Zirkoff B. - Appendix (BCW vol.3): Difference between revisions

In the National Reformer of Bradlaugh, the question was raised as to whether a Secularist can be a Theosophist, and, curiously enough, Mrs. Besant wrote strongly against his joining the T. S. Jagannathiah then wrote to Mr. Bradlaugh asking if freethinkers were bound by the dictates of Mrs. Besant, to which Bradlaugh said No. He then resigned from the Union.

Swaminatha belonged to a Vaidiki, a religious as distinguished from a lay, family; his father was a native doctor and an elder brother was known as a singer of the Yajur-Veda. In his eighth year, he was sent to an English school, and later to a Government High School, until 1881. At fourteen, he matriculated from the Native High School of Coimbatore, went to St. Peter’s College {{Page aside|523}}at Tanjore for four months, and for a time to the State Government Provincial College of Trichinopoly. He taught school in the latter place and became a clerk in the Revenue Department at Bellary. It is there that he became a close friend of Jagannathiah and joined the T. S. After service in the Survey Office, he was transferred to Madras. He returned to Bellary after a while, where he obtained some work in a mercantile house until 1893; he then resigned to devote himself entirely to spiritual work.

'''Rebold, E'''. *Histoire générale de la Francmaçonnerie, Paris, 1851; Engl. tr. by J. Fletcher as A General History of Freemasonry in Europe, Cincinnati, 1861.

'''Reichenbach, Baron Karl von (1788-1869)'''. *Untersuchungen Uber die Dynamide Magnetismus, Electrizitàt, Warme und Licht in ihren Beziehungen zur Lebenskraft, Braunschweig, 1850, 2 vols.; Engl, tr. by Dr. Wm. Gregory of Edinburgh as Researches on Magnetism, etc., London, 1850. See Vol. II, p. 541, for futher data.

'''Renan, Ernest (1823-1892)'''. *Vie de Jésus. First publ. in 1863; 6th ed., Paris, 1923. Engl. tr. by Chas. E. Wilbour, 1864.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Rigveda-Samhita'''. See Vol. V, p. 367, for comprehensive bibliography on the subject.

'''Sabhapati Svami'''. *Om The Philosophy and Science of Vedânta and Raja-Yoga. Ed. by Srish Chanda Vasu. 3rd ed., Lahore, 1895.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Sad-Dar'''. Meaning “The Hundred Subjects.” Persian Scripture of which there are a poetic and a prose version; the latter has been translated by E. W. West, in Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XII, New York, 1901.

'''Saint-Germain, Count de'''. No attempt is made here to give even a fragmentary account of the life of this remarkable individual. The best works which deal with the life and activities of Count de Saint-Germain are the one by Mrs. Isabel Cooper-Oakley (18541914) entitled The Comte de St. Germain. The Secret of Kings (Milano: “Ars Regia,” Casa Editrice del Dott. G. Sulli-Rao, 1912, pp. 284, ill.; 2nd ed., London, Theos. Publ. House, 1927), parts {{Page aside|524}}of which were originally published in The Theosophical Review of London (Vols. XXI—XXIII, November, 1897—November, 1898), and the French work by Paul Chaco mac entitled Le Comte de Saint-Germain (Paris: Chacornac Frères, 11, Quai Saint-Michel, 1947, pp. 318, front.). Mrs. Cooper-Oakley’s work is very scarce.

1)Count de Saint-Germain, the occultist, has been frequently confused with Claude-Louis de Saint-Germain (1707-1778), a Frenchman famous for his military talents and at one time, namely in 1775, appointed by Louis XVIth a Secretary of War, at the death of the Marechal de Muy. References to the Margrave of Anspach, the localities of Schwabach and Triesdorf, as well as to Count Alexis Orlov (1735-1807), Catherine II of Russia, and the Russian Court Revolution of the time, are all connected with Claude-Louis and have nothing to do with Count de Saint-Germain, the renowned occultist. Mrs. Cooper-Oakley and others were not careful enough on this subject.<ref>See Mémoires de M. Ie Comte de Saint-Germain, écrits par luimême. Amsterdam: Ray, 1779. German transl., Frankfurt, 1780.</ref>

In a letter written by Count von Alvensleben to Emperor Frederick II, whose ambassador he was at Dresden, and dated June 25, 1777, the writer says that Count de Saint-Germain told him that he was known as Prince Rakoczy. However, he did not say he was the son of Francis Rakoczy II, and did not name his two brothers. Instances when Count de Saint-Germain used the name of Rakoczy are not definitely authenticated.

3)Another point of very great importance is the fact that a number of writers, including Mrs. Cooper-Oakley and Philip Malpas (1875-1958),<ref>P. Malpas’ essay on Count de Saint-Germain appeared in The Theosophical Path (Point Loma, California), Vols. VI, VII, VIII and IX, from January, 1914, through July, 1915, though the Series was not completed.</ref> have accepted as genuine the so-called Souvenirs sur Marie-Antoinette by the Countess d’Adhemar.<ref>The full title being: Souvenirs sur Marie-Antoinette, archiduchesse d’Autriche, reine de France, et sur la Cour de Versailles, par Mme. la Contesse d’Adhemar, dame du palais. Paris: Mame, 1836; 4 tomes in 2 vols., 12°.</ref> It is true that the Countess d’Adhemar was on intimate terms with Marie-Antoinette. She was originally Mademoiselle de Pont-Chavigny, later the widow of the Marquis de Valbelle; she married Comte d’Adhemar around 1782. The Count had been known under the name of Mont- falcon and was in military service. He was a descendant of the d’Adhemar family which had been extinct since the 16th century. The Countess was born in 1760 and died in 1822. As the Count de Saint-Germain was in Paris in the years 1758 and 1759, she could not have known him in those days. Curiously enough, the Souvenirs of the Countess d’Adhemar range over the period from 1760 to 1821.

These Souvenirs, however, were written by the Baron £tienne- Leon de La Mothe-Langon (1786-1864), a prolific writer of “historical” memoirs in which truth and fiction are cleverly interwoven to keep the reader spellbound. For anyone to accept his writings as a sober narrative of actual events, or as quoting verbatim what was told him by participants in such events, is highly unwise. A closer analysis of this would lead us too far afield. The Souvenirs of the Countess d’Adhemar should be taken with several “grains of salt,” and not flaunted as some historical document of unquestioned authenticity.

From H.P.B.’s own words, it appears that her aunt, Nadyezhda Andreyevna de Fadeyev, had in her possession some important {{Page aside|527}}documents concerning the Count de Saint-Germain. It her work about the Count, Isabel Cooper-Oakley definitely states that she has been permitted to obtain some excerpts from the famous Souvenirs, a copy of which was at the time in the library of Madame de Fadeyev. It is probable that H.P.B.’s reference was to that work in the library of her aunt.

Mémoires de mon temps. This work, according to the title-page, was dictated by the Landgrave Prince Carl von Hessen-Kassel, and published in Copenhague in 1861. The Prince was bom at Kassel December 19, 1744, the son of Prince Frederick of Hessen and of Mary, daughter of King George II of England. After spending part of his life at the Court of Christian VII, King of Denmark, whose daughter he married, he lived for many years on intimate terms with Frederick II of Prussia. The work (publ. by J. H. Schultz, 8vo., 1-151 pp.) is extremely rare and may be consulted in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris.

Denkwürdigkeiten des Barons Carl-Heinrich von Gleichen, etc. Leipzig: Druck von J. B. Hirschfeld, 1847. 8vo., 234 pp. This work exists in French under the title of: Souvenirs de Charles Henri, Baron de Gleichen. Paris: Téchener, 1868. 12°, xlviii, 227, pp. It includes a Prefatory Note by Paul Grimblot.

Mémoires de Mme. Du Hausset, femme de chambre de Mme. de Pompadour. Paris: Baudoin frères, 1824. 8vo., xl, 313 pp. The work includes Notes and historical explanations by Quentin Craufurd, and an Essay on the Marquise de Pompadour by J.-B.-D. Despres. Another edition (Paris: Firmin-Didot frères, 1846, 525 pp.) includes excerpts from the historical and literary Mémoires of Bauchaumont, from 1762 to 1782, and a Prefatory Note and comments by Fs. Barrière. Still another ed. (Paris: E. Flammarion, 1891, xx, 181 pp.) was published with a Preface and Notes by Hippolyte Fournier.

The author of these Mémoires was Nicolle, daughter of François Collesson, leather currier, and of Claudine Rollot, daughter of a draper-merchant at Vitry-le-François, and was bom in that town July 14, 1713. She married Jacques-René du Hausset, an equerry, who died in 1743. She became housemaid to Mme. de Pompadour, and died July 24, 1801, after a life of many vicissitudes.

Among the more recent works on the Count, mention should be made of the work by Pierre Lhermier, Le mystérieux comte de Suint-Germain, posthumously published at Paris in 1943 by the Éditions Colbert. This is one of the most carefully written works evidencing an understanding of the subject.

As to the portrait of Count de Saint-Germain, there is only one known to have existed. It was in the collection of Jeanne Camus de Pontcarré, Marquise d’Urfé, who died November 13, 1775. According to Paul Chacornac’s opinion, this portrait was painted by Count Pietro dei Rotari (1707-1762), an artist who was bom at Verona, Italy, and acquired a considerable reputation in his native land. He was a disciple of Antoine Balestra and of Ange Trevisani, and produced several rather large paintings, some of which are in Munich and Dresden (Cf. Siret, Dictionnaire historique des peintres, Paris, Lacroix, 1866). Later in life, Rotari went to Russia at the invitation of Empress Elizabeth, and became her Court Painter. He died in St. Petersburg, after some years of very successful work during which he painted several hundred portraits, some of which were at one time in the Palace at Peterhof. Rotari was on intimate terms with Count de Saint-Germain who travelled to St. Petersburg at his suggestion, where they frequented together many of the renowned aristocratic families of Russia.

'''Sargent, Epes'''. American author, b. at Gloucester, Mass., Sept. 27, 1813. Educated chiefly at the Boston Latin School, which he entered at the age of nine. Although matriculated at Harvard College, {{Page aside|529}}he did not remain for graduation. When a boy, accompanied his father upon an extended trip to Russia, where he spent much time studying various collections of paintings. Upon his return, he started a small weekly paper, the Literary Journal, in which he gave an account of his experiences in Russia. From that time on, he devoted himself to literature. His first contributions appeared in the Boston Daily Advertiser. For a while, he associated himself with S. G. Goodrich in the preparation of the Peter Parley Books. In 1836 he wrote for Josephine Clifton a five-act play entitled The Bride of Genoa, followed the next year by the tragedy Velasco, both plays being successfully produced. In 1837, Sargent became connected with the Boston Atlas, as Washington correspondent. In 1839, he took charge for a while of the New York Mirror, but returned to Boston, 1846, where he edited for several years The Evening Transcript. He established himself at Roxbury, and after a few years withdrew from newspaper life and engaged exclusively in literary pursuits. It is during this period that he wrote a number of children’s books, some of which reached a large sale. In 1852, he produced the Standard Speaker, a work of rare completeness which passed through thirteen editions within three years. He also prepared excellent readers for public schools, which had an enormous sale. He also continued to produce some plays, such as The Priestess, with great success. In 1849, Sargent published a collection of poems under the title of Songs of the Sea, some of which were set to music. He was on terms of intimacy with Henry Clay and wrote a life of that distinguished statesman. He was well known as a lecturer throughout New England and counted among his close friends some of the famous men of the day, such as Daniel Webster and others.

Epes Sargent wrote a number of novels, such as: Wealth and Worth (1840); Fleetwood, or the Stain of a Birth (1845), and others; among his poems, there is a lyrical one called Life on the Ocean Wave, beginning with the stirring line, “Oh, ye keen breezes from the Salt Atlantic.” He also published American Adventures by Land and Sea (1847, 2 vols.); Original Dialogues (1861); and edited several memoirs.

Sargent’s interest in spiritual subjects is fully dealt with in Η.P.B.’s article on pages 239-40 of the present volume, wherein she speaks of his work entitled *The Scientific Basis of Spiritualism (2nd ed., Boston: Colby & Rich, 1881; 6th ed., 1891). In an unsigned note, possibly by Η.P.B. or by Col. Olcott, inserted in The Theosophist (Vol. II, March, 1881, p. 139), reporting the death of this remarkable man, which took place at Boston, December {{Page aside|530}}31, 1880, and in which is acknowledged a donation by Sargent of some of his school books to the Theosophical School for boys at Point de Galle, Ceylon, it is also stated that “there was something so sweet and winsome in his tone, expression of face and sentiments; such candour and evident devotion to what was good and true; and withal such a dignified purpose to act up to his light and his convictions, that for him to make an acquaintance was to secure a friend.” This is followed by a quotation from the Boston Transcript which praises Sargent in a genuine way.

It is also stated in The Theosophist that Sargent “was the author of various books of education which possess such superior merit that Mr. Jayasekara, Manager of our Galle school, declares them better than any English series he has even seen. A Cyclopaedia of Poetry upon which he had been engaged for some years, was completed only about a month before his death.” Mention is also made of two other works by Sargent, namely, Planchette and Proof Palpable of Immortality, on subjects of grave concern in those days.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Sepher Yetzirah or Book of Formation'''. Reputed to be the oldest Kabbalistic work, attributed to Rabbi Akiba. It deals with permutations of numbers and letters, and is our first sources for the doctrine of emanations and the Sephiroth. The editio princeps is that of Mantua, 1562, with several subsequent ones. Text and Comm, by Dunash ben Tamim have been publ. by M. Grossberg, London, 1902, and parts of it have been transl. by W. Wynn Westcott (Bath: R. H. Fryar, 1887, 4to; 2nd ed., London: Theos. Publ. Society, 1893). See also Knut Stenring, The Book of Formation, a translation publ. in 1923, 8vo.

'''Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)'''. *Hamlet.—* Love*s Labour's Lost.

'''Shimon ben Yohai'''. See Vol. VII, pp. 269-70, for biogr. data.

'''Shraddha Ram'''. *Dharma Rakhsha. No information.

'''Sinnett, A. P. (1840-1921)'''. *The Occult World, 1881.—*The Mahatma Letters, etc. 3rd rev. ed., Adyar, 1962.

'''Slade, Dr. Henry (?-1905)'''. See Vol. I, p. 525, for information.

'''Smith, George'''. English Assyriologist, b. at Chelsea, London, March 26, 1840; d. at Aleppo, Aug. 19, 1876. Was a banknote engraver by trade. Through the interest of Sir Henry Rawlinson, was appointed assistant in the Assyriology department of the British Museum. The earliest of his successes was the discovery of two {{Page aside|531}}inscriptions, one fixing the date of the total eclipse of the sun in the month Sivan (May), 763 B.C., and the other the date of the invasion of Babylonia by the Elamites in 2280 B.C. Achieved worldwide renown by his Chaldean Account of Genesis, Rpr. Wizards Bks. 1977. Engaged in widespread excavations at Neneveh and Kuyunjik, during three separate expeditions, 1873-76. One of his best works is *Ancient History from the Monuments. The History of Babylonia, posthumously publ. in London, 1877, and edited and brought up to date by the Rev. A. H. Sayce in a new edition, London, 1895. Smith also wrote a work on Assyria, publ. in 1875.

'''Stewart, Balfour (1828-1887)'''. *The Sun and the Earth. In Science Lectures for the People. Fourth Series, 1872-73, delivered in Manchester, England.—*The Unseen Universe (in collab. with O. G. Tait), 4th ed., London, 1876.

'''Sue, Eugène (Joseph Marie) (1804-1857)'''. *Les Mystères de Paris, 1842-43, 10 vols.

'''Sumangala Unnanse H'''. Renowned Ceylonese Buddhist priest and scholar. He was born on January 20, 1827, in the village of Hikka- duwa, Ceylon, the fourth son of Don Johannes de Silva Abeyewera-Gunawardana; was a precocious child, and his parents saw at a very early age what the trend of his life was likely to be. When five years old, he was already dedicated to the monastery, and at the age of twelve was admitted to the Order as a samanera or novice; it is recorded that in his studies he already then surpassed those who were far older than he. He placed himself under the tuition of a Sanskrit pundit, a Brahman a from India, and made very rapid progress. When 21, he went to Kandy, the ancient capital of the Island, and received the full ordination of a monk at the hands of the Chief High Priest. He astonished his examiners by the depth of his scholarship, the wide range of his reading, and the ease with which he handled both Sanskrit and Pali. He then returned to his native village where he was appointed as tutor to the monks, spending there twelve years of his life. Transferred later to a higher appointment at Galle, where he spent the next six years as priest in charge of the temple, continuing also as tutor to the monks. Having special aptitude for languages, he learned Elu, the classical language of Ceylon, English and French.

Sumangala was a voluminous writer, but his works are mostly unknown in the West. He was a friend of F. Max Muller, Prof. Rhys Davids, Prof. C. R. Lanman of Harvard, Sir Edwin Arnold and Sir Monier-Williams. His first contact with Theosophy took place in 1880, when the Founders first visited Ceylon. From then on a strong friendship existed with them, and he speeded Col. Olcott on his mission to Japan in 1889 (See the Colonel’s Old Diary Leaves for complete account).

'''Tappan, Cora L.V. (later Tappan-Richmond)'''. See Vol. I, p. 528.

'''Tartini, Giuseppe (1692-1770)'''. See Vol. II, pp. 545-46, for biogr. data.

'''Temple, Sir Richard (1826-1902)'''. *India in 1880. London: John Murray, 1880, 8vo. See Vol. II, p. 546, for biogr. data.

'''Tertullian, Q.S.F. (155-222)'''. *De jejunio. Loeb Class. Libr.

'''Thibaut, George Frederick William'''. German scholar, b. at Heidelberg, 1848, the son of Karl Thibaut, Librarian to the University; d. in 1914. Educated at the Gymnasium of his native town, and the Universities of Heidelberg and Berlin. Went to England, 1871, working several years as assistant to F. Max Müller; appointed, 1875, Anglo-Sanskrit Professor in the Benares Sanskrit College; Principal of the College, 1879-88; Professor, Muir Central College, Allahabad, 1888-95. Thibaut’s literary work was chiefly in the domain of Indian philosophy, astronomy and mathematics. Among his many writings, special mention should be made of the following: The Panchasiddhantika, the astronomical work of Varäha Mihira, {{Page aside|533}}with translation (in collaboration with Sudhakara Dvivedi), 1889.—The Vedanta Sutras, with Sankara’s Commentary, translated (Sacred Books of the East, Vols. 34 and 38; and with Ramanuja’s Comm, ditto, Vol. 48).—“Indian Astronomy, Astrology and Mathematics,” in Buhler’s Encyclopaedia of Indian Research, 1899.—Thibaut also edited, together with R. Griffith, the Benares Sanskrit Series.

H. P. B. refers to Thibaut’s art. “On the Suryaprajnapti,” in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. 49, Pt. 1.

'''Thornton, Edward (1799-1875)'''. *A Gazetteer of the Territories under the Government of the East India Company, and of the Native States on the Continent of India, London, W. H. Allen & Co., 1854; corrected ed., 1857.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Transactions'''. National Insurance Convention, New York, 1871.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Tripitaka (Pali, Tipitaka)''', meaning “Three Baskets”—chief Scriptures consisting of Vinaya-Pitaka, or Rules of Discipline governing the Sangha; the Sutta-Pitaka, or Dialogues and Discourses of the Buddha, containing the Five Nikayas; and the Abhidhamma-Pitaka (lit. “Higher Dhamma”). The Therauada Tipitaka is available from the Pali Text Society. The Mahayana Tripitaka is just beginning to be translated, mainly by the Buddhist Text Translation Society.

'''Tukaram Tatya'''. An outstanding Hindu Theosophist of the early days, Fellow of the Indian Section of the T.S., one of the most devoted and earnest workers in the Movement. He was born in Bombay in 1836, and belonged to a sub-section of the Sudra caste known as the Bhandari class. His parents came from the West coast of India, near Ratnagiri. His mother died when he was seven, and his father when he was ten. After that they were all reduced to poverty as the family’s property was squandered by a relative. At the age of thirteen he was adopted by his cousin’s wife, who worked to support herself and Tukaram. At a mission school he was taught the vernacular, and later went as far as the Third Reader at an English school. As the missionaries thought he would become a Christian, he was allowed a monthly stipend of two rupees. They treated him kindly and he was on the verge of joining their faith, but here was the turning point of his life.

A few years later, while watching the death of his adopted mother, he began speculating as to what it was that left her body. This led to retrospection and to wondering where his destiny would take him. He continued in this state of mind until he “happened” to read an issue of The Theosophist. He found therein ideas which he had been pondering on, and conceived a strong desire to meet the Founders. With an introduction from his friend, Martin Wood of the Times of India, he went to see them, Mr. Wood asking them not to “let Tukaram too deep in the mysteries of the T.S. for fear he might be drawn off from the local politics, in which he had a large share, having already obtained the city municipal franchise.”

In course of time, Tukaram conceived the idea of setting up a Theosophical Publishing House, long before a similar idea was decided upon in Europe and America. This was the origin of the Bombay Theosophical Publication Fund, the sole object of which was to popularize among the reading public easily procurable works on ancient philosophies and religions as well as Theosophy. Tuka- ram’s output became very large and his venture grew in proportion to his devotion. He published a large number of translations of ancient Scriptures, such as the Vedas, the Upanishads, works of Samkaracharya, and others; also collections of valuable articles from The Theosophist.

(Cf. The Path, New York, Vol. IX, May, 1894).

'''Twain, Mark (pen-name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens) (1835-1910)'''. *The Innocents Abroad, 1867.

'''Tyerman''', *Freethought Vindicated. Untraced.

'''Varley, Cromwell Fleetwood (1828-1883)'''. See Vol. I, pp. 529-30, for biographical data.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Vendidad'''. See under Avesta.

'''Verne, Jules (1828-1905)'''. *De la Terre a la Lune, 1865.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Vetala-panchavimsati''', or “Twenty-Five Tales of the Vetala,” translated by Sir R. Burton in 1870 as Vikram and the Vampire. Also as The Baital Pachisi, transl. by W. B. Barker & edited by E. B. Eastwick. London, 1855.

'''Vieuxtemps, Henri (1820-81)'''. Belgian violinist and brilliant composer of concertos for the violin; pupil of Beriot and one of the founders of the Franco-Belgian school of violin playing.

'''Virgil (70-19 b.c.)'''. *Aeneid. Loeb Class. Libr.

'''Virubov, Grigoriy Nikolayevich (1843-1913)'''. Russian philosopher and writer, educated first by his own parents who lived mostly abroad, and later in the imperial Lyceum, supplementing his knowledge upon graduation by studying medicine at the Moscow University. Travelled extensively in Europe and the East. Became a close friend of Littre and a protagonist of his School of Positivism. Founded with him in July, 1867, the journal Philosophic positive which continued publication until 1884. Took part in the defense of Paris during the Franco-German war and later served in the Caucasus during the Russo-Turkish war, mainly in connection with the Red Cross. Became naturalized in France, 1889. Most of his later years were occupied with profound studies and the writing of a vast number of serious philosophical essays in both French and Russian. He was also greatly interested in mineralogy and crystallography. As literary executor of A. I. Gerzen, he edited, 1875-79, his Collected Works, In 1886 he obtained ¿he highly desired doctorate from the Sorbonne.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Vishnu-Purana'''. Transl. by H. H. Wilson. Ed. by Fitzedward Hall. London: Trubner & Co., 1864, 65, 66, 68, 70. Works of the late H. H, Wilson.

'''Wagner, Nikolay Petrovich (1829-1907)'''. *Article in the Yevro- peyskiy Vestnik (Messenger of Europe), 1876. See Vol. VI, p. 449, for biographical data.

'''Waite, Charles B. (1824-1909)'''. *History of the Christian Religion, to the Year Two Hundred, Chicago, 1881; 5th ed., 1900.

'''Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)'''. *On Miracles and Modern Spiritualism. Three Essays. London, 1875; 2nd ed., 1881; new ed., 1896.

'''Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von'''. Duke of Friedland, Sagan and Mecklenburg. German soldier and statesman, b. of noble family at Herrmanic, Bohemia, Sept. 15, 1583; d. Feb. 25, 1634. Sent to Jesuit college at Olmitz, but did not accept the R. C. faith. Attended university at Altdorf, 1599, but was expelled. Travelled and studied at Bologna and Padua, and developed keen interest in astrology. Served in the army of Emperor Rudolph II of Hungary, {{Page aside|537}}and married wealthy Bohemian widow whose large estates he inherited in 1614. During the Thirty-Years-War, associated himself with the imperial cause and won distinction. Recovering his lost estates, he created from them the territory called Friedland. Made Duke of Friedland, 1625, and proved to be a model ruler, founding schools, developing agriculture, mining and manufacturing. In the next few years was active in the Emperor’s plans to extend holdings to the Baltic, a plan which failed. After brief period of retirement in Prague, was recalled, 1632, to form new army against Gustavas Adolphus and drove the Saxons from Bohemia. His motives and secret plans for a united Germany were misconstrued and he was suspected of playing a double part. In the ensuing confusion, he was killed by Devereux’s partisans.

'''Warburton, William'''. English divine and theologian, b. Dec. 24, 1698; d. June 7, 1779. Active as an attorney in the earlier part of his life; ordained deacon, 1723; M.A., University of Cambridge, 1728; Bishop of Gloucester, 1759, to his death. Among his many works, one of the more remarkable ones is *Divine Legation of Moses Demonstrated, etc., London, 1738-41, 2 vols.; 2nd ed., 1742; 10th ed., 1846.

'''Weber, Wilhelm Eduard'''. German physicist, b. at Wittenberg, Oct. 24, 1804; d. at Gottingen, June 23, 1891. Professor of Physics at Gottingen and Leipzig. One of the most outstanding scientists of the 19th century, Weber devoted himself to the study of electric currents and the theory of electricity, and his research proved to be of great importance to Maxwell in his epoch-making work on the electromagnetic nature of light.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Westminster Confession of Faith'''. Framed by an assembly chiefly of divines, hence called “Assembly of Divines,” which by act of Parliament assembled at Westminster, July 1, 1643, and remained in session until February 22, 1649. Together with Catechisms and Directories framed at the same time, collectively called the Westminster Standards, accepted as authoritative by nearly all the English-speaking Presbyterian churches.

'''Wilder, Dr. Alexander (1823-1908)'''. *lamblichos: A Treatise on the Mysteries. Originally published in The Platonist (a monthly edited by Thomas M. Johnson and publ. first in St. Louis, Mo., and later in Osceola, Mo., between 1881 and 1888), this new translation of lamblichus’ important work appeared later in book form as Theurgia or the Ancient Mysteries (New York: The Metaphysical Publ. Co., {{Page aside|538}}1911, pp. 283). A few installments of the translation were publ. in The Theosophist of 1881.

'''Wyld, Dr. George'''. Scottish Physician, b. March 17, 1821, at Bennington Banks, near Edinburgh, the seventh son in a family of fifteen. Between the age of 12 and 15 attended Edinburgh Academy, studying Greek and Latin; later, the Cunningham English Scientific and Mathematical Academy. When sixteen, started working in a business firm where he stayed about four years. When twenty, went to London via Liverpool. At first he worked in the Provincial Bank of Ireland, then in a publishing house, and then went travelling on the Continent where he spent about a year. Upon his return, began the study of medicine at University College and Hospital, and three years later continued studies for another year at Edinburgh. Became M.D., 1851. Being greatly intrigued by Homeopathy, he attended the Homeopathic Hospital and became a Homeopathic physician, practising this branch of medicine for some 25 years. In 1853, Dr. Wyld wrote his small but important book entitled Homeopathy, an Attempt to state the Question with fairness, etc. (London: J. Walker, pp. 45; 2nd ed., 1857, pp. 46). This incurred for him the immediate enmity of the medical profession which, however, failed to dismay him. Many years later, in 1876, Dr. Wyld became the Acting President of the British Homeopathic Society, and his work contributed a great deal towards the recognition of Homeopathy and the establishment of better feelings between various branches of medical practice.

Among his various works, the following ones should be mentioned: ^Theosophy and the Higher Life (London, 1880, pp. 138), a 2nd ed. of which was published as Theosophy, or Spiritual Dy· namics and the Divine and Miraculous Man (London: Elliott & Co., 1894, pp. vi, 264). This 2nd ed. contains a Prefatory Note in which Dr. Wyld states that he resigned from the T.S. after realizing that H. P. B. did not believe in a personal God.—Diseases of the Heart and Lungs, etc., London, 1860.—Clairvoyance, etc., London, 1883.—Mesmerism, Hypnotism, Christian Science and Mind Healing, London, 1899.—Notes on my Life, London; Kegan, Paul, etc., 1903, pp. viii, 124, in which the author gives pertinent facts about his ancestry, immediate family and various activities of his life.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Zohar or Book of Splendor'''. See Vol. VII, pp. 269-72, for comprehensive information on the subject.

'''Zöllner, Johann Karl Friedrich (1834-82)'''. *Transcendental Physics, London, 1880. See Vol. V, p. 385, for complete data concerning this work, and pp. 265-67 for biographical data about the author.