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'''Arrianus, Flavius'''. Greek historian, native of Nicomedia, fl. 2nd century, under Hadrian and the Antonines. In his own country, priest of Ceres and Proserpina. Became disciple of Epictetus in Rome. Patronized by Hadrian for learning and talents, honored with citizenship of Rome, appointed Prefect of Cappadocia, later Senator and Consul. Like Xenophon, united literary with military {{Page aside|370}}character. On intimate terms with men of learning. Of numerous historical works, only two remain: *Anabasis of Alexander, seven books principally comp, from the memoirs of Ptolemy Lagus and Aristobulus, both of whom served under Alexander (ed. by Grono- vius, Ludg. Bat., 1704, fol. and Schmieder, Lips., 1798, 8vo.) ; and *Indian History, appended to the former (ed. by Schmieder, Halae, 1798, 8vo.). Orig. Greek and English trans, by E. Iliff Robson, Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press; London: Wm. Heinemann, 1946. 2 vols. Loeb Class. Libr.
'''Arrianus, Flavius'''. Greek historian, native of Nicomedia, fl. 2nd century, under Hadrian and the Antonines. In his own country, priest of Ceres and Proserpina. Became disciple of Epictetus in Rome. Patronized by Hadrian for learning and talents, honored with citizenship of Rome, appointed Prefect of Cappadocia, later Senator and Consul. Like Xenophon, united literary with military {{Page aside|370}}character. On intimate terms with men of learning. Of numerous historical works, only two remain: *Anabasis of Alexander, seven books principally comp, from the memoirs of Ptolemy Lagus and Aristobulus, both of whom served under Alexander (ed. by Grono- vius, Ludg. Bat., 1704, fol. and Schmieder, Lips., 1798, 8vo.) ; and *Indian History, appended to the former (ed. by Schmieder, Halae, 1798, 8vo.). Orig. Greek and English trans, by E. Iliff Robson, Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press; London: Wm. Heinemann, 1946. 2 vols. Loeb Class. Libr.
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'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Asiatick Researches'''; or, Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for inquiring into the History and Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences, and Literature, of Asia. Calcutta, 1788-1839. 20 vols. 4to; London, 1801-12. 11 vols. 8vo; new ed. Calcutta, 1875. 8vo.
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'''Assier, Adolphe d’'''. French scientist and philosopher, b. 1828 at Bastide de Sérou (Ariège). Prof, of mathematics; member, Bordeaux Academy of Sciences. Editor, Revue d‘Aquitaine et du Languedoc, 1869-70. Offered his services to Gambetta, 1870, and founded newspaper La Patrie en Danger in Ariège. Returned to Bordeaux, 1871, then retired at Aulus. Valuable studies in the science of languages. Works: Essai de Grammaire Générale d’après la comparaison des principales langues indo-européennes, 1868. — Histoire naturelle du Language, 1868 — Essai de Philosophie Positive, 3 vols., 1870,1881,1889.—*Essa i sur l’Humanité Posthume et le Spiritisme, par un Positiviste. Paris, 1883. New ed. as Revenants et Fantômes. English trans, by Col. H. S. Olcott, as Posthumous Humanity: A Study of Phantoms, with annotations and Appendix showing the popular beliefs current in India respecting the post-mortem vicissitudes of the Human Entity. London: Geo. Redway, 1887. xxiv, 360 pp.. Rpr. Wizards Bookshelf, San Diego, 1981.
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'''Barth, Marie Étienne Auguste'''. French Orientalist, b. Meh. 22, 1834, at Strassburg; d. Apr. 15, 1916, at Paris. Educated in native city which he left after war of 1870. Collaborated on the Revue Critique, 1872. Authority in the field of Indology. Reputation established by his Religions de l’Inde (orig. publ. in the Encyclopédie des Sciences Religieuses), Paris, G. Fischbacher, 1879 (*The Religions of India, trans, by Rev. J. Wood, rev. and augm. by the author. London: Triibner and Co., 1882. 8vo), a work of remarkable lucidity, scholarship and nobility of conception. Edited, 1885, Aymonier’s work, Inscriptions Sanscrites recueillies au Cambodge. One of the chief collaborators of the Revue de l’Histoire des Religions. Collected Oeuvres publ. in 2 vols., 1914.
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'''Beal, Samuel (1825-1889)'''. *Abhinishkramanasûtra: The Romantic Legend of Sâkya Muni, Trans, from the Chinese. London: Trubner and Co., 1875. 8vo.
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'''Beglar, J. D.''' *Report of Tours in the South-Eastern Provinces in 1874-75 and 1875-76 . . . under the superint. of Maj. Gen. A. Cunningham. Calcutta: Off. Superint. Govern. Printing, 1882 (Archaeol. Survey of India. Reports. Old Series, Vol. XIII).
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'''Bigandet, Pierre, Bishop of Ramatha (1812-1894)'''. *The Life, or Legend, of Gaudama, the Budha, of the Burmese, etc. Rangoon, 1866. 8vo; 4th ed. London: Trübner and Co., 1911, 1912.
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'''Blech, Charles'''. *Contribution à l’Histoire de la Société Théosophique en France. Paris: Éditions Adyar, 1933. 215 pp.
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'''Buchanan, Claudius'''. English divine, b. 1766, near Glasgow; d. 1815. Educ. Univ, of Glasgow and Cambridge. Vice-Principal, College of Ft. William. Travelled widely in the Orient. Helped establish an episcopate in India. Works: Christian Researches in Asia, Cambridge, 1811. 8vo. 270 pp. New ed. London, 1840. — Colonial Ecclesiastical Establishments. Lend., 1813. 8vo.
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'''Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, 4th Earl of'''. English statesman and writer, b. June 24, 1841; d. June 29, 1890. Educ. at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Under-Sec’y, Fort Collins, 1858; Sec’y of State, 1866; introduced bill for federation of British No. American provinces, 1867, but before mission became law, resigned owing to distaste for Disraeli’s reform bill. Resumed office, 1874, endeavoring to confer similar boon on So. Africa, but without success. Resigned in opposition to Lord Beaconsfield’s policy on Eastern questions, 1878. Lord-lieut. of Ireland, 1885. Resigned because personal veracity was questioned by Parnell. High stewart Univ, of Oxford. Pres, of Soc. of Antiquaries. Author of: *Recollections of the Druses of the Lebanon, and Notes on their Religion, London: J. Murray, 1860. vi, 2, 122 pp. 8vo. — Reminiscences of Athens and the Morea. Ed. by his son, 1869. 8vo.
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'''Chambers, Ephraim'''. English encyclopaedist, b. ca. 1860 at Kendal, Westmorland; d. May 15, 1740. Apprenticed to globe maker in London. Wrote for the Literary Magazine, 1735-36. Trans. The Philosophical History and Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, 1742. The first edition of his * Cyclopaedia; or, an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, appeared by subscription, 1728, in 2 vols., dedicated to the King (2nd ed. Lond., 1738; 5th ed. London: D. Midwinter, 1741-43). The Encyclopédie of Diderot and d’Alembert owed its inception to French trans, of Chambers’ work.
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'''Charaka'''. “Wanderer.” Ancient Muni and physician, born in Panchanada, Kashmir. Acc. to Chinese trans, of the Buddhist Tripitaka, he was the official physician of Indo-Scythian King Kanishka in the first or second century A. D. Acc. to legend, the {{Page aside|372}}Serpent-King Sesha, who was the recipient of the Ayur-veda, when visiting the earth and finding it full of sickness, became moved with pity and determined to become incarnated as the son of a Muni for alleviating disease. He was called Charaka because he visited earth as a kind of spy or chara. Wrote a Compendium, the Charaka-samhitâ (See App. p. 364), representing Âtreya’s system of medicine, as handed down by his pupil Agnivesa.
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'''Cox, Ross (1793-1853)'''. *Adventures on the Columbia River, etc. London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1831. 2 vols.; 3rd ed. entitled The Columbia River, etc., 1832.
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'''Crowe, Catharine Stevens (Miss C. Crowe)'''. English authoress, b. 1800, at Borough Green, Kent; d. 1876. Lived chiefly in Edinburgh. Her novels show much skill and ingenuity in the development of the plot. Among them: Adventures of Susan Hopley, 1841; The Story of Lilly Dawson, 1847; Linny Lockwood, 2 vols. Lond , 1854. Best known for her work *The Night Side of Nature, or Ghosts and Ghost Seers, 2 vols. London: T. C. Newlv, 1848; also 1852, 1882 and 1904.
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'''Csoma de Koros, Alexander (Sandor)'''. Hungarian traveller and Tibetan scholar, b. Apr. 4, 1784, at Kôrôs, Transylvania; educated, College of Nagy-Enyed; later at Gottingen; studied Oriental languages. His dream was to discover original home of Magyars, in Asia. Went, 1820, to Egypt, Teheran, and Little Bokhara, disguised as Armenian; settled, 1827-30, at Buddhist monastery of Kanam, near Tibet, studying Tibetan; found that lamas knew very little on Magyar problem. Went to Calcutta to study Sanskrit; attracted attention of British scholars. Catalogued some 1,000 Tibetan volumes in the library of the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal. Prepared, 1834, his Tib. Gram., and a Dictionary, still standard works; wrote on Tib. literature in Asiatic Researches. Went to Western confines of China, bent on original pursuit; died at Darjiling, Apr. 11, 1842. (See Th. Duka, Life and Works of A. C. de Kôrôs, London, 1885). Works: *A Grammar of the Tibetan Language, in English. Prepared under the patronage of the Gov. for the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1834, xii, 204 pp. 4vo. Essay towards a Dictionary, Tibetan and English. Prepared with the assistance of bandé Sangs-Rgyas Phun-Tshogs, a learned lama of Zangskâr. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1834, 351 pp. 8vo.
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'''Cunningham, Sir Alexander'''. English soldier, archaeologist, anthor, b. 1854, at Westminster, son of the poet Allan Cunningham; d. 1893. Studied at Addiscombe; went to India, 1883, as second lieut. of Bengal engineers; appointed aide-de-camp to Lord Auckland, 1836; in milit. and eng. service, 1836-46; field eng. in Sikh war, {{Page aside|373}}1846-48; as lieut. col., appointed chief eng. of Burma, 1856; similar post in N. W. Prov., 1858; ret. as major-general, 1861. Until 1865 and 1870-85, Director General of the Indian Archaeological Survey, editing its *Reports (23 vols., 1871-86). Made extensive explorations and drawings, gathered most valuable collection of Ind. coins, conducted important researches in the history of Buddhism as revealed by its architecture. Lahore Museum contains his coll, of Graeco-Buddhist sculptures, arranged by J. Lockwood Kipling. Works: Bhilsa Topes: or Buddhist monuments of Central India. London: Trübner & Co., 1871. 8vo; no more publ. —*Corpus Ancient Geography of India. Part I, The Buddhist Period. London: Smith & Elder, 1854,— *Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. Calcutta, 1877, etc. 4vo.
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'''Dalton, Col. Edward Tuite'''. *Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1872. 4to.
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'''Diodorus Siculus'''. Greek historian born at Agyricum, Sicily, contemporaneous with Julius Caesar and Augustus. In early life, travelled in Asia, Africa and Europe. On his return, settled at Rome, where he published his Historical Library, in 40 books, after thirty years of labor. This work covers 1138 years, up to the end of Caesar’s Gallic war, but only a small portion of it remains. — Greek text ed. by Wesseling, Amst., 1746. 2 vols., folio. Parallel Greek and English trans, by C. H. Oldfather, London: Wm. Heinemann ; New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1933. 10 vols. Loeb Class. Libr.
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'''Ennemoser, Joseph'''. Austrian medico-philosophic writer, b. Nov. 15, 1787, at Hintersee, Tyrol; d. Sept. 19, 1854, at Egern. Fought against French, 1809 and 1813-14. Took M.D. at Berlin, 1816. Prof, of medicine at Univ, of Bonn, 1819. Practiced at Innsbruck, 1837-41, then moved to Münich. Became widely known by using hypnotism. Elaborated teaching concerning animal magnetism. Works: Der Magnetismus in Verhältnisse zur Natur und Religion. Stuttgart and Tübingen: J. G. Cotta, 1842. xvi, 272 pp. 8vo. — Geschichte der Magie. Leipzig, 1844. 8vo. {The History of Magic. Trans, by W. Howitt, with Appendix on apparitions, etc. Bohn's Scientific Library, 1854, etc. 8vo.) — Anleitung zur mesmerischen Praxis. Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1852. 8vo.
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'''Ennodius, Magnus Felix'''. Latin Church Father, b. ca. 473, at Arles or Milan; d. 17 July, 521, at Pavia. Early became an orphan. Educated by aunt at Milan, then married wealthy woman and lived lavishly. After severe illness, entered priesthood; wife became nun. Went to Rome, 496, and became noted. Was first to address Bishop of Rome as Pope. Succeeded Maximus as Bishop of Pavia, 511. Twice sent as Messenger to Emperor Anastasius with plan of reuniting {{Page aside|374}}Eastern and Western Churches. Best known as champion of Papacy, especially in exemption from all human jurisdiction; maintained that God alone judged Popes [See Symmachus].
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'''Fa-Hien or Fa-Hsien'''. Chinese Buddhist monk and traveller. Native of Wu-yang, province of Shansi. Travelled extensively, 399-414 A.D., in India, Khotan and Tibet, in company with Hui King and other Chinese pilgrims. From Khotan, journeyed through Kashmir, etc., to Central India, reaching there in 405, after six years of wandering. Remained in India ten years, seeking complete copies of Vinayapitaka, and compiling information regarding Buddhism and its founder’s life. Then went to Ceylon, where he copied many sacred texts, and to Java, whence he returned home, 414. Died in Sin Monastery at 88 years of age. Author of Fo-kue-ki, a journal of his travels (trans, by Herbert E. Giles. London: Triibner and Co.; Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1877; also Cambridge: Univ. Press, 1923; trans, by James Legge. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1886; trans, by Samuel Beal. London: Trubner and Co., 1869).
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'''Glanvill, Joseph'''. English divine, b. 1636, at Plymouth; d. Nov. 4, 1680, at Bath. Grad, from Exeter College, Oxford, 1655; MA., Lincoln Coll., 1658, becoming chaplain to Francis Rous, provost of Eton. Rector at Wimbish, Essex, 1660. Friend of Henry More, though not a Platonist himself. One of the first Fellows of Royal Society. Rector of Abbey Church, Bath, 1666. Chaplain in ordinary to Charles II, 1672. Tried to find empirical ground for belief in supernatural, and defended witchcraft. Formed, with Henry More, an association for “psychical research” and investigated various phenomena. Accepted More’s theory of pre-existence of souls. Prolific writer. Author of: The Vanity of Dogmatizing. London, 1661. 8vo. Contains anticipations of electric telegraph. — Lux Orientalist or, an inquiry into the opinion of the Eastern Sages concerning the Pre-existence of Souls, etc., 1662. 8vo. — Saddu- .cismus Triumphatus: or full and plain evidence concerning witches and apparitions. Done into English by A. Horneck. London, 1681. 8 vo.
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'''Gougenot Des Mousseaux, Le Chevalier Henry-Roger'''. French writer, b. at Coulomniers (Seine-et-Marnes), April 22, 1805; d. Oct. 5, 1878. Trained in diplomacy. Served at the Court of King Charles X. Retired to his native town, during revolution of 1830, and devoted himself to archaeological, religious and spiritistic studies. Ardent Catholic and prolific writer, whose passion for accumulating factual data from the civilizations of the past, was used to great advantage by H. P. B. in her discussions of magic. Works: Dieu et les Dieux. Paris: Laguy freres, 1854. 8vo. Often considered as his chief work. — Moeurs et Pratiques des {{Page aside|375}}Demons. Paris, 1854; 2nd rev. ed. Paris, 1865. — La Magie au XIXe Siècle, ses agents, ses vérités, ses mensonges. Paris: H. Plon, E. Dentu, 1860. 8vo; augm. ed. Paris, 1864. — Les Hauts Phénomènes de la Magie, précédés du spiritisme antique. Paris: H. Plon, 1864. 8vo. — Le Juif, le Judaïsme et la Judaisation des peuples chrétiens. Paris: H. Plon, 1869. 8vo; 2nd ed. Paris: F. Wattelier, 1886. Very scarce. This work produced a veritable sensation abroad and was trans, into various languages. It is asserted that its copies were systematically destroyed, and that Des Mousseaux’s death, under somewhat mysterious circumstances, which followed soon after the publication of this work, had some connection with it.
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'''Herschel, Sir John Frederick William (1792-1871)'''. *Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects. London and New York: Alexander Strahan and Co., 1866. xii, 507 pp.
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'''Herschel, Sir William (1738-1822)'''. *On the Nature and Constitution of the Sun and Fixed Stars. London, 1801. 24 pp. (Cent, in a book entitled Dr. Stewart’s Geometrical Propositions—Demonstrated after the manner of the Ancients. Trans, from Latin).
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'''Holbach, Baron Paul Henry Thiry d'. (1723-1789; pseud. Jean Baptiste de Mirabaud)'''. *Système de la Nature, ou des lots du monde physique et du monde moral. London, 1770. 2 pt. 8vo; trans, by Samuel Wilkinson. London: P. Davidson, 1820-21. 3 vols.
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'''Homer. *Iliad'''. Many editions. Consult: The Original Iliad, text and trans., ed. by Robinson Smith. London: Grafton and Co., 1938. — The Iliad, text and trans., London: The Nonesuch Press. 1931.
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'''Huxley, Prof. Thomas H. (1825-1895)'''. *“Unwritten History”, Macmillan s Magazine (London and New York; Macmillan and Co.), Vol. XLVIH (May, 1883), pp. 26-41.
Jackson, John William. ^Lectures on Mesmerism, delivered at the Rotunda, Dublin. Dublin, 1851. 12°.
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'''James, William (1842-1910)'''. *Essays in Popular Philosophy. New York, 1897.
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'''Jinârjadâsa, C.''' *Letters from the Masters of the Wisdom. Second series. Transcribed and Annotated by C. J. With a Foreword by Annie Besant. Chicago: The Theosophical Press, 1926. 205 pp. facs. — *Did Madame Blavatsky Forge the Mahatma Letters? Adyar, Madras: Theos. Publishing House, 1934. 55 pp. 30 ill.
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'''Kardec, Allan''' (pseud, of Hippolyte-Léon-Denizard Rivail). French Spiritist writer, b. at Lyon, 1803: d. 1869. Son of lawyer, interested {{Page aside|376}}from youth in philosophy and science. His interest in mediumistic phenomena contributed greatly to the spread of spiritism in France. Founded a school of such studies and built up religious and moral dogmas based on spirit manifestations. Works: Le Ciel et VEnfer, ou la Justice Divine selon le Spiritisme, Paris, 1865. — *Le Livre des Esprits, Paris, Saint Germain-en-Laye (printed), 1857. 8vo. Also 1860, 1861. — *Spiritisme Expérimental, Le Livre des Médiums, etc. Paris, 1861. 8vo. 2nd ed. 1862; 6th ed. 1863 Experimental Spiritism. Book on Mediums. Trans, by E. A. Wood. Boston, 1874. 8vo. Also trans, by A. Blackwell, London, 1876. 8vo. — L’Évangile selon le Spiritisme. 10th ed. Paris, 1876.
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