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'''Dieu, Louis de'''. Belgian theologian and Orientalist, b. at Flessingue, April 7, 1570; d. at Leyden, Dec. 23, 1642; was the son of the Belgian theologian, Daniel de Dieu (1540-1609). Became clergyman in native city, then Prof, at Waloon Coll., Leyden. Devoted himself to the study and the teaching of Semitic language:· and was the first one to make a comparative study of Hebrew, Syriac {{Page aside|367}}and Chaldean. Published the first Persian Grammar, and utilized his philological knowledge to determine the correct meaning of many controversial passages in both Testaments. Works: Compendium grammaticae hebraïca, syriaca et chaldaica, Leyden, 1639.— Rudimenta linguae persicae, ibid., 1639.—Critica sacra, etc., Amsterdam, 1693, fol.
'''Dieu, Louis de'''. Belgian theologian and Orientalist, b. at Flessingue, April 7, 1570; d. at Leyden, Dec. 23, 1642; was the son of the Belgian theologian, Daniel de Dieu (1540-1609). Became clergyman in native city, then Prof, at Waloon Coll., Leyden. Devoted himself to the study and the teaching of Semitic language:· and was the first one to make a comparative study of Hebrew, Syriac {{Page aside|367}}and Chaldean. Published the first Persian Grammar, and utilized his philological knowledge to determine the correct meaning of many controversial passages in both Testaments. Works: Compendium grammaticae hebraïca, syriaca et chaldaica, Leyden, 1639.— Rudimenta linguae persicae, ibid., 1639.—Critica sacra, etc., Amsterdam, 1693, fol.
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'''Diodorus Siculus''', *Hitorical Library. Loeb Classical Library. Vide Vol. V, p. 373, for biographical data.
Diogenes Laertius, (3rd cent. a. d.), *De clarorum philosophorum vitis. Bohn’s Classical Library.
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'''Dollinger, Johann Joseph Ignaz von (1799-1890)''', *Heidenthum und Judenthum. Vorhalle zur Geschichte des Christenthums. Regensburg: G.J. Manz, 1857. 8vo.—*Paganisme et Judaïsme, etc. Trad, par J. de P., Bruxelles: Goemaere, 1858.
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'''Drioux, l’Abbé Claude-Joseph'''. French divine and man of letters, b. at Bourdons (Haûte-Marne), 1820; d. 1898. Prof, of history at the seminary and Honorary Canon of Langres. Published considerable number of well-known works which had wide distribution for a number of years; among them are: La Bible populaire. 2 vols., 1864-65.—La Sainte Bible. 8 vols., 1872-73.—Histoire de l’Église depuis sa fondation jusqu'à nos jours, 1867.—Les Apôtres, 1862.— *La Somme Théologique de saint Thomas. Latin and French in parai, columns. 15 vols. Paris: E. Belin, 1853-56. 8vo.; translation only, in 8 vols., Paris, 1851-54; and other editions.
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'''Drival, E. van'''. French antiquarian; b. 1815; d. at Arras, June 21, 1887. Canon of the Arras Cathedral. Prolific writer whose chief works are: Grammaire comparée des langues bibliques. 3 vols., 1853-61. 8vo.—Gramm, comp, des langues sémitiques et de l’égyptien, 1879. 8vo.— Histoire de Charlemagne, 1884.
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'''Dulaure, Jacques-Antoine'''. French archaeologist and historian: b. at Clermont-Ferrand (Auvergne), 1755; d. at Paris, Aug. 9, 1835. Studied at the College of native city, then architecture and topography at the renowned School of Rondelet, at Paris, 1859. Issued many strongly worded pamphlets against nobility, kings and priests. A man of great activity, dynamic, fertile in research, strongly opposed to injustices and false doctrines of established social order, as witnessed by his earlier writings. Embraced with fervor the revolutionary cause and became a Jacobin, playing a considerable part in the Revolution. Persecuted and fled to Switzerland; returned after a time and was given post on Committee of Public Instruction. Became one of the founders of Académie Celtique which became the Société des antiquaires de France. Retired and devoted himself to writing. Works: Histoire civile, physique et morale de Paris. Paris, 1821, 10 vols. 8-vo; 3rd ed., {{Page aside|368}}Paris, 1825. This work caused a furore of accusations, because it brought to light various injustices and wrongdoings.—*Des cultes qui ont précédé et amené l’idolâtrie et l’adoration des figures humaines. Paris, 1805. 8-vo.— Des divinités génératrices, etc., Paris, 1806. 8-vo. The last two works re-publ. as Histoire abrégée des différents cultes, 2nd ed., Paris, 1825. 2 vols. 8-vo.—Edited journal, Le thermomètre du jour, Aug. 11, 1791-Aug. 25, 1793.
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'''Dunlap, Samuel Fales'''. American writer born in Boston, Mass., 1825, son of Andrew Dunlap. Works: The Origin of Ancient Names. Cambridge, 1856. 8vo.—Vestiges of the Spiritual History of Man. New York: D. Appleton, 1858. 8vo.—Sod. The Mysteries of Adoni. London: Williams and Norgate, 1861. xvii, 152 pp.—Sod. The Son of Man. London: ibid., 1861.—The Guebers of Hebron. New York: J. W. Bouton, 1894; new and rev. ed., 1898. xv, 1017 pp.
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'''Dupotet de Sennevoy, Baron Jules'''. French scholar and publicist, b. at LaChapelle (Yonne), April 12, 1796; d. at Paris, July 1, 1881. A descendant of the famous Dukes of Burgundy, he was a disciple of Mesmer and occupied himself almost exclusively with the study of magnetism, concerning which he wrote a number of works. On strength of his experiments, the Academy of Medicine formed a Committee in 1826 for the investigation of the scientific basis of the facts advanced by him. Acc. to Col. H. S. Olcott {The Theos., I, 116-17), he did “more than any living man of the past century to show what are the possibilities of human magnetism.” In his eighty-fourth year, he became Honorary Fellow of The Theos. Society ( Vide above ref. for his letter of acceptance). Was highly esteemed by H. P. B. Founded, 1827, a special journal, Le Propagateur du magnétisme animal, which was superseded in 1845 by Le Journal du magnétisme. Works: Exposé des expériences sur le magnétisme animal, Paris, 1821. 8-vo.—Cours de magnétisme. Paris : Roret, 1834 and 1840,— *La magie dévoilée, ou principes de science occulte, Paris, 1852. 4-to.—Thérapie magnétique, 1863.— Traité complet du magnétisme animal. Paris: F. Alcan, 1856. 8-vo; 8th ed., 1930.
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'''Eusebius Pamphili (260?-340?)'''. *Chronicle (or Universal History}. Ed. of Cardinal Angelo Mai and Dr. J. Zohrab, Milan, 1816.— *Praeparatio Evangelica, in Migne, P.C.C.
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'''Fabre d’Olivet, Antoine'''. French writer, mystic, philosopher and scholar, b. at Ganges (Hérault), Dec. 8, 1767; d. in Paris, March 27, 1825. Descendant of the Protestant family of Jean Fabre, he was raised in that religion and intended to take up commerce. After his first stay in Paris, 1779-84, showed more aptitudes for music and poetry than commerce. Travelled in Germany and Switzerland, 1787. For a while active in the field of politics, 1789, when he took the name of d’Olivet, the maiden name of {{Page aside|369}}his mother. Interested in the study of theatrical business, he wrote two revolutionary plays: Génie de la nation and Le 14 de juillet 1789, which received some acclaim. For a time he identified himself with the Jacobins, but renounced politics, 1791. He stayed in Paris during the Terreur, 1793, and wrote a few more plays. Met, 1796, Delisle de Sales, who was to influence greatly his literary career. The financial catastrophe of 1796-97 ruined his father’s business, and he attempted to live by his pen. After starting two short-lived journals, he became employed by the Ministry of War, 1799. Published a novel: Azalaïs et le gentil Aimar, 1799, and collaborated with the Journal des Hommes Libres. Compromised in the affair of the “infernal machine,” he was saved by Lenoir-Laroche; entered upon a period of fruitful literary activity, 1801-1805, during which he published several works, such as the Troubadour, a collection of poems, and several musical pieces.
During the years 1800-1805, Fabre d’Olivet passed through a serious religious and intellectual crisis, discovering his true vocation as philologist, and becoming a student of mystical and occult subjects. It is likely that a love affair for someone whom he called later by the fictitious name of Égérie Théophanie played considerable role in this crisis. He married someone else, however, in 1805. During the years 1805-10, he labored on his important work, La langue hébraïque restituée et le véritable sens des mots hébreux rétabli et prouvé par leur analyse radicale, attempting to have it published at the expense of the State. He retired from office, 1810. Endowed with a certain degree of magnetic power, he healed several deaf-mutes, but was enjoined by the Government to cease doing so. Published, 1813, Les Vers dorés de Pythagore (Paris: Treuttel & Würtz, 1813. 8vo; also Paris: Niclaus, 1946; English transi, by Nayân Louise Redfield. New York and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. 1917). The restoration of the Bourbons made possible the publication of La langue hébraïque (Paris, 1816. 2 prts., 4to; also Paris: Dorbon, 1931; Engl, transl. by N. L. Redfield, as above, 1921), in which he shows that every letter of the Hebrew alphabet represented symbolically an idea. During the years 1816-17, he labored on a work dealing with the Langue d’Oc. After several years of troubled married life, a divorce took place, March 22, 1823. In 1822 appeared his work, De l'état social de l'homme (Paris, 1822, 2 vols. 8vo), which was re-published, 1824, as Histoire philosophique du genre humain (also Paris: Dorbon, 1931; Engl, transi, by N. L. Redfield under the title of Hermeneutic Interpretation of the Origin of the Social Status of Man, etc.; New York and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1915). In 1824, Fabre d’Olivet showed again some brief political aspirations, but soon returned to his literary pursuits, writing several tragedies and operas.
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About 1824, Fabre d’Olivet founded some sort of mystical cult based upon precepts and teachings which he tried to embody in his work, Théodoxie universelle (facs. of MSS., Paris: Dorbon, 1931). It would appear from various passages in his unpublished Memoirs, which he had started to edit in 1820-24 as Mes Souvenirs, that this cult was intimately connected with the figure of the woman called by him Égérie, and who had died some years before. The cult and its sanctuary were dedicated to the renovation of the ancient initiatory ceremonies, in the spirit of Pythagorean discipline. However, from the meagre material at hand, and from the allusions of Fabre d’Olivet himself, one is led to believe that his cult was associated with “sensitives” of one sort or another, and was bordering on quasi-spiritualistic lines, where mediumship of one or another type played a role. The cult did not survive the death of its originator, which took place, as the result of a stroke, March 27, 1825.
For further biographical data of this very remarkable man, vide Léon Cellier, Fabre d’ Olivet. Contribution à l’étude des aspects religieux du romantisme. Paris: Nizet, 1953; and his introduction and notes to an heretofore unpublished text of Fabre d’Olivet entitled La vraie maçonnerie et la celeste culture (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1952); also the essays by G. Monod-Herzen in the Lotus Bleu, March, 1925, and the Revue Theosophique, December, 1927.
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'''Felix, M. Minucius'''. Distinguished Roman lawyer, the author of a dialogue entitled *Octavius, which occupies a conspicuous place among the early Apologies for Christianity, and is a work of high literary quality, which was for a long time believed to belong to Arnobius, notwithstanding the express testimony of Jerome, whose words leave no room for doubt {de Viris III., 58). The time, however, when Minucius Felix lived is very uncertain; by some he is placed as early as the reign of M. Aurelius; by some as late as Diocletian while others favor intermediate points between these two extremes. It seems safe to assume, however, that Minucius flourished about 230 a.d.; his eminence as a lawyer is distinctly asserted by both Jerome and Lactantius, but beyond this we know next to nothing about his personal history; acc. to his own words, he was at first a Gentile, later converted to Christianity. See Loeb Classical Library for the text of his work.
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'''Festus, Sextus Pompeius'''. Roman lexicographer of uncertain date, prob, late 2nd century a.d. His name is attached to a Glossary or Dictionary of Latin words and phrases, divided into 20 books and commonly known as Sextus Pompeii Festi de Verborum Significatione. It is an epitome of De significatu verborum of Verrius Flaccus, celebrated grammarian in the time of Augustus whose work has been lost. The first part of Festus’ Glossary is lost also. His work was {{Page aside|371}}epitomized by Paulus Diaconus in the 8th century. The manuscript of as much of Festus as came down was in the hands of Manilius Rallus in 1485. It found its way into the Farnese Library, at Parma, whence it was conveyed in 1736 to the Royal Library of Naples. Standard edition (including Paulus) is that of W. M. Lindsay, 1913, whose later ed. in Glossaria Latina (IV, 93-467) incorporates Festus’ material gleaned from Glossaries.
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'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Five Years of Theosophy'''. Compiled by Mrs. Laura Langford Holloway and Mohini Mohun Chatterji. London: Reeves and Turner, 1885. 575 pp. Index.
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'''Flaccus, Granius'''. *De Indigitamentis (On the Sacred Books of the Pontifs). Cited by Censorinus.
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'''Flourens, Pierre-Marie-Jean'''. French physiologist; b. at Maureil- han, April 15, 1794; d. at Mongeron, Dec. 6, 1867. Taking M.D. at Montpellier, began physiological research at Paris; chosen by Cuvier, 1828, to deliver course of lectures at the Collège de France; received, 1832, professorship of compar. anatomy at the Museum. At request of Cuvier, was appointed, 1833, permanent secretary of the Academy of Sciences. Elected, 1840, in preference to Victor Hugo, to succeed Michaud at the French Academy; created a peer of France, 1846. Drew the attention of the Acad, of Sc. to the anaesthetic effect of Chloroform. Withdrew from all political activities at the revolution of 1848, and in 1855 accepted professorship of natural history at the Coll, de France.
Works: Expériences sur le système nerveux, 1825.—Cours sur la génération, l'ontologie, et l’embryologie. Paris: Trinquart, 1836.—Analyse raisonnée des travaux de G. Cuvier, 1841.—Buffon: histoire de ses travaux et de ses idées. Paris: Paulin, 1844.—OEuvres complètes de Buffon, 1853;—*De la longévité humaine et de la quantité de vie sur le globe. Paris, 1854; 2nd ed., Garnier frères, 1855; 3rd ed., 1856; 4th ed., 1860 (On Human Longevity, etc. Tr. by C. Martel. London, 1855).—Cours de physiologie comparée, 1856.— De la vie et de l’intelligence, 1858.—De la raison, du génie, et de la folie. Paris: Garnier frères, 1861.—*De l’instinct et de l’intelligence des animaux. Résumé des observations de F. Cuvier, 2nd enl. ed. Paris, 1845. 12°.
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'''Franck, Adolphe (1809-1893)'''. *La Kabbale, Paris, 1843. Engl, transi., Leipzig, 1844.
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'''Fréret, Nicolas (1688-1749)'''. *Article in Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions, t. XXIII, p. 247.
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'''Galton, Sir Francis'''. English anthropologist; b. at Birmingham, Feb. 16, 1822; d. at Haslemere, Jan. 11, 1911. Educated in his native city, then at King’s Coll., London, and Trinity Coll., Cambridge. Travelled in Sudan, 1845-46; explored Damaraland, {{Page aside|372}}and S. W. Africa, 1850; visited Spain, 1860. He then turned to anthropology. His Meteorographica (London: Macmillan Go., 1863) was the first serious attempt to chart weather on extensive scale ; he was the first one to establish the existence and theory of anti-cyclones. Inspired by his cousin’s Origin of Species (1859), he made serious study of heredity and laid foundations of the science of eugenics; he advocated furthering of the productivity of the fit and the restriction of the birthrate of the unfit; made special investigation of color-blindness, mental imagery, instinct and criminality; originated process of composite portraiture, and paid much attention to fingerprints. Knighted, 1909. By will founded laboratory for study of national eugenics.
Works: Hereditary Genius. London: Macmillan & Co., 1869.— English Men of Science. Ibid., 1874.—*Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development. Ibid., 1883; also New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1908, 1928.—Finger Prints. London: Macmillan & Co., 1892.— Essays in Eugenics. London: The Eugenics Education Soc., 1909.— Memoirs of My Life. London: Methuen & Co. 1908.—An Explorer in Tropical So. Africa, 1853, 1889.— The Art of Travel. London: J. Murray, 1855.
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'''Geijer, Erik Gustaf'''. Swedish historian and poet, b. at Ransater (Varmland), Jan. 12, 1783; d. at Stockholm, April 23, in 1847. Educ. at the Univ, of Uppsala. After short period of teaching there, entered public record office at Stockholm. Founded there the Gothic Society, to whose organ Iduna he contributed prose essays and songs which he set to music. Succeeded Erik M. Fant, as prof, of history at Uppsala, 1817. Became member of the Swedish Academy, 1824. A single vol. of a projected larger work, Svea Rikes HaJder, a masterly critical examination of Sweden’s legendary history, appeared in 1825. This was followed by Svenska folkets historia (3 vols., 1832-36; Engl, transi, by J. H. Turner, 1845) down to the year 1854. His acute critical insight and finished historical art. entitle him to a high place among historians. He also edited with J. H. Schroder a continuation of Fant’s Scriptores rerum svecicarum medii aevi, 1818-28, and by himself the state writings of King Gustaf HI (4 vols., 1843-46). Resigned his chair, 1846, on account of failing health. His Samlade skrifter (13 vols., 1849-55; new ed., 1873-77) include large number of philosophical and political essays contributed to reviews.
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'''Gerard, John'''. English herbalist; b. at Nantwich, Cheshire, 1545; d. February, 1611 (or 1612). Family connected with the Gerards of Ince. Went to school at Willastone; studied medicine; travelled in Scandinavia, Russia, poss. on the Mediterranean. Apprenticed, 1562, to Alexander Mason, surgeon; admitted to the Barber-Surgeons’ Company, 1569. Elected, 1595, member of the Court of Assistants of that body; already known then as an {{Page aside|373}}herbalist, with a large garden of herbs at Holborn. Published, 1596, first catalog of plants in a garden. Made, 1597, Junior Warden of the Company, and Master of it in 1607. In 1597 appeared his famous Herball (London: J. Norton), illustrated with 1800 woodcuts; new editions were publ. in 1633 and 1636. Gerard was “herbarist”to King James I.
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'''Gibbon, Edward (1737-94)'''. *The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Orig. ed., 1776, 1781, 1788. Many modern ed.
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'''Ginsburg, Christian D. (1831-1914)'''. *The Kabbalah: Its Doctrines, Development, and Literature. London: Longmans,Green, etc., 1865; also Geo. Routledge & Sons, 1925.
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'''Gougenot Des Mousseaux, Le Chevalier Henry-Roger (1805-78)'''. *Les médiateurs et les moyens de la magie, Paris, 1863.—“Le Fantôme humain,” and “Le Monde magique,” as mentioned by H. P. B., are merely a portion of the above-named work, and a descriptive title, respectively. See Volume V (1883), pp. 374-75, for biogr. data.
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'''Guigniaut, Joseph-Daniel'''. French Hellenist and archaeologist, b. at Paray-le-Monial, May 15, 1794; d. at Paris, March 12, 1876. After extensive studies, became professor at the Lycée Charlemagne; app. director of conferences at the École Normale, 1818; became director of the latter, 1830. Occupied the chair of geography at the Univ, of Paris from 1835; became permanent secretary of the Académie des Inscriptions, 1860. Chief work: *Religions de l’antiquité considérées principalement dans leurs formes symboliques et mythologiques. Paris, 1825. This monumental work in 10 vols, represents an annotated and expanded translation of the Symbolik of Franz Creuzer, and remains authoritative as far as the exterior aspect of religions is concerned.—De la Théogonie d’Hésiode. Paris: Régnoux & Co., 1835.
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'''Guinness, Henry Grattan (1835-1910)'''. *The Approaching End of the Age, viewed in the light of history, prophecy and science, 4th ed., London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1880. xxxi, 696 pp.
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'''Hahn, Helena Andreyevna von {pseud.: Zinaida R—) (1814-1842)'''. *Utballa', *Jelalu’d-Din", *Theophany Abbiagio; *Lubonka. Vide p. 304 of the present volume for further data.
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'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Harleian MS. 3859'''. British Museum, folio 186a.
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'''Hartmann, Dr. Franz (1838-1912)'''. *The Life of Paracelsus and the Substance of his Teachings. London: George Redway, 1887, xiii, 220 pp.; also 1891, 1896, 1932.
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'''Hefele, Carl Joseph von (1809-1893)'''. *Conciliengeschichte. Freiburg i. Breisgau, 1855-74. 7 vols.; 2nd ed., 1886. Engl. tr. as A History of Church Councils, Edinb., 1871.
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'''Hermes Trismegistus'''. *Hermetis Trismegisti Asclepius, seu de Katura Deorum Dialogus. Latin text and Engl, transl. in Hermetica. The Ancient Greek and Latin Writings which contain religious and philosophical teachings ascribed to Hermes Trismegistus. Ed. and Transl. by Walter Scott, 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924-26. Scarce.
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'''Higgins, Godfrey (1773-1833)'''. *Anacalypsis, an Attempt to Draw aside the Veil of the Saitic Isis, etc., 2 vols. London: Longmans,etc., 1836. Very scarce. Vide Vol. VIII of the present Series for biographical sketch of this author.
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'''Hilarius Pigtaviensis, Saint''' (Hilary and S. Hilaire in French; not to be confused with St. Hilarion). Bishop of Poitiers, France. Was born of pagan parents at Poitiers, but became a Christian. Unanimously elected, ca. 353, Bishop of native town. Secured excommunication of Saturninus, the Arian Bishop of Arles, as well as of Ursasius and Valens, two of his prominent supporters, and wrote to Emperor Constantius a remonstrance against the persecutions by the Arians. After the synod of Biterrae (Beziers), 356, was banished to Phrygia, continuing, however, to govern his diocese. From there he wrote his De Synodis or De Fide Orientalium, an epistle addressed in 358 to the semi-Arian bishops in Gaul, Germany and Britain, expounding views of Oriental bishops on the Nicean controversy. His most important work is De Trinitate libri XII, written in 360. After attending the convocation of bishops at Seleuceia in Isauria, 359, he went to Constantinople, focus of Arianism at the time, and through petition presented to the Emperor was sent back to his diocese, 361. In 364, he impeached Auxentius, bishop of Milan, who was high in imperial favors, for heterodox views; summoned to appear before Emperor Valentinian at Milan, he was expelled from that city, and retired to Poitiers. Among his other works mention should be made of the polemical Contra Arianos vel Auxentiam liber and Contra Constantium Augustum liber, and of the *Commentarius in Evangelium Matthaei, the latter written before his exile in 356; this is the most ancient of the extant expositions of the first evangelist by any of the Latin fathers; from its resemblance in tone and spirit to the writings of Origen, it may have been derived from some of his works (Vide Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl., Series Prima, Paris, 1844, etc., Tomus IX). Hilary was the most strenuous champion of “ pure ” faith among the Latin fathers of the 4th century; his early life is unknown; his efforts were mainly devoted to checking Arianism; he is regarded as the first Latin Christian hymn-writer. Hilary died Jan. 13, 367 (or 368). His works were ed. by Erasmus (Basel, 1523, 1526, 1528); P. Constant (Paris, 1693); Migne (Patrol Lat., IX, X, 1844-45). Transl. by E. W. Watson, in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. Vol. IX.
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'''Hilkiah'''. Hebrew High-priest in the reign of King Josiah (II Kings, xxii, 4 et seq.). Prob, the same as Hilkiah ben Shallum in genealogy {{Page aside|375}}of High-priests in I Chron., v, 39 (A. V., vi, 13), consequently father of Azariah and great-grandfather of Ezra the Scribe (Ezra, vii, 1). Commissioned by Josiah to superintend repairs of Temple; when he took silver from Temple treasury, he found the Scroll of the Law (II Kings, xxii, 4-8; II Chron., xxxiv, 9-14) and gave it to Shaphan the Scribe. The latter read it before the King, who, terrified by the divine warnings, sent Hilkiah with four others to consult the prophetess Huldah (II Chron., xxxiv, 20 et seq.'). Finding of scroll was the cause of great reformation effected by Josiah. Much uncertainty exists about the nature of the scroll; Jewish commentators say that when Ahaz burned scrolls of the Law, the priests of YHVH hid one copy in the Temple.
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'''Homer''', *Odyssey and *Iliad. Loeb Classical Library.
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'''Hübbe-Schleiden, Dr. William'''. German scholar, writer and Theosophist, b. at Hamburg, October 20, 1846; d. at Göttingen, May 17, 1916. At first, he studied jurisprudence and political economy, obtaining the degree of juris utriusque doctor, i.e., Doctor of both Laws, namely, civil and canon law, and practised for some time as an attorney. During the war of 1870-71, he was attache to the German Consulate General in London. Soon after, being greatly interested in geographical exploration and in German colonial politics, he devoted himself to far-reaching travels, mainly in West Africa, where he founded his own commercial house in Gabun Colony. He was a great protagonist of German colonial ambitions, and wrote several works on this subject, such as: Ethiopien: Studien über Westafrika (1879), Überseeische Politik (2 pts., 1881-83), Deutsche Kolonisation (1881), and Kolonisationpolitik und Kolonisationtechnik (1882). During the years 1897-98, he travelled in India, and upon his return wrote a work entitled Indien und die Inder (1898). There is evidence to show that he was instrumental in formulating German colonial policy at the time, and that his statesmanlike scheme was adopted by Prince Bismarck.
As a man, Dr. Hübbe-Schleiden was a charming personality, full of humor, very clever, and always ready to help others. He was deeply interested in occult subjects, and became one of the chief founders, and the first President, of the Germania Theosophical Society, when the latter was organized by Col. H. S. Olcott at the home of the Gebhards at Elberfeld, on July 27, 1884. His Theosophical activities took primarily a literary form, and he founded and edited a valuable monthly metaphysical journal, called the Sphinx, twenty-two volumes of which appeared between the years 1886-1896. He also published a pamphlet entitled Jesus, a Buddhist? In it he draws, from the close similarity prevailing, the conclusion that Jesus was essentially a Buddhist {{Page aside|376}}building his argument with methodical precision and the support of various historical data.
In 1893, he organized at Steglitz, near Berlin, an independent organization called the Theosophische Vereinigung, with aims wholly identical with the Theosophical Society, but methods of work more consonant, as he thought, with the characteristics of the German people (See Lucifer, Vol.-XII, March, 1893, p. 80; and The Path, Vol. VIII, April, 1893, p. 24). Some years later, after Dr. Rudolf Steiner had organized his Anthroposophical Society, Dr. Hubbe-Schleiden served for a short time as General-Secretary of the re-organized Theosophical Society (Adyar) in Germany.
Dr. Hubbe-Schleiden considered The Secret Doctrine to be a work of the utmost importance, actually containing the sacred wisdom of the sages of all times. He had found in its pages the key which would “solve the riddles of existence as well of the macrocosm as of the microcosm." He strongly felt that explanatory abstracts should be written on various teachings contained in this work, in order that the contents be better understood by readers of his time. It was with this end in view that he wrote in 1891 his work entitled Lust, Leid und Liebe, which, in his own words, “confined itself to the language and to the terms of Darwin, Haeckel and modern philosophy, with the purpose of putting a key to The Secret Doctrine into the hands of the leading scientists.” His effort found no response with the English public, and only a meagre one in Germany.
Dr. Hubbe-Schleiden dedicated his last years to a large work on Palingenesis, in which he desired to prove scientifically the law of Reincarnation. He died, however, before completing this task. After his death, his books were donated to the Gottingen University Library, and it is possible that the voluminous MSS. of this last work may have been there for a time. It was either destroyed during the bombing of the Second World War, or otherwise lost, as upon recent inquiry, it could not be located by the University authorities.
Dr. Hubbe-Schleiden knew H. P. B. personally and paid her four or five visits. The first of these was from September to December, 1884, when she stayed with the Gebhards at Elberfeld, Germany. He speaks of meeting her for a few days in August of the same year. After that, he remained with her in Wurzburg about a week or ten days in October, 1885, and saw her engaged in writing her magnum opus. He saw her last one afternoon and night, early in January, 1886. He writes:
“When I visited her in October, 1885, she had just begun to write it [The Secret Doctrine], and in January, 1886, she had finished about a dozen chapters. . . . she was writing at her
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[[File:Hpb_cw_07_376_1.jpg|center|x400px]]
<center>DR. WILLIAM HUBBE-SCHLEIDEN</center>
<center>From a photograph supplied by Mme. Gretchen Boggiani-Wagner, whose father was a cousin of the Doctor.</center>
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{{Style P-No indent|manuscript almost all day, from the early morning until the afternoon and even until night, unless she had guests . . . I saw a good deal of the well-known blue K. H. handwriting as corrections and annotations on her manuscripts as well as in books that lay occasionally on her desk. . . .}}
“I must say though that the view I took then was the same that I hold now. I never did and never shall judge of the value or the origin of any mental product from the way and manner in which it is produced. And for this reason I withheld my opinion then, thinking and saying: ‘I shall wait until The Secret Doctrine is finished and then I can read it quietly; that will be the test for me, the only one that will be any good.’
“This is the reason why on the night of my last parting from H.P.B., the two certificates .... were given to me. At least I found them in my copy of Hodgson’s S.P.R. Report after I had left her. ...”<ref>From a letter received by Countess Constance Wachtmeister from Dr. Wm. Hübbe-Schleiden. See Reminiscences of H. P. Blavatsky and “The Secret Doctrine," by C. Wachtmeister (London: Theos. Publ. Society, 1893), pp. 110-13.<br>
The “certificates” spoken of are the two short letters from Μ. and K.H. concerning the real authorship of The Secret Doctrine. They may be found in C. Jinaräjadäsa’s Letters from the Masters of the Wisdom, Second Series, Nos. 69 and 70.</ref>
Besides the two “certificates” spoken of by the Doctor, two more letters were received by him from the same Teachers. The original letters became part of his estate in 1916, and passed into the hands of Herr Clemens Heinrich Ferdinand Driessen, who was a Geheim Justitzrat in Witzenhausen, near Cassel, Germany. C. Jinaräjadäsa copied them direct from the originals which had been loaned to him by Herr Driessen, and published their text.<ref>C. Jinaräjadäsa, op. cit., Letters Nos. 68, 69, 70, 71.</ref> Ernst Pieper, a very active Theosophical worker in Düsseldorf, Germany, obtained from Herr Driessen in 1934 all of the four original letters with their accompanying envelopes, bearing on one side Chinese characters. He arranged for an exact facsimile to be made of the “certificate” from Master Μ., reproducing it in its actual size and using an almost identical type of paper and red-colored ink.
In 1941, all the four original letters from the Teachers, received by Dr. Hübbe-Schleiden, fell into the hands of the Gestapo, and were presumably destroyed.<ref>For further information concerning these letters, consult The Path, New York, Vol. VIII, April, 1893, p. 2; and The Theosophical Forum, Covina, Calif., Vol. XXVI, April, 1948.</ref>
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'''Hue, Évariste Régis, Abbé (1813-1860)''', *Souvenirs d’un voyage dans la Tartarie, le Thibet et la Chine pendant les années 1844, 1845, et 1846. Paris, 1850. 2 vqls. 8vo.
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'''Humboldt, Baron Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von (1769-1859)'''. *Kosmos. Stuttgardt & Tübingen: J. C. Cotta, 1845-62. 5 vols.
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'''Iamblichus (4th cent, a.d.)''', *Liber de mysteriis {Greek: Peri mustêriôn). Ed. with Latin transi, and notes, by T. Gale, Oxford, 1678; and by G. Parthey, Berlin, 1857.—Iamblichus on the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians. Transi, from the Greek by Thomas Taylor, Cbeswick, 1821. Second ed., London: Theos. Publ. Society, 1895.
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'''Jacob ben Hayyim ben Isaac Ibn Adonijah'''. Jewish Masorete and printer, b. at Tunis, about 1470; d. before 1538. Left native country because of persecution that broke out there at the beginning of 16th cent. Resided at Rome and Florence, later settling at Venice, where he was engaged as corrector of the Hebrew press of Daniel Bomberg. Late in life embraced Christianity. Chiefly known in connection with his edition of the Rabbinical Bible (1524-25), which he supplied with Masoretic notes and introduction treating of the Masorah. This introd, was translated into Latin by Claude Capellus {De Mari Rabbinico Infido, II, ch. 4, Paris, 1667), and into English by Ginsburg (Longham, 1865). Jacob also wrote dissertations on the Targum, and revised ed. princeps of the Jerusalem Talmud (1523) and of Maimonides’ Tad. Vide Fürst, Bibi. Jud., iii, 451; Ginsburg, Massoret ha-Massoret, pp. 33-34.
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'''Jellinek, Adolf (1821-1893)''' *Moses ben Schem-tob de Leon und sein Verhältniss zum Sohar. Eine historisch-kritische Untersuchung über die Entstehung des Sohar. Leipzig, 1851.
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'''Jinarâjadâsa, C. (1875-1953)'''. *Letters from the Masters of the
Wisdom. 1881-1888. Transcribed and Compiled by C. J. First Series. With a Foreword by Annie Besant. Adyar, Madras: Theosophical Publ. House, 1919. 124 pp.; 2nd ed., 1923;
3rd ed., 1945; 4th ed., with new and addit. Letters (covering period 1870-1900), 1948.—*Second Series. Adyar: Theos. Publ. House, 1925; Chicago: The Theos. Press, 1926. 205 pp., facs.
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'''Kircher, Athanasius (1602-80)'''. *Oedipus Aegyptiacus; hoc est,
Universalis Hieroglyphicae veterum doctrinae temporum injuria abolitae instauratio, etc. 3 tom. Ex typographia V. Mascardi. Rome, 1652-54. fol.
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'''Kiu-ti or Khiu-ti'''. Vide Vol. VI.p. 425, for information.
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'''Knorr von Rosenroth, Baron Christian (1636-1689)'''. *Kabbalah denudata. Vol. I, Sulzbach, 1677-78; Vol. II, Frankfurt: J. D. Zunneri, 1684.
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'''Lapide, Cornelius Cornelii à''' (Cornelis Cornelissen van den Steen). Flemish Jesuit and exegete; b. at Bocholt, Dec. 18, 1567; d. at Rome, March 12, 1637. Studied at Jesuit colleges, entered the Soc. of Jesus, 1592, and was ordained priest, 1595. Became prof, of Holy Scriptures, and later of Hebrew, at Louvain. Later sent to Rome where he spent the later part of life completing his celebrated Commentaries which deal with the historical and scientific study of the Bible, and the allegorical sense of the text. He was a seriously pious and zealous priest; his works are highly esteemed by both Catholics and Protestants.
Works: Commentarius in ... . Pauli epistolas, Antwerp, 1614.— Comm, in Pentateuchum, Antwerp, 1616, 1697.—Les trésors de Cernelius à Lapide: extraits de ses commentaires de l’écriture sainte, etc., by the abbé Barbier. Le Mans and Paris, 1856; latest ed., 1896. 4 vols.— The Great Commentary of Cornelius à Lapide. Engl. tr. by Rev. Thomas N. Mossman. London, 1876.
H.P.B. refers to a French translation of his works by Élysée Pélagaud, which has so far remained untraceable.
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'''Le Blanc d’Ambonne, Th.-Prosper''', *Les religions et leur interprétation chrétienne. Paris: J. Leroux et Jouly, 1852-53, 3 vols. 8vo.
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'''Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Freiherr von (1646-1716)'''. *Opera philos. By this is most likely meant: God. Guil. Leibnitii Opera philosophica quae extant latina, gallica, germanica omnia .... Johannes Eduardus Erdmann. Berlin: G. Eichleri, 1840. 2 vols.
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'''Le Loyer, Pierre'''; Sieur de la Brosse. Famous French demonographer, b. at Huillé, near Durtal (Anjou), Nov. 24, 1550 (1); d. at Angers, Jan. 29, 1634. Studied at Paris for five years, then went to Toulouse to study law. After returning to his own province, he became royal councillor for the rest of his life. He was a poet and a book worm, deeply versed in Hebrew, Arabic and other languages ; was well known at the time even abroad and considered one of the most learned men of France. Among his many works are: Idylle sur la Loire, Toulouse, 1572.—Édom et les colonies iduméanes en Asie et en Europe, etc., Paris, 1620.—* Quatre livres des spectres ou apparitions et visions d'esprits, anges et démons se monstrant sensiblement aux hommes, Angers, 1586, 8 books. Also Paris, 1605 and 1608, 4to. This work deals with visions, prodigies of all centuries, and the most celebrated authors, sacred and profane, who have dealt with occult subjects, the cause of apparitions, nature of good and evil spirits, demons, ecstasy, magicians, sorcerers, exorcisms, evocations, fumigations, etc. Paris scholars {{Page aside|380}}approved it for the instruction of good Catholics, against the “ pernicious ” opinions of the ancients. Engl, transi, by Z. Jones, London, 1605, 4to.
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'''Lélut, Louis-François'''. French physician; b. at Gy (Haute-Saône), April 15, 1804; d. at Paris, Jan. 25, 1877. Entered the profession, 1827. In charge of the lunatic department at Bicêtre, and later at the Salpêtrière. Conducted research to elucidate the relation between the intelligence and the brain; applied to history the study of physiology and psychology. Elected, 1848-57, member of the Constitutional and Legislative Assembly; and member of the Academy of Medicine in 1863. Works: Du démon de Socrate (Paris: Trinquart, 1836. 8-vo), which produced sensation.—L’amulette de Pascal. Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1845.—Several essays on the Physiologie de la Pensée, 1842, 1855, 1857.—Recherches des analogies de la Jolie et de la raison, 1834.
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'''Leuret, François'''. French physician specializing in insanity ; b. at Nancy, Dec. 29, 1797; d. Jan. 5, 1851. Studied at Paris mental diseases, under d’Esquirol; became doctor, 1826, and superintendent of the Paris insane asylum, 1829. Applied new methods to the treatment of insanity, such as musical therapy. Works: Anatomie comparée du système nerveux. Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1839-57. 2 vols.—*Fragments psychologiques sur la Jolie. Paris: Crochard, 1834. 8vo. vii, 426 pp.—Du traitement morale de la Jolie. Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1840.
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'''Lévi, Éliphas ( 1810?-l875)'''; pseud, of the Abbé Alphonse Louis Constant. ^Grimoire des sorciers. No information available.— *Le Livre des Splendeurs, Paris, 1894. Vide infra, s. v. Zohar.
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'''Livius, Titus (b. c. 59-a. d. 17)'''. * History, Loeb Classical Library.
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'''Locke, John (1632-1704)'''. *An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Orig. ed., 1690. Many ed. since.
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'''Lombard, Peter'''. Noted Italian scholastic theologian, deriving his name from the province where he was born, near Novara, in Lombardy, at about the opening of the 12th century. Studied at Bologna, Reims and Paris; here he acquired great reputation becoming professor of Theology at the University; he was appointed archbishop in 1159, and died at Paris in 1164. He was one of the best scholars of the day and a zealous ecclesiastic. His principal work is the Sententiarum libri quatuor (or Sentences'), a collection of passages from the Fathers, the many contradictions of which he attempts to conciliate. He was the first author who collected theological doctrines into I a complete system, laying foundations for scholastic theology. His work became the text-book in schools of philosophy through the middle ages, a universal {{Page aside|381}}manual of theology, and obtained for him the title of “ Magister Sententiarum.” It was first publ. in Venice, 1477, fol., in 4 pts. The best ed. is by Antoine Ghenart, London, 1567, 4to. Lombard also wrote Commentaries on the Psalms and on the Epistles of St. Paul.
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{{Footnotes}}
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