Zirkoff B. - Appendix (BCW vol.7): Difference between revisions

'''Hermes Trismegistus'''. *Hermetis Trismegisti Asclepius, seu de Katura Deorum Dialogus. Latin text and Engl, transl. in Hermetica. The Ancient Greek and Latin Writings which contain religious and philosophical teachings ascribed to Hermes Trismegistus. Ed. and Transl. by Walter Scott, 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924-26. Scarce.

'''Higgins, Godfrey (1773-1833)'''. *Anacalypsis, an Attempt to Draw aside the Veil of the Saitic Isis, etc., 2 vols. London: Longmans,etc., 1836. Very scarce. Vide Vol. VIII of the present Series for biographical sketch of this author.

'''Hilarius Pigtaviensis, Saint''' (Hilary and S. Hilaire in French; not to be confused with St. Hilarion). Bishop of Poitiers, France. Was born of pagan parents at Poitiers, but became a Christian. Unanimously elected, ca. 353, Bishop of native town. Secured excommunication of Saturninus, the Arian Bishop of Arles, as well as of Ursasius and Valens, two of his prominent supporters, and wrote to Emperor Constantius a remonstrance against the persecutions by the Arians. After the synod of Biterrae (Beziers), 356, was banished to Phrygia, continuing, however, to govern his diocese. From there he wrote his De Synodis or De Fide Orientalium, an epistle addressed in 358 to the semi-Arian bishops in Gaul, Germany and Britain, expounding views of Oriental bishops on the Nicean controversy. His most important work is De Trinitate libri XII, written in 360. After attending the convocation of bishops at Seleuceia in Isauria, 359, he went to Constantinople, focus of Arianism at the time, and through petition presented to the Emperor was sent back to his diocese, 361. In 364, he impeached Auxentius, bishop of Milan, who was high in imperial favors, for heterodox views; summoned to appear before Emperor Valentinian at Milan, he was expelled from that city, and retired to Poitiers. Among his other works mention should be made of the polemical Contra Arianos vel Auxentiam liber and Contra Constantium Augustum liber, and of the *Commentarius in Evangelium Matthaei, the latter written before his exile in 356; this is the most ancient of the extant expositions of the first evangelist by any of the Latin fathers; from its resemblance in tone and spirit to the writings of Origen, it may have been derived from some of his works (Vide Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl., Series Prima, Paris, 1844, etc., Tomus IX). Hilary was the most strenuous champion of “ pure ” faith among the Latin fathers of the 4th century; his early life is unknown; his efforts were mainly devoted to checking Arianism; he is regarded as the first Latin Christian hymn-writer. Hilary died Jan. 13, 367 (or 368). His works were ed. by Erasmus (Basel, 1523, 1526, 1528); P. Constant (Paris, 1693); Migne (Patrol Lat., IX, X, 1844-45). Transl. by E. W. Watson, in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. Vol. IX.

'''Hilkiah'''. Hebrew High-priest in the reign of King Josiah (II Kings, xxii, 4 et seq.). Prob, the same as Hilkiah ben Shallum in genealogy {{Page aside|375}}of High-priests in I Chron., v, 39 (A. V., vi, 13), consequently father of Azariah and great-grandfather of Ezra the Scribe (Ezra, vii, 1). Commissioned by Josiah to superintend repairs of Temple; when he took silver from Temple treasury, he found the Scroll of the Law (II Kings, xxii, 4-8; II Chron., xxxiv, 9-14) and gave it to Shaphan the Scribe. The latter read it before the King, who, terrified by the divine warnings, sent Hilkiah with four others to consult the prophetess Huldah (II Chron., xxxiv, 20 et seq.'). Finding of scroll was the cause of great reformation effected by Josiah. Much uncertainty exists about the nature of the scroll; Jewish commentators say that when Ahaz burned scrolls of the Law, the priests of YHVH hid one copy in the Temple.

'''Homer''', *Odyssey and *Iliad. Loeb Classical Library.

'''Hübbe-Schleiden, Dr. William'''. German scholar, writer and Theosophist, b. at Hamburg, October 20, 1846; d. at Göttingen, May 17, 1916. At first, he studied jurisprudence and political economy, obtaining the degree of juris utriusque doctor, i.e., Doctor of both Laws, namely, civil and canon law, and practised for some time as an attorney. During the war of 1870-71, he was attache to the German Consulate General in London. Soon after, being greatly interested in geographical exploration and in German colonial politics, he devoted himself to far-reaching travels, mainly in West Africa, where he founded his own commercial house in Gabun Colony. He was a great protagonist of German colonial ambitions, and wrote several works on this subject, such as: Ethiopien: Studien über Westafrika (1879), Überseeische Politik (2 pts., 1881-83), Deutsche Kolonisation (1881), and Kolonisationpolitik und Kolonisationtechnik (1882). During the years 1897-98, he travelled in India, and upon his return wrote a work entitled Indien und die Inder (1898). There is evidence to show that he was instrumental in formulating German colonial policy at the time, and that his statesmanlike scheme was adopted by Prince Bismarck.

As a man, Dr. Hübbe-Schleiden was a charming personality, full of humor, very clever, and always ready to help others. He was deeply interested in occult subjects, and became one of the chief founders, and the first President, of the Germania Theosophical Society, when the latter was organized by Col. H. S. Olcott at the home of the Gebhards at Elberfeld, on July 27, 1884. His Theosophical activities took primarily a literary form, and he founded and edited a valuable monthly metaphysical journal, called the Sphinx, twenty-two volumes of which appeared between the years 1886-1896. He also published a pamphlet entitled Jesus, a Buddhist? In it he draws, from the close similarity prevailing, the conclusion that Jesus was essentially a Buddhist {{Page aside|376}}building his argument with methodical precision and the support of various historical data.

In 1893, he organized at Steglitz, near Berlin, an independent organization called the Theosophische Vereinigung, with aims wholly identical with the Theosophical Society, but methods of work more consonant, as he thought, with the characteristics of the German people (See Lucifer, Vol.-XII, March, 1893, p. 80; and The Path, Vol. VIII, April, 1893, p. 24). Some years later, after Dr. Rudolf Steiner had organized his Anthroposophical Society, Dr. Hubbe-Schleiden served for a short time as General-Secretary of the re-organized Theosophical Society (Adyar) in Germany.

Dr. Hubbe-Schleiden considered The Secret Doctrine to be a work of the utmost importance, actually containing the sacred wisdom of the sages of all times. He had found in its pages the key which would “solve the riddles of existence as well of the macrocosm as of the microcosm." He strongly felt that explanatory abstracts should be written on various teachings contained in this work, in order that the contents be better understood by readers of his time. It was with this end in view that he wrote in 1891 his work entitled Lust, Leid und Liebe, which, in his own words, “confined itself to the language and to the terms of Darwin, Haeckel and modern philosophy, with the purpose of putting a key to The Secret Doctrine into the hands of the leading scientists.” His effort found no response with the English public, and only a meagre one in Germany.

Dr. Hubbe-Schleiden knew H. P. B. personally and paid her four or five visits. The first of these was from September to December, 1884, when she stayed with the Gebhards at Elberfeld, Germany. He speaks of meeting her for a few days in August of the same year. After that, he remained with her in Wurzburg about a week or ten days in October, 1885, and saw her engaged in writing her magnum opus. He saw her last one afternoon and night, early in January, 1886. He writes:

“When I visited her in October, 1885, she had just begun to write it [The Secret Doctrine], and in January, 1886, she had finished about a dozen chapters. . . . she was writing at her  

“I must say though that the view I took then was the same that I hold now. I never did and never shall judge of the value or the origin of any mental product from the way and manner in which it is produced. And for this reason I withheld my opinion then, thinking and saying: ‘I shall wait until The Secret Doctrine is finished and then I can read it quietly; that will be the test for me, the only one that will be any good.’

“This is the reason why on the night of my last parting from H.P.B., the two certificates .... were given to me. At least I found them in my copy of Hodgson’s S.P.R. Report after I had left her. ...”<ref>From a letter received by Countess Constance Wachtmeister from Dr. Wm. Hübbe-Schleiden. See Reminiscences of H. P. Blavatsky and “The Secret Doctrine," by C. Wachtmeister (London: Theos. Publ. Society, 1893), pp. 110-13.<br>

The “certificates” spoken of are the two short letters from Μ. and K.H. concerning the real authorship of The Secret Doctrine. They may be found in C. Jinaräjadäsa’s Letters from the Masters of the Wisdom, Second Series, Nos. 69 and 70.</ref>

Besides the two “certificates” spoken of by the Doctor, two more letters were received by him from the same Teachers. The original letters became part of his estate in 1916, and passed into the hands of Herr Clemens Heinrich Ferdinand Driessen, who was a Geheim Justitzrat in Witzenhausen, near Cassel, Germany. C. Jinaräjadäsa copied them direct from the originals which had been loaned to him by Herr Driessen, and published their text.<ref>C. Jinaräjadäsa, op. cit., Letters Nos. 68, 69, 70, 71.</ref> Ernst Pieper, a very active Theosophical worker in Düsseldorf, Germany, obtained from Herr Driessen in 1934 all of the four original letters with their accompanying envelopes, bearing on one side Chinese characters. He arranged for an exact facsimile to be made of the “certificate” from Master Μ., reproducing it in its actual size and using an almost identical type of paper and red-colored ink.

In 1941, all the four original letters from the Teachers, received by Dr. Hübbe-Schleiden, fell into the hands of the Gestapo, and were presumably destroyed.<ref>For further information concerning these letters, consult The Path, New York, Vol. VIII, April, 1893, p. 2; and The Theosophical Forum, Covina, Calif., Vol. XXVI, April, 1948.</ref>

'''Hue, Évariste Régis, Abbé (1813-1860)''', *Souvenirs d’un voyage dans la Tartarie, le Thibet et la Chine pendant les années 1844, 1845, et 1846. Paris, 1850. 2 vqls. 8vo.

'''Humboldt, Baron Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von (1769-1859)'''. *Kosmos. Stuttgardt & Tübingen: J. C. Cotta, 1845-62. 5 vols.

'''Iamblichus (4th cent, a.d.)''', *Liber de mysteriis {Greek: Peri mustêriôn). Ed. with Latin transi, and notes, by T. Gale, Oxford, 1678; and by G. Parthey, Berlin, 1857.—Iamblichus on the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians. Transi, from the Greek by Thomas Taylor, Cbeswick, 1821. Second ed., London: Theos. Publ. Society, 1895.

'''Jacob ben Hayyim ben Isaac Ibn Adonijah'''. Jewish Masorete and printer, b. at Tunis, about 1470; d. before 1538. Left native country because of persecution that broke out there at the beginning of 16th cent. Resided at Rome and Florence, later settling at Venice, where he was engaged as corrector of the Hebrew press of Daniel Bomberg. Late in life embraced Christianity. Chiefly known in connection with his edition of the Rabbinical Bible (1524-25), which he supplied with Masoretic notes and introduction treating of the Masorah. This introd, was translated into Latin by Claude Capellus {De Mari Rabbinico Infido, II, ch. 4, Paris, 1667), and into English by Ginsburg (Longham, 1865). Jacob also wrote dissertations on the Targum, and revised ed. princeps of the Jerusalem Talmud (1523) and of Maimonides’ Tad. Vide Fürst, Bibi. Jud., iii, 451; Ginsburg, Massoret ha-Massoret, pp. 33-34.

'''Jellinek, Adolf (1821-1893)''' *Moses ben Schem-tob de Leon und sein Verhältniss zum Sohar. Eine historisch-kritische Untersuchung über die Entstehung des Sohar. Leipzig, 1851.

'''Jinarâjadâsa, C. (1875-1953)'''. *Letters from the Masters of the

Wisdom. 1881-1888. Transcribed and Compiled by C. J. First Series. With a Foreword by Annie Besant. Adyar, Madras: Theosophical Publ. House, 1919. 124 pp.; 2nd ed., 1923;

3rd ed., 1945; 4th ed., with new and addit. Letters (covering period 1870-1900), 1948.—*Second Series. Adyar: Theos. Publ. House, 1925; Chicago: The Theos. Press, 1926. 205 pp., facs.

'''Kircher, Athanasius (1602-80)'''. *Oedipus Aegyptiacus; hoc est,

Universalis Hieroglyphicae veterum doctrinae temporum injuria abolitae instauratio, etc. 3 tom. Ex typographia V. Mascardi. Rome, 1652-54. fol.

'''Kiu-ti or Khiu-ti'''. Vide Vol. VI.p. 425, for information.

'''Knorr von Rosenroth, Baron Christian (1636-1689)'''. *Kabbalah denudata. Vol. I, Sulzbach, 1677-78; Vol. II, Frankfurt: J. D. Zunneri, 1684.

'''Lapide, Cornelius Cornelii à''' (Cornelis Cornelissen van den Steen). Flemish Jesuit and exegete; b. at Bocholt, Dec. 18, 1567; d. at Rome, March 12, 1637. Studied at Jesuit colleges, entered the Soc. of Jesus, 1592, and was ordained priest, 1595. Became prof, of Holy Scriptures, and later of Hebrew, at Louvain. Later sent to Rome where he spent the later part of life completing his celebrated Commentaries which deal with the historical and scientific study of the Bible, and the allegorical sense of the text. He was a seriously pious and zealous priest; his works are highly esteemed by both Catholics and Protestants.

Works: Commentarius in ... . Pauli epistolas, Antwerp, 1614.— Comm, in Pentateuchum, Antwerp, 1616, 1697.—Les trésors de Cernelius à Lapide: extraits de ses commentaires de l’écriture sainte, etc., by the abbé Barbier. Le Mans and Paris, 1856; latest ed., 1896. 4 vols.— The Great Commentary of Cornelius à Lapide. Engl. tr. by Rev. Thomas N. Mossman. London, 1876.

'''Le Blanc d’Ambonne, Th.-Prosper''', *Les religions et leur interprétation chrétienne. Paris: J. Leroux et Jouly, 1852-53, 3 vols. 8vo.

'''Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Freiherr von (1646-1716)'''. *Opera philos. By this is most likely meant: God. Guil. Leibnitii Opera philosophica quae extant latina, gallica, germanica omnia .... Johannes Eduardus Erdmann. Berlin: G. Eichleri, 1840. 2 vols.

'''Le Loyer, Pierre'''; Sieur de la Brosse. Famous French demonographer, b. at Huillé, near Durtal (Anjou), Nov. 24, 1550 (1); d. at Angers, Jan. 29, 1634. Studied at Paris for five years, then went to Toulouse to study law. After returning to his own province, he became royal councillor for the rest of his life. He was a poet and a book worm, deeply versed in Hebrew, Arabic and other languages ; was well known at the time even abroad and considered one of the most learned men of France. Among his many works are: Idylle sur la Loire, Toulouse, 1572.—Édom et les colonies iduméanes en Asie et en Europe, etc., Paris, 1620.—* Quatre livres des spectres ou apparitions et visions d'esprits, anges et démons se monstrant sensiblement aux hommes, Angers, 1586, 8 books. Also Paris, 1605 and 1608, 4to. This work deals with visions, prodigies of all centuries, and the most celebrated authors, sacred and profane, who have dealt with occult subjects, the cause of apparitions, nature of good and evil spirits, demons, ecstasy, magicians, sorcerers, exorcisms, evocations, fumigations, etc. Paris scholars {{Page aside|380}}approved it for the instruction of good Catholics, against the “ pernicious ” opinions of the ancients. Engl, transi, by Z. Jones, London, 1605, 4to.

'''Lélut, Louis-François'''. French physician; b. at Gy (Haute-Saône), April 15, 1804; d. at Paris, Jan. 25, 1877. Entered the profession, 1827. In charge of the lunatic department at Bicêtre, and later at the Salpêtrière. Conducted research to elucidate the relation between the intelligence and the brain; applied to history the study of physiology and psychology. Elected, 1848-57, member of the Constitutional and Legislative Assembly; and member of the Academy of Medicine in 1863. Works: Du démon de Socrate (Paris: Trinquart, 1836. 8-vo), which produced sensation.—L’amulette de Pascal. Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1845.—Several essays on the Physiologie de la Pensée, 1842, 1855, 1857.—Recherches des analogies de la Jolie et de la raison, 1834.

'''Leuret, François'''. French physician specializing in insanity ; b. at Nancy, Dec. 29, 1797; d. Jan. 5, 1851. Studied at Paris mental diseases, under d’Esquirol; became doctor, 1826, and superintendent of the Paris insane asylum, 1829. Applied new methods to the treatment of insanity, such as musical therapy. Works: Anatomie comparée du système nerveux. Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1839-57. 2 vols.—*Fragments psychologiques sur la Jolie. Paris: Crochard, 1834. 8vo. vii, 426 pp.—Du traitement morale de la Jolie. Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1840.

'''Lévi, Éliphas ( 1810?-l875)'''; pseud, of the Abbé Alphonse Louis Constant. ^Grimoire des sorciers. No information available.— *Le Livre des Splendeurs, Paris, 1894. Vide infra, s. v. Zohar.

'''Livius, Titus (b. c. 59-a. d. 17)'''. * History, Loeb Classical Library.

'''Locke, John (1632-1704)'''. *An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Orig. ed., 1690. Many ed. since.

'''Lombard, Peter'''. Noted Italian scholastic theologian, deriving his name from the province where he was born, near Novara, in Lombardy, at about the opening of the 12th century. Studied at Bologna, Reims and Paris; here he acquired great reputation becoming professor of Theology at the University; he was appointed archbishop in 1159, and died at Paris in 1164. He was one of the best scholars of the day and a zealous ecclesiastic. His principal work is the Sententiarum libri quatuor (or Sentences'), a collection of passages from the Fathers, the many contradictions of which he attempts to conciliate. He was the first author who collected theological doctrines into I a complete system, laying foundations for scholastic theology. His work became the text-book in schools of philosophy through the middle ages, a universal {{Page aside|381}}manual of theology, and obtained for him the title of “ Magister Sententiarum.” It was first publ. in Venice, 1477, fol., in 4 pts. The best ed. is by Antoine Ghenart, London, 1567, 4to. Lombard also wrote Commentaries on the Psalms and on the Epistles of St. Paul.

'''Lubbock, Sir John, 1st Baron Avebury'''. British archaeologist and man of science, b. in London, April 30, 1834; d. at Kingsgate Castle, near Ramsgate, Kent, May 28, 1913. Educated at Eton; joined banking business of father, 1848, becoming partner in it, 1856. Rose to great eminence in this profession. Entered Parliament, 1870, and from 1880 to 1900 sat for London University. Raised to Peerage, 1900, as Baron Avebury. Recognized authority on financial and educational questions, his name being associated with the Bank Holidays Act, 1881, the Shop Regulation Act, 1885, and the Shop Hours Act, 1904. Outstanding supporter of principle of proportional representation. His scientific studies were directed mainly towards ancient remains and history of mankind, and the habits of insects. He was a voluminous writer on biology, geology, palaeontology and economics, some of his works having an enormous circulation. Chief Works: Ants, Bees and Wasps, etc. 2nd ed., 1882, in Intern’l Science Series, Vol. 40,— Prehistoric Man, 1865. —Fifty Years of Science, 1884.— The Origin of Civilization, 1870. —On the Senses, Instincts, and Intelligence of Animals, etc., 2nd ed., 1889, in Intern’l Sc. Ser., Vol. 65.

'''Lucian of Samosata (120-200 a.d.).''' *De dea Syria (Peri tes Suries Theou). Loeb Class. Library.—*Philopseudes e Apis ton (Lover of Lies, or the Doubter). Ibid.

'''Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus—96-55 b.c.).''' *De rerum natura. Loeb Class. Library.

'''Lundy, Dr. John Patterson (1823-1892)''', *Monumental Christianity, or the Art and Symbolism of the Primitive Church as Witnesses and Teachers of the one Catholic Faith and Practice. New York: J. W. Bouton, 1876. xviii, 453 pp.

'''Lyall, Sir Alfred Comyn'''. Vide Vol. V (1883), p. 440, for data.

'''Mackenzie, Kenneth Robert Henderson'''. Prominent Mason known as “Cryptonymus,” Founder of present Order of Rosicrucians in England, and author of the rare work entitled The Royal Masonic Cyclopaedia of History, Rites, Symbolism and Biography, London, 1877 [1875-77]. 8vo.

'''Maimonides (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, 1135-1204)'''. *Moreh Nebhuchim (Guide for the Perplexed). Ed. by S. Munk, Paris, 1856-66. 3 vols.; Engl, transl. by M. Friedlander, 1881-85. 3 vols.—*Treatise on Idolatry. This is Chapter iv of Book I of his Yad-hachazakah, or Mishna Torah. Hebrew and Latin text with {{Page aside|382}}notes by D. Vossii, Amsterdam, 1641. 4to. Engl, transi, of entire work, Ed. by E. Soloweyczik, London 1863. 8vo.

'''Maistre, Count Joseph Marie de (1754-1821)'''. *Les Soirees de Saint- Petersbourg, etc., Ed. by de Saint-Victor. Paris, 1888. 2 vols.

'''Mansi, G. D., Archbishop of Lucca'''. *Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collect™. Ed., Gian Domenico Mansi. Editing continued by Venet and Florentini through 31 vols. Publ. brought down to date by Ludovico Petit and Joanne Baptiste Martin. 53 vols, in 57. Paris, 1903-27.

'''Mariette Bey (Auguste Mariette, 1821-81)'''. *Monuments divers recueillis en Égypte et en Nubie par A.M.-pasha . . . texte par G. Maspéro. Paris: F. Vieweg, E. Bouillon, Suce., 1889. 107 pl.

'''Maspéro, Sir Gaston Camille Charles (1846-1916)'''. *Notes sur différents points de grammaire et d’histoire, dans le Recueil, t. I, pp. 152-60.—*Sur la stèle de l’Intronisation, trouvée au Djébel-Barkal. In the Revue Archéologique, Vol. XXV, 1873, pp. 300 et seq. Reproduced in Records of the Past, Vol. VI, pp. 71-78—* Les contes populaires de l’Égypte ancienne, traduits et commentés par G. Maspéro. Ixxx, 222 pp., 1882, in Les littératures populaires de toutes les nations, 1881, Tom. 4; 2nd ed., Paris: J. Maisonneuve, 1889; 4th ed., rev. and enl., Paris: E. Guilmoto, 1911.—*Guide du visiteur au Musée de Boulaq. pp. 438. Boulaq, Vienna (pr.), 1883. 8vo.

'''Mathers, C. Liddell MacGregor'''. *The Kabbalah Unveiled. London: George Redway, 1887. 8vo. viii, 359 pp. Vide infra, s.v. Zohar.

'''Maury, Louis-Ferdinand-Alfred'''. French scholar, b. at Meaux, March 23, 1817; d. at Paris, Feb. 12, 1892. Studied jurisprudence, medicine, several Oriental languages, classical archaeology and a number of modern European tongues; served at the Royal Library, 1840; acted as secretary to Count de Clarac, 1841; app. asst, librarian of the Institute; collaborated with Guigniaut on the French transi, of Creuzer’s writings (see Guigniaut). Elected to the Académie des Inscriptions, 1857. Appointed, i860, Librarian of the Tuileries, by Napoleon III whom he assisted on his History of Caesar. From the same year, occupied until his death the chair of history at the Collège de France. App. director-general of the Archives of the Empire, 1868. Distinguished by his amazing memory, universal inquisitiveness, and remarkable faculties of assimilating knowledge, as well as by his liberal ideas for which he was persecuted by the Church; voluminous writer and first-class scholar. Chief Works: Croyances et légendes du moyen-âge. Paris: H. Champion, 1896. 8vo.—La terre et l’homme. Paris: L. Hachette, 1854, 1891.—*Histoire des religions de la Grèce antique, etc. Paris: Libr. philos, de Ladrange, 1857-59. 3 vols. 8vo.— La Magie et {{Page aside|383}}l'Astrologie dans l'antiquité et au moyen-âge. Paris: Didier & Co., 1860, 1864.—Croyances et légendes de l'antiquité. Paris: Didier & Co., 1863, 1868.

'''Ménage, Gilles'''. Renowned French scholar, son of Guillaume Ménage, King’s advocate at Angers; b. there, Aug. 15, 1613; d. at Paris, July 23, 1692. Prodigious memory since childhood, especially inclined to ancient languages. Lived for some years in the household of J. E. P. de Gondi, Cardinal of Retz, but quarrelled with him, 1652, and withdrew to a house in the cloister of Notre-Dame, where he gathered round him literary assemblies called “Mercuriales,” which met for forty years on Wedn. evenings, attracting the élite of the day. At one time, he was a lawyer, practising in Paris, but conceived disgust for the profession and became an ecclesiastic; he was a philologist and a satirist of considerable influence, whose proud temperament and fiery emotions drew him into all the literary battles of his time; his satirical epigrams were the cause of many quarrels with celebrities. Endowed with immense erudition, he published a large number of scholarly works at his own expense, such as: Requeste des dictionnaires, 1638, aimed at the Dictionary of the French Academy, a work which prevented his becoming member of that body.—Dictionnaire étymologique, ou origines de la langue française, 1650 and 1694, one of his most important contributions.—Origines de la langue italienne, Geneva, 1669, 1685.—Poemata latina, gallica, graeca, et italica, 1656. —Molière portrayed Ménage under the guise of Vadius in his Femmes savantes.

'''Metius, Adriaan Adriaanszoon (also Schelven)'''. Netherlandish astronomer, geometer and philosopher, b. at Alkmaar, Dec. 9, 1571; d. at Franeker, Sept. 6, 1635. At first studied law and medicine at Franeker and Leyden, but did not practise. Stayed for a while at Uraniborg, with Tycho Brahe, to perfect himself in astronomy which he had studied with his father. Continued studies at Rostock and Jena. From 1598 on, held the chair of philosophy and mathematics at Univ, of Franeker; also taught navigation, topography and fortification, and made astronomical tools. He published, 1600, a new value for π, namely 355/113', which had been calculated by his father, Adriaan Anthoniszoon. Accorded title of doctor of medicine by the Senate, for his knowledge of the healing art. Works: Doctrinae sphericae hin, Franeker, 1598.— Universae astronomicae. . . institutio, ibid., 1605. 4 vols.—Calendarium perpetium, Rotterdam, 1627.

'''Michéa, Dr. Claude François (1815-82)''', *Du délire des sensations. Ouvrage couronné par l’Acad. Royale de Médecine. Paris: Labé, 1846.

'''Migne, J. P. (1800-1875)''' *Encyclopédie théologique, Paris, 1844-66. 171 vols.