Zirkoff B. - Appendix (BCW vol.9)

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Appendix

by Boris de Zirkoff

H. P. Blavatsky Collected Writtings, vol. 9, page(s) 402-462

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402

NOTE ON THE TRANSLITERATION OF SANSKRIT

The system of diacritical marks used in the Bibliographies and the Index (with square brackets), as well as in the English translations of original French and Russian texts, does not strictly follow any one specific scholar, to the exclusion of all others. While adhering to a very large extent to Sir Monier-Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary, as for instance in the case of the Anusvâra, the transliteration adopted includes forms introduced by other Sanskrit scholars as well, being therefore of a selective nature.

It should also be noted that the diacritical mark for a long “a” was in the early days a circumflex, and therefore all of H.P.B.’s writings embody this sound in the form of “â.” No change has been made from this earlier notation to its more modern form of the “macron,” or line over the “a.” Such a change would have necessitated too many alterations, and almost certainly would have produced confusion; therefore the older usage has been adhered to throughout.

403

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY (With Selected Biographical Notes)

The material contained in the following pages is of necessity a selective one, and is intended to serve three purposes: (a) to give condensed information, not otherwise readily available, about the life and writings of some individuals mentioned by H. P. B. in the text, and who are practically unknown to the present-day student; (b) to give similar data about a few well-known scholars who are discussed at length by H. P. B., and whose writings she constantly quotes; and (c) to give full information regarding all works and periodicals quoted or referred to in the main text and in the Compiler’s Notes, with or without biographical data of their authors. All such works are marked with an asterisk (*).

In the case of Oriental Works, of which only a very few are quoted in the present volume, no attempt has been made to include all the known editions. Those mentioned represent, therefore, only some of the most noteworthy publications. Translations are in the English language, unless otherwise stated. As a rule, the works referred to may be consulted for a short time by means of Inter-Library Loans. To facilitate this, Institutions and Libraries where such works may be obtained are indicated within square brackets. The Key to the Abbreviations used is as follows:

AOS—Library of the American Oriental Society, New Haven, Conn. BM—Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass.

C—Columbia University Library, New York City, N.Y.

CH—University of Chicago Library, Chicago, Ill.

Cl—Cleveland Public Library, Cleveland, Ohio.

Cong—Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

H—Harvard University Library, Cambridge, Mass.

JHU—Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

NYP—New York Public Library, New York City, N.Y.

Pea—Peabody Institute, Baltimore, Md.

UP—University of Pennsylvania Library, Philadelphia, Pa.

Y—Yale University Library, New Haven, Conn.

Ed. stands for Editions of the original text in Devanagari characters; Roman—indicates the text to be in Roman characters.

*Agnipwrana. Edited by Rajendralala Mitra. 3 vols.; 3, 2, 384; 3, 481; 3, xxxix, 385. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1873, 1876, 1879. Bibi. Ind. work 65, N.S. nos. 189, 197, 201, 291; 306, 312, 313, 316, 357; 373, 390, 399, 404, 421. [Y. AOS. C. NYP. Pea. UP. Cong. Cl. BM.].—A prose English translation of Agni Puranam. Edited and published by Manmatha Nath Dutt Shastri .... 2 vols.; 404xviii, vii, 1-640; 641-1346. Calcutta, printed by H. C. Das, Elysium Press, 1903-04. Dutt’s Wealth of India Series. [Y. C. NYP. JHU. UP. Cl. Ch. H. BM.].

*Aitareyabrdhmana. The Aitareya Brahmanam of the Rigveda...Edited, translated and explained by Martin Haug ... 2 vols.; ix, 80, 215, vi; vii, 535. Bombay: Government Central Book Depot, 1863. [Y. AOS. C. NYP. JHU. Pea. UP. Cong. Cl. Ch. H.].—Translation republished at Allahabad: Panini Office, 1919-22. SBH extra volume 4.

Alagona, Pietro. Sicilian Jesuit theologian, b. at Syracuse, 1549; d. in Rome, Oct. 19, 1624. Entered the Society of Jesus at Palermo, Dec. 22, 1564. Showed from early youth profound knowledge of canonical law; taught for twenty years philosophy and theology at Palermo and Messina, and was vice-rector of the College of Trapani. Called to Rome by Claudio Aquaviva, he exercised there for some thirty years the difficult function of examiner of bishops, being also the rector of the penitents at the Vatican. His earlier works were published under his mother’s name, Giwara. Best known for his Compendium of the works of Martin Aspilcueta (Rome, 1590; Lyons, 1591, etc.); his* S. Thomae Aquinatis theologicae summae compendium, which went through twenty- five editions (Rome, 1619, 1620; Lyons, 1619; Wurzburg and Cologne, 1620; Paris, 1621; Turin, 1891; British Museum has the Venice ed. of 1 762, 4to.); and his Enchiridion, seu manuale confessa- riorum, which went through more than twenty editions. He also published a Compendium of the whole Canon Law (Rome, 1622-23, etc.).

Amico, Francesco (Francis Amicus). Italian Jesuit theologian, b. at Cosenza, April 2, 1578; d. at Graz, Jan. 31, 1651. Began his novitiate, 1596. At first taught philosophy for some years, then occupied for 24 years the chair of theology at Aquila and at Naples, later at Graz and Vienna; after returning to Graz, he was for five years chancellor of the University. He is the author of* Cursus theologicae juxta scholasticum hujus temporis Societatis fesu methodum, 9 vols., folio, Duaci, 1640-49, and Antwerp, 1650; its first vol. appeared in Vienna, 1630; its fifth vol., “De iure et iustitia,” was placed on the Index, June, 1651, on acc. of three propositions, and was again condemned by Alexander VII and Innocent XL Pascal in his Les Provinciales, t. I, pp. 339-44 (Paris: Maynard, 1851), speaks of Amico and his ideas on homicide.

Ammianus Marcellinus (330-395 a.d.). *History. Loeb Class. Library.

Anthon, Charles. American classical scholar, b. in New York, Nov. 17, 1797; d. in New York, July 29, 1867. Grad, of Columbia Univ., 1815; studied law; was admitted to the bar, 4051819, but never practised. Adjunct prof, of Greek and Latin at Columbia, 1820; prof, of Greek language and literature, and head of the Gram. School connected with the College, 1830. Began editing in 1835 a classical series which later found wide use in schools and colleges. Works: Horatii Poemata, 1830.—*A Classical Dictionary. New York, 1841. 8vo.; 4th ed., 1842; also 1843 and New York: Harper & Bros., 1892.—A System of Ancient and Mediaeval Geography, 1850.

Ariamnes II. King of Cappadocia in the fourth century b.c.; succeeded his father Ariarathes II, whose eldest son he was. Being very fond of his children, he shared his crown with his son who also succeeded him as Ariarathes III. The name occurs also in the form of Ariaramnes.

*Arrest du Parlement du 5 mars, 1762. Pertinent information will be found on pp. 309-10 of the present volume.

*Asiatick Researches; or, Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for inquiring into the History and Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences, and Literature, of Asia. Calcutta, 1788-1839. 20 vols. 4to; London, 1801-12. 11 vols. 8vo; new ed., Calcutta, 1875. 8vo.

Augustine, Saint (354-430). Passages quoted have not been identified as to source.

Bacon, William Thompson. American clergyman, b. at Woodbury, Conn., Aug. 24, 1814; d. in Derby, Conn., May 18, 1881. Graduated at Yale, 1837, delivering the valedictory poem. Studied later at Yale Divinity School, and from 1842 to 1845 was pastor of the Congregational Church in Trumbull, Conn. For some time, one of the editors of New Englander, and during several years editor and proprietor of the Journal and Courier of New Haven. Resumed later his ministerial labours and was in charge of parishes in Kent and in Derby, Conn. Published two volumes of Poems: the first, in 1837 (Boston: Weeks, Jordan & Co.); and the second, in 1848 (Cambridge: G. Nichols; New York: G. P. Putnam).

The lines quoted by Η. P. B. are from a poem entitled *“Thoughts in Solitude,” which may be found in his first volume of Poems.

Bain, Alexander (1818-1903). *Mind and Body. The Theories of their Relation, in “ The International Scientific Series,” London, 1872; 3rd ed., 1874. Vide Volume VIII of the present Series for biogr. sketch of the author.

Barberi, Andrew. *Bullarii Romani Continuatio, Rome, 1835-57. 19 vols. fol. Extends from Clement XIII to Gregory XVI, in 1834.

Bax, Clifford. *The Distaff Muse. London: Hollis & Carter, 1942.

406 Beecher, Rev. Henry Ward (1813-87). Passage quoted from one of his sermons; has not been traced to any source.

Bert, Paul (1833-86). *La morale des Jésuites. Paris: G. Charpentier, 1880. xliv, 666 pp.; also 1883.

Besant, Dr. Annie (1847-1933). *“Theosophy and the Society of Jesus,” The Theosophist, Vol. XIV, December, 1892.

*Beytrag zu den zufälligen Gedanken . . . über die Bulle Dominus, ac Redemptor noster, etc., Strassburg, 1774.

*Bhâgavata-purâna. Ed. by Bâlakrsna Sâstrî Yogi. 2nd ed., 710. Bombay: Nirnayasâgara Press, 1898 [C.].—Prose English transi. Ed. and publ. by Manmatha Nath Dutt ... 2 vols. Calcutta: Elysium Press, 1895-96. Wealth of India Series [C. NYP. Cl. H. BM.].—Srimad Bhagavatam. Tr. by S. Subba Rau. 2 vols. Tirupati, India: Lakshmana Rao, 1928.—Le Bhâgavata Purâna . . . traduit et publié par Μ. Eugène Burnouf. . . Vols. 1-3. Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 1840, 1844, 1847. Vols. 4-5. Ed. by Μ. Hauvette-Besnault and P. Roussel. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1884, 1898 (lacks text from book 10, chap. 49). [UP. Cong. Cl. H.].

Bhâshyachârya, Pandit N. Outstanding Sanskrit and Oriental scholar of the early days of the Theosophical Movement. He was born at Sriperumbadur, Chingleput District, near Madras, India, in April, 1835, and died at Madras, Dec. 22, 1889. On his father’s side, he came from a long line of Visishtâdwaita philosophers and teachers, and was related to Sri Râmânujâchârya. His Brâh- manical thread ceremony was performed in his seventh year by his own father. He studied the Yajur-Veda, rhetoric and general literature under various scholars, completing his studies in modern Sanskrit literature in his 14th year. He married in his twentieth year, and in his 24th left Madras for Conjeeveram to study Vedânta under a famous ascetic. He was soon employed by the Board of Examiners in the Civil Service to teach young civilians, and while in this capacity learned Hindi, Telugu, Canarese, Marathi, Bengali and Persian, as well as some Arabic—Tamil being his mother tongue. His acquaintance with Sir Walter Elliot and others laid foundations for his Oriental research, and spurred him to a thorough study of English. In 1863, he was for a while assistant to the Sub-Collector of the Cuddapah District. Returning to Madras, 1869, he became acquainted with J. Pickford, Prof, of Sanskrit in the Presidency College, who was largely responsible for his study of the Vedas. In 1870, he joined the Bar in the District Court of Cuddapah, practising law until 1887, when diabetes made it impossible to continue. After some misconceptions concerning the aims of the Theosophical Society, he joined it in November, 1886, during a visit of Col. Olcott to Cuddapah, for the purpose of organizing a Branch at the Pandit’s own suggestion. In 1887, he 407settled at Adyar and became engaged in the preparation of his Visishtddwaita Catechism, the first English work on that philosophy. It was in 1886 that the Pandit went, at the request of Col. Olcott, on a tour of inspection of various Native Libraries, bringing back with him a large number of valuable MSS. He donated his own library to the Oriental Department of the Adyar Library, and wrote and lectured extensively on behalf of the Movement. (Vide for further details, The Theosophist, Vol. XI, Suppl., February, 1890, pp. xcv-xcix.)

Pandit Bhashyacharya was acknowledged as one of the most learned Sanskritists in India; a great linguist; an orator equally at home in four languages; a man of courageous disposition, an enlightened reformer, and an ardent Theosophist who gave up a lucrative profession to devote himself gratuitously to the work of the Theosophical Society.

On the subject of his writings, special mention should be made of his two scholarly essays contributed to the pages of The Theosophist: “The Age of Patanjali” (Vol. X, September, 1889, pp. 724-740; with additional notes on the Yavanas, in Vol. XI, January, 1890, pp. 218-223), and “The Age of Sri Sankaracharya” (Vol. XI, November, 1889, pp. 98-107; January and February, 1890, pp. 182-185, and 263-272 resp.). He also translated Light on the Path into Sanskrit.

Although he never met H. P. Blavatsky, the Pandit had a very high regard for her knowledge and integrity, and remained unaffected by the various attacks against her. It is stated by those who knew him that he had conceived the idea of interpreting with the help of H. P. B. the ancient Indian writings in the light of esoteric truths, and greatly regretted her absence from Adyar. An early death made it impossible for him to carry out this plan.

*Bhavishyapurdna MS. form. Bombay: Venkatesvara Press, 1910. ff. 9, 556.

Bigandet, Pierre, Bishop of Ramatha (1812-1894). *The Life, or Legend, of Gaudama, the Budha, of the Burmese, etc. Rangoon, 1866. 8vo; 4th ed., London: Triibner & Co., 1911, 1912. Vide Col. H. S. Olcott’s Old Diary Leaves, Series IV, p. 274, for interesting information concerning his relation to this very remarkable ecclesiastic.

*Book of Common Prayer according to the Church of England.

*Book of Heaven through keeping the Ten Prohibitions. No information available.

*Book of Numbers, Chaldean. Probably the source from which the Zohar of Shimon ben Yohai has been derived. According to 408H. P. B. (Theos. Glossary, p. 75), “it is very rare indeed, there being perhaps only two or three copies extant, and these in private hands.”

*Book of the Dead, The. Passages quoted have been checked by the English transl. of the Theban Recension by Sir E. A. Wallis Budge; 2nd rev. and enl. ed., London: Kegan Paul; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1928, 3 vols. in one.

Braunsberger, Otto. *Petri Canisii epistulae et acta, Freiburg, 1896 ff.

*Breve della Santita di Nostro Signore Papa Clemente XIV, Rome, 1773.

*Bullarium, Luxemburg; 1727-1730, in 9 vols., a reprint of the one by Cherubini. 19 vols. by 1758; up to and inch Benedict XIV.

*Bullarium Romanum, ed. A. Theiner, Paris, 1852.

Burmichon, Joseph. *La Compagnie de Jesus en France, 1814-1914. Paris: G. Beauchesne, 1914-22. 4 vols.

Busembaum, Hermann. Moral theologian, b. at Notteln, Westphalia, 1600; d. at Münster, Jan. 31, 1668. Entered the Soc. of Jesus in his 19th year. Taught the classics, philosophy and moral and dogmatic theology in various houses of the order. Rector of the colleges of Hildesheim and Münster. “His prudence, keenness of intellect, firmness of will, large-heartedness, and tact combined to form a rare character. These natural gifts were heightened by a singular innocence of life and constant communion with God.” (Cath. Encycl.) Became confessor and adviser of Christoph Bernhard von Galen, Prince-Bishop of Münster. His principal theological work, Medulla theologiae moralis facili ac perspicud methodo resolvens casus conscientiae ex variis probatisque auctoribus concinnata, appeared either in 1645 or 1650, and soon became a classic, going through forty editions in the life-time of the author. It was printed in all the great centres of the Catholic world, and was used for over two centuries as a textbook in numberless seminaries. Claudius Lacroix wrote a Commentary on this work. According to the Cath. Encycl., the Medulla “proclaimed its author to be a man gifted in a superlative degree with the moral instinct and the powers of a great teacher.” Busembaum, however, was attacked and accused of teaching a doctrine subversive of authority and of the security of kings. In defending him and his teachings, the Cath. Encycl. endeavours to “give full assurance of Busembaum’s orthodoxy and authority,” and declares the morality taught in his work to be identical with that of the Church.

Byron, George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron (1788-1824). *The Island.—Another prose passage which has not been identified.— *The Corsair: A Tale.—*Childe Harold's Pilgrimage.

409 Campbell, Thos. J. *The Jesuits, 1534-1921. New York: The Encyclopedic Press, 1921 (Catholic).

Carayon, August (1813-74). *Bibliographie historique de la Compagnie de Jésus. Paris: Durand, 1864.

Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881) *Jesuitism, in Works, II, 259-485. Boston, 1885.

Cartwright, W. C. *The Jesuits; their Constitution and Teachings. London, 1876.

Chabas, François-Joseph (1817-1882). Vide Vol. VII, p. 364, for biographical data.

Chaucer, Geoffrey ( 1340?-1400). *The Flower and the Leaf. See p. 268 of the present volume for pertinent information.

Cherubini, Laertius. *Bullarium, sive collectio diversarum Constitutionum multorum Pontificum, 1586; 1404 pp. fol. (from Gregory VII to Sixtus V); 2nd ed., Rome, 1617. 3 vols.; 3rd ed., Rome, 1638. 4 vols, (from Leo I to Urban VIII); 5th ed., Rome, 1669-1672. 6 vols, (to Clement X).

Chiniquy Father. *Fifty Years in the Church of Rome; 1st ed., 1885; upward of sixty editions; most recent one, 1953, from Christ Mission Book Dpt., Sea Cliff, Long Island, N. Y.

Clement XIV, Pope (1705-1774). *Dominus ac Redemptor noster. . . Bibliographical information may be found on pp. 312-13 of the present volume.

Clovis (Chlodovech or Hlodowig, ca. 466-511). King of the Salian Franks, son of Childerich I, whom he succeeded in 481 at the age of 15. The Salian Franks had by then advanced to the river Somme, and were centred at Tournai. Of the first few years of his reign, we know next to nothing; in 486, he defeated the Roman general Syagrius at the battle of Soissons, and extended his dominion over Belgica Secunda, of which Reims was the capital. In 493, Clovis married a Burgundian princess, Clotilda, who was a Christian. Although he allowed his children to be baptized, he himself remained a pagan until the war against the Alamanni. After subduing a part of them, Clovis was baptized at Reims by St. Remigius on Christmas Day, 496, together with a considerable number of Franks. This was an event of some importance, as from that time the orthodox Christians in the kingdom of the Burgundians and Visigoths looked to Clovis to deliver them from their Arian kings. Clovis seems to have failed in the case of Burgundy, but was more fortunate in his war against the Visigoths; he defeated their king Alaric II, 507, and added the kingdom of the Visigoths as far as the Pyrenees to the Frankish empire. The last years of 410Clovis’ life were spent in Paris, which he made capital of the kingdom, establishing the dynasty of the Merovingian kings. He can be rightfully considered as the true founder of the Frankish kingdom, the first to arise out of the wreck of the Roman Empire. Between the years 486 and 507, he had the Salian law drawn up. Much of his success was due to his alliance with the Church, whose property he took under his protection, convoking a Council at Orleans, in 511. While protecting the church, he maintained his authority over it. He was vigorous and ambitious, and had but few scruples and not much pity, though a nobler side of his character can be detected also.

The chief source for the life or Clovis is the Historia Francorum (Book II) of Gregory of Tours.

Cocquelines, Charles. *Bullarum, privilegiarum ac diplomatum Romanorum Pontificum amplissima collectio, Rome, 1745. This is a re-editing of Cherubini’s six volumes on the subject.

*Constitutiones, etc. Tide Loyola.

Cooke, Josiah Parsons (1827-1894). American chemist, b. at Boston. Mass.; grad, of Harvard, 1848; appointed to the chair of chemistry and mineralogy at Harvard; stimulated the study of chemistry at collegiate institutions, urging laboratory instruction. Largely responsible for the achievements of his pupil, Theodore Wm. Richards, in his remarkable studies of atomic weights. Works: Elements of Chemical Physics, 1860; 4th ed., 1886.—First Principles of Chemical Philosophy, 1868 and 1882.—*The New Chemistry, 1872 and 1884.

Cooper-Oakley, A. J. *“Sankhya and Yoga Philosophy,” lecture before the Convention of the Theos. Society, Adyar, India, December, 1887; publ. in The Theosophist, Vol. IX, March, 1888, pp. 342-56.

Coryn, Dr. Herbert A. W. English physician and Theosophist, b. in England, 1863; d. in San Diego, Calif., Nov. 7, 1927. Son of a physician, he studied medicine and became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London. For a number of years he was associated with his father in medical practice in that city. He was one of the pioneer members of the Theosophical Society, having joined it in the days of H. P. B.’s residence in London. He was one of her direct pupils in his early manhood and rendered invaluable service in those days, as an able speaker and organizer. At a later date, having moved to the U.S.A., he worked in connection with the Theosophical Headquarters at 144 Madison Avenue, New York. Soon after the Headquarters of the Universal Brotherhood and Theosophical Society, under the leadership of Katherine Tingley, were removed from New York to Point Loma, California, 411in 1900, Dr. Coryn became one of its permanent residents, practising medicine there for twenty-six years. He was also Editor of The New Way, a magazine founded by Katherine Tingley for free distribution in prisons and hospitals. He was a Cabinet Officer of the Society and a Mason. He was unmarried.

A man of utter fidelity to the principles of the Theosophical Movement, of staunch reliability and trustworthiness, Herbert Coryn remained throughout his life a worthy pupil of H. P. B., and was well qualified to pass on to others by pen and speech the fire of theosophical enthusiasm which was lit in his own soul by H.P.B. herself.

Dr. Coryn’s sister, Frances, married Prof. Fred J. Dick (1856-1927), also one of the direct pupils of H.P.B. in the London days and an active worker in the Dublin Lodge of the T. S. in Ireland, and later at Point Loma, Calif. Dr. Coryn’s two brothers, Sidney and Edgar A. were also active in the Theosophical Movement.

Crétineau-Joly, Jacques (1803-75). *Clement XIV et les jésuites, Paris, 1847. —*Histoire religieuse, politique et littéraire de la Compagnie de Jésus, Paris, 1851. 6 vols.; 3rd ed., Paris: J. Lecoffre & Cie., 1859.

Cruden, Alexander. English Scholar, b. at Aberdeen, May 31, 1701; d. in London, Nov. 1, 1770. Educ. at Marischal College in native city. After a term of confinement for insanity, settled in London as a tutor, then as a bookseller, holding title of Bookseller to the Queen. In 1737, he completed his Biblical Concordance, a work which has become a classic, running through a large number of editions. Cruden’s piety and exceptional intellectual powers were marred by periods of insanity; after recovering for the second time, he published an account of his harsh treatment and sufferings, 1738. About 1740, he became proof-reader, checking on several editions of Greek and Latin classics. Adopting the title of “Alexander the Corrector,” he assumed the office of correcting the morals of the nation. On being released from a third confinement for insanity, he published The Adventures of Alexander the Corrector (1755). He is also the author of a Scripture Dictionary and a verbal index to Milton. The latest ed. of his monumental Concordance is of 1936.

Dante, Alighieri (1265-1321). *La Divina Comedia.

Daurignac, J. M. S. *History of the Society of Jesus, Cincinnati, 1865. 2 vols.

Delplace. *La suppression des jésuites,” in Études, Paris, 5-20 July, 1908.

412 Dioastillo, Juan de. Theologian, b. of Spanish parents at Naples, Dec. 28, 1584; d. at Ingolstadt, March 6, 1653. Entered noviciate of Society of Jesus, 1600; prof, of theology for 25 years at Toledo, Murcia and Vienna. In moral questions, followed principles of the probabilists. Works: * De justitia et jura ceterisque virtutibus cardinalibus libri duo. Antwerp, 1641.—Tractatus de incarnatione. Antwerp, 1642.—De Sacramentis, etc. Antwerp, 1646-52.—Tractatus duo de juramente, perjurio, et adjuratione, etc. Antwerp, 1662.

Dollinger, Johann J. I. von (1799-1890). *“Memoirs on the suppression of the Jesuits,” in Beitrage zur politischen, kirchlichen und Culturgeschichte, Vienna, 1882.

Dramard, Louis: French Socialist and Theosophist, b. in Paris, Dec. 2, 1848; d. March 15, 1887, of an incurable disease which had undermined his health for over fifteen years. Greatly interested in natural sciences, he had intended to become a physician, but ill health prevented him. He then occupied himself with politics and sociology. During the Franco-German war, when still a student, he remained shut up in Paris where he did duty as a Mobile. After the war he made a journey to Switzerland and Belgium which he narrated himself in his Voyage aux pays des Proscrits. It is there that he identified himself with the cause of Socialism. Shortly afterwards, forced on account of his health to leave France, he first went to Italy and later settled in Algiers. Here he began to work for the amelioration of the conditions of both the French settlers and the Arab people, trying to bring harmony between them. The problem of inequality always occupied the first place in his mind. He planted militant socialism in Algiers by creating there the first “ Cercle d’fitudes Sociales.” The group of men thus brought together by Dramard, who at the same time endeavoured to reorganize the Workmen’s Syndicates, became the nucleus of the Working Men’s Party of Algeria. He was nominated as delegate to the congress of the labour party at St. Etienne in 1882. For the better propagation of the ideas of peace in Algiers, he founded in 1879 the Voix du Pauvre, which brought him so many attacks and calumnies that he had to cease its publication. Unscrupulous adversaries, devoid of good faith, even went so far as to impeach his political honesty, although he had no great difficulty in exculpating himself. His arabophile ideas were the cause of further persecution, and at the advice of some of his friends he at length renounced militant politics and devoted himself henceforth to studies and writing. To this we owe his collaboration in the Revue Socialiste, founded and directed by his teacher and friend Benoit Malon. It is in this Journal (Jan. and Feb., 1885) that was re-published his remarkable study Transformisme et socialisme, which had originally appeared in Paris in 1881.

413 Towards the close of his life, he became identified with Theosophy and The Theosophical Society, becoming President of “L'Isis,” the French Branch of the Organization. The Theosophical philosophy brought a great calm to his restless mind; his vigorous hatred of all oppressors lost its bitterness and his sympathy for the oppressed gained in intensity. As has been the case with a great many other seekers, it is through the pages of Bulwer-Lytton’s Zanoni that Dramard first contacted the teachings of the Ancient Wisdom, which he preferred to call the “ Esoteric Synthesis.” Dramard wrote several remarkable essays along Theosophical and Occult lines, among which mention should be made of the following “La Doctrine Ésotérique,” Revue socialiste, Aug. 15 and Sept. 15, 1885; “La Science Occulte,” Revue moderne, May 1 and 15, June 1, July 15 and 20, 1885; “La Synarchie,” Revue socialiste, Dec. 15, 1887. The first of these is a masterly presentation of the fundamental principles of the esoteric science by a man of great intellectual gifts and of dynamic sympathy for suffering mankind.

Ref.: Le Lotus, Paris, June and July, 1888; Lucifer, London, Vol. II, June, 1888; The Theosophist, Vol. IX, June, 1888.

Dupuis, Charles-François (1742-1809). Vide Vol. VIII, p. 436 for biographical data.

Edda. The Poetic Edda: Hovamol (The Ballad of the High One), embodying Odin’s Rune-Song. Vide Henry Adams Bellows, The Poetic Edda. Tr. from the Icelandic. New York: The AmericanScandin. Foundation; London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford Univ. Press, 1926.

Edkins, Rev. Joseph (1823-1905). English sinolog and missionary of the London Missionary Society. Was sent to China in 1848, residing at Tientsin, Tchenfu and Peking until 1863. Was connected with the Imperial Chinese Customs from 1880 and resided at Shanghai. Aside from various learned essays written for various Journals, he published several works, such as: Grammar of the Chinese Colloquial Language, Shanghai, 1857.—China’s Place in Philology, London, 1871.—Religion in China, London, 1859; also 1887.— *Chinese Buddhism'. A volume of sketches, historical, descriptive and critical. London, 1880; 2nd rev. ed., London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1893. xxxiii, 453 pp.—*“Buddhist Doctrine of the Western Heaven,” Lucifer, London, Vol. II, April, 1888, pp. 108-17.

Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio de. Spanish theologian, b. at Valladolid, 1589; d. there, July 4, 1669. In his sixteenth year, entered the Society of Jesus. Talented and untiring labour won him distinction for scholarship, and fame as a preacher. “His writings are recognized as classical and challenge criticism as far as their 414orthodoxy is concerned. For this reason Pascal’s efforts .... to fasten the charge of laxism on Escobar’s Manual of Cases of Conscience .... are too base and cowardly to merit serious consideration.” (Catholic Encyclopaedia.) Chief works: Examen et praxis confessariorum, Lyons, 1647.—*Liber Theologiae Moralis, viginti quatuor Societatis Jesu Doctoribus reseratus, quem R. P. Antonius Escobar de Mendoza .... in examen Confessariorum digestit. Thirty-seven editions of this work were published in Spain, three ed. at Lyons (1650), one at Venice (1650), one at Brussels (1651), and at least one at Paris (1656). The British Museum ed. is of Lyons, 1659, 8vo. (848. c. 11.), and there is a later ed. of 1663, at Lyons also.—De tripliez statu ecclesiastico, Lyons, 1663.—De justitia et de legibus, Lyons, 1663.—*Universae theologiae moralis receptiores absque lite sententiae. Lyons, 1652-63. 7 vols. (Library of the Univ, of Cambridge.)