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In the present article, written as it was in the fall of 1883, reference is to Crookes’ two outstanding and revolutionary pronouncements on the subject of “Radiant Matter.” One is his Address before the Sheffield Meeting of the British Association, August 22, 1879 (See ''Chemical News'', vol. xl, 1879, pp. 91-93, 104-107, 127-131; and ''Nature'', London, vol. xx, 1879, pp. 419-423, 436-440); and the other is his Letter to the Secretary of the Royal Society of London, Prof. G. G. Stokes, dated April 29, 1880 (See ''Proceedings Roy. Soc''., 1880, vol. xxx, pp. 469-472; ''Chem. News'', vol. xli, 1880, pp. 275-276; and ''Nature'', vol. xxii, 1880, pp. 153-154). | In the present article, written as it was in the fall of 1883, reference is to Crookes’ two outstanding and revolutionary pronouncements on the subject of “Radiant Matter.” One is his Address before the Sheffield Meeting of the British Association, August 22, 1879 (See ''Chemical News'', vol. xl, 1879, pp. 91-93, 104-107, 127-131; and ''Nature'', London, vol. xx, 1879, pp. 419-423, 436-440); and the other is his Letter to the Secretary of the Royal Society of London, Prof. G. G. Stokes, dated April 29, 1880 (See ''Proceedings Roy. Soc''., 1880, vol. xxx, pp. 469-472; ''Chem. News'', vol. xli, 1880, pp. 275-276; and ''Nature'', vol. xxii, 1880, pp. 153-154). | ||
<sup>4</sup>Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner, famous German astro-physicist, was born in Berlin, November 8, 1834, and died at Leipzig, April 25, 1882. After matriculating from the “Köllnische Gymnasium” in his native city, he entered the Berlin University, 1855, as a student of Physics and Natural Sciences. After some studies at the | <sup>4</sup>Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner, famous German astro-physicist, was born in Berlin, November 8, 1834, and died at Leipzig, April 25, 1882. After matriculating from the “Köllnische Gymnasium” in his native city, he entered the Berlin University, 1855, as a student of Physics and Natural Sciences. After some studies at the University of Basel, 1857, he returned to Berlin and built for himself a small private observatory on a plot of ground belonging to his father, who was a designer and calico-printer. In 1862, he went to Leipzig as an assistant at the Observatory. In 1865, he delivered a dissertation at the University of Leipzig on the Relative Intensity of Light of the Phases of the Moon, and the following year became assistant professor in the Department of Philosophy. In December, 1866, he delivered his thesis entitled ''Über die universelle Bedeutung der mechanischen Principien''. In 1872, he was appointed Professor of Astrophysics. | ||
Zöllner made innumerable contributions to astronomical science, which included the determination of the reflective capacity (albedo) of many planets, and a study of their thermal conditions. He made photometric investigations of the Mercurial phases, and conducted observations on the intensity of solar radiations at their source, and of solar temperature. His ''Grundzüge einer allgemeinen Photometrie des Himmels'' (Berlin, 1861, 4to.) contains a description of a new instrument, the astrophotometer, for the measurement of the light and color of stars. This new invention was soon adopted by the {{Page aside|266}}best known Observatories. He furnished many valuable papers to the publications of the Royal Saxonian Scientific Society, on the constitution of the sun and stars, and published other scientific papers in the ''Astronomische Nachrichten'' and the ''Poggendorff’s Annalen''. In his work ''Über die Natur der Kometen. Beiträge zur Geschichte und Theorie der Erkenntniss'', written for the 300dth anniversary of Kepler’s birth, Dec. 27, 1871 (2nd ed., 1872; 3rd ed., 1883), Zöllner expounded the remarkable theory that the brightness of the comets was not due to the alleged fact that they were incandescent through heat, but to the fact that they were glowing with electricity. He also showed that many of the findings of modern science had been anticipated by true philosophers. He gave considerable study to various types of illusions produced on our senses, especially optical illusions, and greatly enlarged the electro-dynamic theory of Wilhelm Weber. | Zöllner made innumerable contributions to astronomical science, which included the determination of the reflective capacity (albedo) of many planets, and a study of their thermal conditions. He made photometric investigations of the Mercurial phases, and conducted observations on the intensity of solar radiations at their source, and of solar temperature. His ''Grundzüge einer allgemeinen Photometrie des Himmels'' (Berlin, 1861, 4to.) contains a description of a new instrument, the astrophotometer, for the measurement of the light and color of stars. This new invention was soon adopted by the {{Page aside|266}}best known Observatories. He furnished many valuable papers to the publications of the Royal Saxonian Scientific Society, on the constitution of the sun and stars, and published other scientific papers in the ''Astronomische Nachrichten'' and the ''Poggendorff’s Annalen''. In his work ''Über die Natur der Kometen. Beiträge zur Geschichte und Theorie der Erkenntniss'', written for the 300dth anniversary of Kepler’s birth, Dec. 27, 1871 (2nd ed., 1872; 3rd ed., 1883), Zöllner expounded the remarkable theory that the brightness of the comets was not due to the alleged fact that they were incandescent through heat, but to the fact that they were glowing with electricity. He also showed that many of the findings of modern science had been anticipated by true philosophers. He gave considerable study to various types of illusions produced on our senses, especially optical illusions, and greatly enlarged the electro-dynamic theory of Wilhelm Weber. | ||