800 woodcuts; new editions were publ. in 1633 and 1636. Gerard was “herbarist”to King James I.

Gibbon, Edward (1737-94). *The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Orig. ed., 1776, 1781, 1788. Many modern ed.

Ginsburg, Christian D. (1831-1914). *The Kabbalah: Its Doctrines, Development, and Literature. London: Longmans,Green, etc., 1865; also Geo. Routledge & Sons, 1925.

Gougenot Des Mousseaux, Le Chevalier Henry-Roger (1805-78). *Les médiateurs et les moyens de la magie, Paris, 1863.—“Le Fantôme humain,” and “Le Monde magique,” as mentioned by H. P. B., are merely a portion of the above-named work, and a descriptive title, respectively. See Volume V (1883), pp. 374-75, for biogr. data.

Guigniaut, Joseph-Daniel. French Hellenist and archaeologist, b. at Paray-le-Monial, May 15, 1794; d. at Paris, March 12, 1876. After extensive studies, became professor at the Lycée Charlemagne; app. director of conferences at the École Normale, 1818; became director of the latter, 1830. Occupied the chair of geography at the Univ, of Paris from 1835; became permanent secretary of the Académie des Inscriptions, 1860. Chief work: *Religions de l’antiquité considérées principalement dans leurs formes symboliques et mythologiques. Paris, 1825. This monumental work in 10 vols, represents an annotated and expanded translation of the Symbolik of Franz Creuzer, and remains authoritative as far as the exterior aspect of religions is concerned.—De la Théogonie d’Hésiode. Paris: Régnoux & Co., 1835.

Guinness, Henry Grattan (1835-1910). *The Approaching End of the Age, viewed in the light of history, prophecy and science, 4th ed., London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1880. xxxi, 696 pp.

Hahn, Helena Andreyevna von {pseud.: Zinaida R—) (1814-1842). *Utballa', *Jelalu’d-Din", *Theophany Abbiagio; *Lubonka. Vide p. 304 of the present volume for further data.

*Harleian MS. 3859. British Museum, folio 186a.

Hartmann, Dr. Franz (1838-1912). *The Life of Paracelsus and the Substance of his Teachings. London: George Redway, 1887, xiii, 220 pp.; also 1891, 1896, 1932.

Hefele, Carl Joseph von (1809-1893). *Conciliengeschichte. Freiburg i. Breisgau, 1855-74. 7 vols.; 2nd ed., 1886. Engl. tr. as A History of Church Councils, Edinb., 1871.

374 Hermes Trismegistus. *Hermetis Trismegisti Asclepius, seu de Katura Deorum Dialogus. Latin text and Engl, transl. in Hermetica. The Ancient Greek and Latin Writings which contain religious and philosophical teachings ascribed to Hermes Trismegistus. Ed. and Transl. by Walter Scott, 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924-26. Scarce.

Higgins, Godfrey (1773-1833). *Anacalypsis, an Attempt to Draw aside the Veil of the Saitic Isis, etc., 2 vols. London: Longmans,etc., 1836. Very scarce. Vide Vol. VIII of the present Series for biographical sketch of this author.

Hilarius Pigtaviensis, Saint (Hilary and S. Hilaire in French; not to be confused with St. Hilarion). Bishop of Poitiers, France. Was born of pagan parents at Poitiers, but became a Christian. Unanimously elected, ca. 353, Bishop of native town. Secured excommunication of Saturninus, the Arian Bishop of Arles, as well as of Ursasius and Valens, two of his prominent supporters, and wrote to Emperor Constantius a remonstrance against the persecutions by the Arians. After the synod of Biterrae (Beziers), 356, was banished to Phrygia, continuing, however, to govern his diocese. From there he wrote his De Synodis or De Fide Orientalium, an epistle addressed in 358 to the semi-Arian bishops in Gaul, Germany and Britain, expounding views of Oriental bishops on the Nicean controversy. His most important work is De Trinitate libri XII, written in 360. After attending the convocation of bishops at Seleuceia in Isauria, 359, he went to Constantinople, focus of Arianism at the time, and through petition presented to the Emperor was sent back to his diocese, 361. In 364, he impeached Auxentius, bishop of Milan, who was high in imperial favors, for heterodox views; summoned to appear before Emperor Valentinian at Milan, he was expelled from that city, and retired to Poitiers. Among his other works mention should be made of the polemical Contra Arianos vel Auxentiam liber and Contra Constantium Augustum liber, and of the *Commentarius in Evangelium Matthaei, the latter written before his exile in 356; this is the most ancient of the extant expositions of the first evangelist by any of the Latin fathers; from its resemblance in tone and spirit to the writings of Origen, it may have been derived from some of his works (Vide Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl., Series Prima, Paris, 1844, etc., Tomus IX). Hilary was the most strenuous champion of “ pure ” faith among the Latin fathers of the 4th century; his early life is unknown; his efforts were mainly devoted to checking Arianism; he is regarded as the first Latin Christian hymn-writer. Hilary died Jan. 13, 367 (or 368). His works were ed. by Erasmus (Basel, 1523, 1526, 1528); P. Constant (Paris, 1693); Migne (Patrol Lat., IX, X, 1844-45). Transl. by E. W. Watson, in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. Vol. IX.

Hilkiah. Hebrew High-priest in the reign of King Josiah (II Kings, xxii, 4 et seq.). Prob, the same as Hilkiah ben Shallum in genealogy 375of High-priests in I Chron., v, 39 (A. V., vi, 13), consequently father of Azariah and great-grandfather of Ezra the Scribe (Ezra, vii, 1). Commissioned by Josiah to superintend repairs of Temple; when he took silver from Temple treasury, he found the Scroll of the Law (II Kings, xxii, 4-8; II Chron., xxxiv, 9-14) and gave it to Shaphan the Scribe. The latter read it before the King, who, terrified by the divine warnings, sent Hilkiah with four others to consult the prophetess Huldah (II Chron., xxxiv, 20 et seq.'). Finding of scroll was the cause of great reformation effected by Josiah. Much uncertainty exists about the nature of the scroll; Jewish commentators say that when Ahaz burned scrolls of the Law, the priests of YHVH hid one copy in the Temple.

Homer, *Odyssey and *Iliad. Loeb Classical Library.

Hübbe-Schleiden, Dr. William. German scholar, writer and Theosophist, b. at Hamburg, October 20, 1846; d. at Göttingen, May 17, 1916. At first, he studied jurisprudence and political economy, obtaining the degree of juris utriusque doctor, i.e., Doctor of both Laws, namely, civil and canon law, and practised for some time as an attorney. During the war of 1870-71, he was attache to the German Consulate General in London. Soon after, being greatly interested in geographical exploration and in German colonial politics, he devoted himself to far-reaching travels, mainly in West Africa, where he founded his own commercial house in Gabun Colony. He was a great protagonist of German colonial ambitions, and wrote several works on this subject, such as: Ethiopien: Studien über Westafrika (1879), Überseeische Politik (2 pts., 1881-83), Deutsche Kolonisation (1881), and Kolonisationpolitik und Kolonisationtechnik (1882). During the years 1897-98, he travelled in India, and upon his return wrote a work entitled Indien und die Inder (1898). There is evidence to show that he was instrumental in formulating German colonial policy at the time, and that his statesmanlike scheme was adopted by Prince Bismarck.

As a man, Dr. Hübbe-Schleiden was a charming personality, full of humor, very clever, and always ready to help others. He was deeply interested in occult subjects, and became one of the chief founders, and the first President, of the Germania Theosophical Society, when the latter was organized by Col. H. S. Olcott at the home of the Gebhards at Elberfeld, on July 27, 1884. His Theosophical activities took primarily a literary form, and he founded and edited a valuable monthly metaphysical journal, called the Sphinx, twenty-two volumes of which appeared between the years 1886-1896. He also published a pamphlet entitled Jesus, a Buddhist? In it he draws, from the close similarity prevailing, the conclusion that Jesus was essentially a Buddhist 376building his argument with methodical precision and the support of various historical data.

In 1893, he organized at Steglitz, near Berlin, an independent organization called the Theosophische Vereinigung, with aims wholly identical with the Theosophical Society, but methods of work more consonant, as he thought, with the characteristics of the German people (See Lucifer, Vol.-XII, March, 1893, p. 80; and The Path, Vol. VIII, April, 1893, p. 24). Some years later, after Dr. Rudolf Steiner had organized his Anthroposophical Society, Dr. Hubbe-Schleiden served for a short time as General-Secretary of the re-organized Theosophical Society (Adyar) in Germany.

Dr. Hubbe-Schleiden considered The Secret Doctrine to be a work of the utmost importance, actually containing the sacred wisdom of the sages of all times. He had found in its pages the key which would “solve the riddles of existence as well of the macrocosm as of the microcosm." He strongly felt that explanatory abstracts should be written on various teachings contained in this work, in order that the contents be better understood by readers of his time. It was with this end in view that he wrote in 1891 his work entitled Lust, Leid und Liebe, which, in his own words, “confined itself to the language and to the terms of Darwin, Haeckel and modern philosophy, with the purpose of putting a key to The Secret Doctrine into the hands of the leading scientists.” His effort found no response with the English public, and only a meagre one in Germany.

Dr. Hubbe-Schleiden dedicated his last years to a large work on Palingenesis, in which he desired to prove scientifically the law of Reincarnation. He died, however, before completing this task. After his death, his books were donated to the Gottingen University Library, and it is possible that the voluminous MSS. of this last work may have been there for a time. It was either destroyed during the bombing of the Second World War, or otherwise lost, as upon recent inquiry, it could not be located by the University authorities.

Dr. Hubbe-Schleiden knew H. P. B. personally and paid her four or five visits. The first of these was from September to December, 1884, when she stayed with the Gebhards at Elberfeld, Germany. He speaks of meeting her for a few days in August of the same year. After that, he remained with her in Wurzburg about a week or ten days in October, 1885, and saw her engaged in writing her magnum opus. He saw her last one afternoon and night, early in January, 1886. He writes:

“When I visited her in October, 1885, she had just begun to write it [The Secret Doctrine], and in January, 1886, she had finished about a dozen chapters. . . . she was writing at her

DR. WILLIAM HUBBE-SCHLEIDEN From a photograph supplied by Mme. Gretchen Boggiani-Wagner, whose father was a cousin of the Doctor.

377

manuscript almost all day, from the early morning until the afternoon and even until night, unless she had guests . . . I saw a good deal of the well-known blue K. H. handwriting as corrections and annotations on her manuscripts as well as in books that lay occasionally on her desk. . . .

“I must say though that the view I took then was the same that I hold now. I never did and never shall judge of the value or the origin of any mental product from the way and manner in which it is produced. And for this reason I withheld my opinion then, thinking and saying: ‘I shall wait until The Secret Doctrine is finished and then I can read it quietly; that will be the test for me, the only one that will be any good.’

“This is the reason why on the night of my last parting from H.P.B., the two certificates .... were given to me. At least I found them in my copy of Hodgson’s S.P.R. Report after I had left her. ...”

Besides the two “certificates” spoken of by the Doctor, two more letters were received by him from the same Teachers. The original letters became part of his estate in 1916, and passed into the hands of Herr Clemens Heinrich Ferdinand Driessen, who was a Geheim Justitzrat in Witzenhausen, near Cassel, Germany. C. Jinaräjadäsa copied them direct from the originals which had been loaned to him by Herr Driessen, and published their text. Ernst Pieper, a very active Theosophical worker in Düsseldorf, Germany, obtained from Herr Driessen in 1934 all of the four original letters with their accompanying envelopes, bearing on one side Chinese characters. He arranged for an exact facsimile to be made of the “certificate” from Master Μ., reproducing it in its actual size and using an almost identical type of paper and red-colored ink.

In 1941, all the four original letters from the Teachers, received by Dr. Hübbe-Schleiden, fell into the hands of the Gestapo, and were presumably destroyed.

378 Hue, Évariste Régis, Abbé (1813-1860), *Souvenirs d’un voyage dans la Tartarie, le Thibet et la Chine pendant les années 1844, 1845, et 1846. Paris, 1850. 2 vqls. 8vo.

Humboldt, Baron Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von (1769-1859). *Kosmos. Stuttgardt & Tübingen: J. C. Cotta, 1845-62. 5 vols.

Iamblichus (4th cent, a.d.), *Liber de mysteriis {Greek: Peri mustêriôn). Ed. with Latin transi, and notes, by T. Gale, Oxford, 1678; and by G. Parthey, Berlin, 1857.—Iamblichus on the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians. Transi, from the Greek by Thomas Taylor, Cbeswick, 1821. Second ed., London: Theos. Publ. Society, 1895.

Jacob ben Hayyim ben Isaac Ibn Adonijah. Jewish Masorete and printer, b. at Tunis, about 1470; d. before 1538. Left native country because of persecution that broke out there at the beginning of 16th cent. Resided at Rome and Florence, later settling at Venice, where he was engaged as corrector of the Hebrew press of Daniel Bomberg. Late in life embraced Christianity. Chiefly known in connection with his edition of the Rabbinical Bible (1524-25), which he supplied with Masoretic notes and introduction treating of the Masorah. This introd, was translated into Latin by Claude Capellus {De Mari Rabbinico Infido, II, ch. 4, Paris, 1667), and into English by Ginsburg (Longham, 1865). Jacob also wrote dissertations on the Targum, and revised ed. princeps of the Jerusalem Talmud (1523) and of Maimonides’ Tad. Vide Fürst, Bibi. Jud., iii, 451; Ginsburg, Massoret ha-Massoret, pp. 33-34.

Jellinek, Adolf (1821-1893) *Moses ben Schem-tob de Leon und sein Verhältniss zum Sohar. Eine historisch-kritische Untersuchung über die Entstehung des Sohar. Leipzig, 1851.

Jinarâjadâsa, C. (1875-1953). *Letters from the Masters of the Wisdom. 1881-1888. Transcribed and Compiled by C. J. First Series. With a Foreword by Annie Besant. Adyar, Madras: Theosophical Publ. House, 1919. 124 pp.; 2nd ed., 1923; 3rd ed., 1945; 4th ed., with new and addit. Letters (covering period 1870-1900), 1948.—*Second Series. Adyar: Theos. Publ. House, 1925; Chicago: The Theos. Press, 1926. 205 pp., facs.

Kircher, Athanasius (1602-80). *Oedipus Aegyptiacus; hoc est, Universalis Hieroglyphicae veterum doctrinae temporum injuria abolitae instauratio, etc. 3 tom. Ex typographia V. Mascardi. Rome, 1652-54. fol.

Kiu-ti or Khiu-ti. Vide Vol. VI.p. 425, for information.

379 Knorr von Rosenroth, Baron Christian (1636-1689). *Kabbalah denudata. Vol. I, Sulzbach, 1677-78; Vol. II, Frankfurt: J. D. Zunneri, 1684.

Lapide, Cornelius Cornelii à (Cornelis Cornelissen van den Steen). Flemish Jesuit and exegete; b. at Bocholt, Dec. 18, 1567; d. at Rome, March 12, 1637. Studied at Jesuit colleges, entered the Soc. of Jesus, 1592, and was ordained priest, 1595. Became prof, of Holy Scriptures, and later of Hebrew, at Louvain. Later sent to Rome where he spent the later part of life completing his celebrated Commentaries which deal with the historical and scientific study of the Bible, and the allegorical sense of the text. He was a seriously pious and zealous priest; his works are highly esteemed by both Catholics and Protestants.

Works: Commentarius in ... . Pauli epistolas, Antwerp, 1614.— Comm, in Pentateuchum, Antwerp, 1616, 1697.—Les trésors de Cernelius à Lapide: extraits de ses commentaires de l’écriture sainte, etc., by the abbé Barbier. Le Mans and Paris, 1856; latest ed., 1896. 4 vols.— The Great Commentary of Cornelius à Lapide. Engl. tr. by Rev. Thomas N. Mossman. London, 1876.

H.P.B. refers to a French translation of his works by Élysée Pélagaud, which has so far remained untraceable.

Le Blanc d’Ambonne, Th.-Prosper, *Les religions et leur interprétation chrétienne. Paris: J. Leroux et Jouly, 1852-53, 3 vols. 8vo.

Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Freiherr von (1646-1716). *Opera philos. By this is most likely meant: God. Guil. Leibnitii Opera philosophica quae extant latina, gallica, germanica omnia .... Johannes Eduardus Erdmann. Berlin: G. Eichleri, 1840. 2 vols.

Le Loyer, Pierre; Sieur de la Brosse. Famous French demonographer, b. at Huillé, near Durtal (Anjou), Nov. 24, 1550 (1); d. at Angers, Jan. 29, 1634. Studied at Paris for five years, then went to Toulouse to study law. After returning to his own province, he became royal councillor for the rest of his life. He was a poet and a book worm, deeply versed in Hebrew, Arabic and other languages ; was well known at the time even abroad and considered one of the most learned men of France. Among his many works are: Idylle sur la Loire, Toulouse, 1572.—Édom et les colonies iduméanes en Asie et en Europe, etc., Paris, 1620.—* Quatre livres des spectres ou apparitions et visions d'esprits, anges et démons se monstrant sensiblement aux hommes, Angers, 1586, 8 books. Also Paris, 1605 and 1608, 4to. This work deals with visions, prodigies of all centuries, and the most celebrated authors, sacred and profane, who have dealt with occult subjects, the cause of apparitions, nature of good and evil spirits, demons, ecstasy, magicians, sorcerers, exorcisms, evocations, fumigations, etc. Paris scholars 380approved it for the instruction of good Catholics, against the “ pernicious ” opinions of the ancients. Engl, transi, by Z. Jones, London, 1605, 4to.

Lélut, Louis-François. French physician; b. at Gy (Haute-Saône), April 15, 1804; d. at Paris, Jan. 25, 1877. Entered the profession, 1827. In charge of the lunatic department at Bicêtre, and later at the Salpêtrière. Conducted research to elucidate the relation between the intelligence and the brain; applied to history the study of physiology and psychology. Elected, 1848-57, member of the Constitutional and Legislative Assembly; and member of the Academy of Medicine in 1863. Works: Du démon de Socrate (Paris: Trinquart, 1836. 8-vo), which produced sensation.—L’amulette de Pascal. Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1845.—Several essays on the Physiologie de la Pensée, 1842, 1855, 1857.—Recherches des analogies de la Jolie et de la raison, 1834.

Leuret, François. French physician specializing in insanity ; b. at Nancy, Dec. 29, 1797; d. Jan. 5, 1851. Studied at Paris mental diseases, under d’Esquirol; became doctor, 1826, and superintendent of the Paris insane asylum, 1829. Applied new methods to the treatment of insanity, such as musical therapy. Works: Anatomie comparée du système nerveux. Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1839-57. 2 vols.—*Fragments psychologiques sur la Jolie. Paris: Crochard, 1834. 8vo. vii, 426 pp.—Du traitement morale de la Jolie. Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1840.

Lévi, Éliphas ( 1810?-l875); pseud, of the Abbé Alphonse Louis Constant. ^Grimoire des sorciers. No information available.— *Le Livre des Splendeurs, Paris, 1894. Vide infra, s. v. Zohar.

Livius, Titus (b. c. 59-a. d. 17). * History, Loeb Classical Library.

Locke, John (1632-1704). *An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Orig. ed., 1690. Many ed. since.

Lombard, Peter. Noted Italian scholastic theologian, deriving his name from the province where he was born, near Novara, in Lombardy, at about the opening of the 12th century. Studied at Bologna, Reims and Paris; here he acquired great reputation becoming professor of Theology at the University; he was appointed archbishop in 1159, and died at Paris in 1164. He was one of the best scholars of the day and a zealous ecclesiastic. His principal work is the Sententiarum libri quatuor (or Sentences'), a collection of passages from the Fathers, the many contradictions of which he attempts to conciliate. He was the first author who collected theological doctrines into I a complete system, laying foundations for scholastic theology. His work became the text-book in schools of philosophy through the middle ages, a universal 381manual of theology, and obtained for him the title of “ Magister Sententiarum.” It was first publ. in Venice, 1477, fol., in 4 pts. The best ed. is by Antoine Ghenart, London, 1567, 4to. Lombard also wrote Commentaries on the Psalms and on the Epistles of St. Paul.

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