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'''Draper, John William'''. American scientist, b. May 5, 1811, at St. Helen’s near Liverpool; d. Jan. 4, 1882, at Hastings, N.Y. Studied at Woodhouse Grove, Univ, of London, and the Medical School of the Univ, of Penna., 1835-36; elected Med. Prof., N.Y. University, 1837; Prof, of Chemistry, 1839; Prof. N.Y. School of Medicine, 1840-50; President of that School, 1850-73, and Prof, of Chern, until 1881. Made important researches in photo-chemistry. Among the first ones to take human portrait by light, made possible by his improvements on Daguerre’s process. Responsible to a great extent for prominence of N.Y.C. as center of medical education. Works: A Treatise on the Forces which Produce the Organization in Plants, N.Y., Harper & Bros., 1844.—A Text Book on Chemistry, N.Y., Harper & Bros., 1846, etc.—* History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, 1863; 5th ed., N.Y., Harper & Bros., 1869.—History of the Conflict between Religion and Science, N.Y., D. Appleton & Co., 1875, etc.—Scientific Memoirs, N.Y., Harper & Bros., 1878, 8vo.
'''Draper, John William'''. American scientist, b. May 5, 1811, at St. Helen’s near Liverpool; d. Jan. 4, 1882, at Hastings, N.Y. Studied at Woodhouse Grove, Univ, of London, and the Medical School of the Univ, of Penna., 1835-36; elected Med. Prof., N.Y. University, 1837; Prof, of Chemistry, 1839; Prof. N.Y. School of Medicine, 1840-50; President of that School, 1850-73, and Prof, of Chern, until 1881. Made important researches in photo-chemistry. Among the first ones to take human portrait by light, made possible by his improvements on Daguerre’s process. Responsible to a great extent for prominence of N.Y.C. as center of medical education. Works: A Treatise on the Forces which Produce the Organization in Plants, N.Y., Harper & Bros., 1844.—A Text Book on Chemistry, N.Y., Harper & Bros., 1846, etc.—*History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, 1863; 5th ed., N.Y., Harper & Bros., 1869.—History of the Conflict between Religion and Science, N.Y., D. Appleton & Co., 1875, etc.—Scientific Memoirs, N.Y., Harper & Bros., 1878, 8vo.
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'''Eleazar I (Lazar, Eleazar Ben Shammua’)'''. Mishnaic teacher of the fourth generation, frequently cited in rabbinical writings without his patronymic (Ab. iv. 12; Git. iii, 8, incorrectly “Eliezer”; comp. Gem. Git. 31b; Yer. Git. iii, 45a, Mishnah and Gem.); of priestly descent and rich, he acquired great fame as a teacher of traditional law. Disciple of Akiba, but owing to the Hadrianic proscriptions of Jewish observances was not ordained by him. After Akiba’s death, Rabbi Judah ben Baba ordained him, together with others, among whom was Simon ben Jochai, at a secluded spot between Usha and Shefar’am. Ordainer was detected and brutally slain. The ordained escaped, and eventually became the custodians and disseminators of Jewish tradition (Sanh. 13b; ‘Ab Zarah 8b). Founded a College which attracted many pupils. Had an ineradicable influence on the development of the Talmud (Vide The Jewish Encyclopaedia).
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'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Encyclopaedia Americana'''. Edited by Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth. Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Carey, 1829-33; also 1838, 1848, 1849. Article on “Inquisition” in which Juan Antonio Llórente (q.v.) is referred to.
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'''Fraser, Col. Stephen'''. *Twelve Years in India. Both author and work remain untraceable.
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'''Gaffarel, Jacques'''. French Orientalist and author, b. 1601, at Maunes, Provence; d. 1681. Was ordained and became doctor of canon law at Paris; studied Oriental languages and became librarian to Cardinal de Richelieu who sent him to Italy, 1626, in search of rare MSS. Studied Rabbinical works and Kabalistic writings. As a result of his journey, published his Curiositiz inouyes, 1629, intended to defend Oriental doctrines regarding astrology and allied sciences, and to refute current ideas about valuelessness of the philosophical and religious tenets of the ancient Hebrews, Persians, etc., condemned by Catholics. Became victim of a vicious attack and was forced to retract his views before the Sorbonne and leave France. Went to Rome, 1632, Venice, Greece, Asia, then returned home. Became chaplain to the King, prior of Saint-Gilles, canon of Sigouce (Provence) monastery, where he ended his life. Acc. to Bayle, he had been ordered by Richelieu to make every effort to re-unite all the Christian communities. His writings show more erudition than judgment, and occasionally betray some credulity. Works: Abdita divinae Cabalae mysteria contra sophistarum logo- machiam defensa, Paris, 1625, 4to.—'Curiositiz inouyes, sur la Sculpture talismanique des Persons. Horoscope des Patriarches. Et lectures des Estoilles. Paris: H. Du Mesnil, 1629. 644 pp. 8vo.; Rouen: J. Bouley, 1631; Latin ed. Hamburg: G. Schultzen, 1876. 2 vols. Eng. trans, by Edmund Chilmead, as Unheard-of Curiosities, etc. London, 1650.—Dies domini sive de fine mundi, 1629.— Mariales gemitus, 1638.
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'''Gebhard Family'''. German Family which played an important role in the history of the T.S. It was headed by Gustav Gebhard, eldest son of Franz-Joseph Gebhard, Pres, of the Board of Trade, at Elberfeld, Germany. He was born in that city, Aug. 18, 1828, and died in Berlin, May 6, 1900. He owned a silk manufacturing factory in his native city, was co-founder of the German Bank and of the Bergisch-Märkische Bank, and Persian Consul. He acquired much of his business experience travelling abroad, lived in Paris and London, and made trips to the U.S.A., Constantinople and Asia Minor. Noted as a linguist, he spoke French and English without accent. A far-sighted business-man, he was also known for his warm hospitality, broad-mindedness, and readiness to help others, even when their views differed from his own.
On his first journey to America, he met in New York the widow and the only daughter of the British Major Thomas L’Estrange (of the 36th Reg.), who belonged to the Protestant branch of this old family, descending from Rollo, First Duke of Normandy. He had married a Catholic Irish lady, Sarah Egan, which brought about strained relations with his family. His daughter, Mary, never met any relatives on her father’s side. At the conclusion of the Spanish campaign against Napoleon, he had gone to Paris, where his daughter was educated at the Sacre Coeur, and presented at the Court. Having lost his property, he left for Canada, where he bought some land near Montreal. After his death in 1850, his widow sold the land and went to the U.S.A, with her daughter Mary. It is in New York that Gustav Gebhard married Mary L’Estrange, Sept. 4, 1852, the ceremony being performed acc. to both the Catholic and the Protestant rites. Together with Mrs. L’Estrange, the newly-married couple settled in Elberfeld, Germany, where their seven children were eventually born.
Mary Gebhard was not too happy living in a small town. Owing to the many business trips of her husband, she was left very much to herself. Her father-in-law, Franz-Joseph G., was the only member of the family who had a sympathetic understanding of her outlook. She had an inborn inclination towards philosophical and occult subjects, and studied Hebrew with a clergyman, to become fitted for independent research in the Kabalah. She made the acquaintance of the Abbe Alphonse Louis Constant, who, under his pseudonym of Lliphas Levi, wrote well-known occult works, and remained his pupil until his death in 1875. She visited him several times in Paris, and he visited the Gebhards twice in Elberfeld. After the death of Eliphas Levi, Mary G. sought other occult connections. She heard of the T.S., and, after an exchange of letters with Col. Olcott, became a member thereof.
In 1884, H.P.B., Col. Olcott, Mohini Μ. Chatterjee and Bawajee came to Europe. Col. Olcott established connections in Bavaria, and {{Page aside|435}}broached the idea of the formation of a Branch Society in Germany. Accordingly, the Germania Theosophical Society was organized at the home of the Gebhard Family at Elberfeld, Platzhoffstrasse 12 (Vide photograph of the building, facing page 267 of the present volume), on July 27, 1884, with Dr. William Hiibbe-Schleiden as President, Mary Gebhard as Vice-President, and Franz Gebhard as Corresponding Sec’y. All the members of the Gebhard Family, except their daughter, joined the Theos. Society. H.P.B. and her party arrived in Elberfeld on Aug. 17, 1884, for a stay of about two months at the Gebhards’ home which became the center of Theosophical activities. Visitors came and went, some of them from abroad, and all the available rooms were frequently occupied by guests. (Consult pp. xxxiv-xxxvii of the Chronological Survey, for data concerning the period when Col. Olcott and H.P.B. stayed with the Gebhards in 1884). At a later date, namely in May and June, 1886, H.P.B. stayed with the Gebhards again. This was an interim between her stay in Wiirzburg, and her residence at Ostende, where she journeyed after leaving the Gebhards’ home. During this short stay at Elberfeld, H.P.B. slipped on the polished floor and badly hurt her ankle; this must have delayed her departure for Ostende, which was her ultimate destination at the time.
While Consul Gustav Gebhard was of course the official host during these visits, the most dynamic personality of the household was Mary Gebhard, who combined refinement and culture with rare capacities for occult studies. She remained a faithful worker for many years; on more than one occasion, she received letters from the AdeptjBrothers, and most probably performed at the time some important work on their behalf. Her vital strength was sapped as a result of the suicide of both of her twin-sons. After several strokes, she passed away, Dec. 15, 1892. Her remains were cremated. (Vide facsimile of her portrait, facing page 266 of the present volume.)
The Gebhard Family had six sons and one daughter:
1.Franz Gustav: b. July 1, 1853; d. April 29, 1940. Married Aline Jordan, by whom he had three daughters (no issue), and a son, Kurt Alfred Thomas (b. June 27, 1881), who died as lieutenant in France, 1914. His son, Dr. Torsten Friedrich Franz (b. March 12, 1909), is at present an art-historian in Miinich, and is unmarried.
2.Fritz: b. July 15, 1854; d. July 6, 1855.
3.Arthur Henry Paisley: b. Dec. 29, 1855; d. at Newton-Abbot, England, Oct. 11, 1944. After an earlier marriage, he married a widow, Marie-Josephe von Hoesch, née von Carlowitz (b. Jan. 7, 1888; now residing in Germany), by whom he had two sons: Rollo, b. July 7, 1921, married to Hildegard Freyer (no issue) ; and Vidar Arthur Ewald, b. Oct. 2, 1928, when his father was {{Page aside|436}}already 73 years of age. In 1913, Arthur Gebhard added officially to his own name that of his mother’s family, and became known as Gebhard-L’Estrange. He took out American citizenship in Boston, 1878. For some 25 years, he represented his father’s factory in New York, and was during part of that time on close friendly terms with Mohini M. Chatterjee and William Quan Judge, with whom he was in partnership for a while, publishing The Path magazine. He took active part in the Theosophical Movement, lecturing on Oriental philosophy. He frequently came to Europe to visit his relatives as well as H.P.B., and was one of the first patrons of Wagner’s musical dramas, at Bayreuth, Bavaria, recognizing their occult significance.
At one time, he fell under the influence of Mohini M. Chatterjee, who was then in a very critical mood, and drew up in collaboration with him what H.P.B. called a “Manifesto,” entitled, “A Few Words on The Theosophical Organization,” which contained a rather severe criticism of Col. Olcott for alleged despotism. H. P. B. wrote a powerful reply, embodying an outspoken defense of him, and a statement on the basic platform of the T.S. and its policies. For lack of any definite title, it has been called at some later date, “The Original Programme of The Theosophical Society,” which it unquestionably represents. Neither the challenging “Manifesto” nor H.P.B.’s Reply were published at the time. They were later issued in booklet form, with an Introduction by C. Jinarajadasa (Adyar: Theos. Publ. House, 1931), and their text will be contained in Vol. VII of the present Series, together with all pertinent historical data which form their background. As far as is known, this little “tempest in a tea-pot” eventually blew itself out, and nothing more was heard of it.
Much later in life, namely, in 1940, Arthur Gebhard published a little book entitled The Tradition of Silence, in which he paid tribute to H.P.B. and her work.
4.Rudolf Ernst: b. Dec. 31, 1857; d. in 1935. As a friend of Subba Row, stayed for a while in India, where he went with Col. Olcott, in October, 1884. His son, Wolfgang, is still living in the U.S.A.
5.Mary: b. Sept. 13, 1859; d. in June, 1944. Married to Paul von Ysselstein, but had no issue.
6 and 7. Hermann and Walther, identical twins, born Oct. 16, 1866. Both shot themselves: Hermann on March 16, 1881, and Walther on April 10, 1886. See in connection with these tragic events, and their occult background and implications, The Letters of H. P. Blavatsky to A. P. Sinnett, pp. 145, 299, 300-301.
(Compiled from information supplied by Madame Marie-Josephe Gebhard-L’Estrange, widow of Arthur Gebhard).
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'''General Council'''. Vide Theosophical Society.
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'''Gould, Sabine Baring- (1834-1924)'''. *Curious Myths of the Middle Ages. London: Rivington, 1866; 2nd rev. and enl. ed., London, 1868; also 1877; Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1882.
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'''Gubernatis, Count Giuseppe Angelo de'''. Italian Orientalist and man of letters, b. Turin, 7 April, 1840; d. Rome, Feb. 27, 1913. Educated at the Univ, of Turin; went to Berlin, 1862, to study philology; appointed in 1863 Professor of Sanskrit in the Institute degli Studi Superior!, Florence. Married cousin of the anarchist Bakunin, and resigned position owing to radical views, re-appointed, 1867. Transferred to Univ, of Rome; active as dramatist, lyric poet, journalist, critic, etc. Acquired international fame with his English work, Zoological Mythology, or the Legends of Animals, London, Trubner and Co., 1872. Founded the Italian Asiatic Society, 1886.
Other Works: La Mythologie des plantes. Paris: C. Reinwald & Co., 1878-82; Storia universale della letterature, etc. Milano: U. Hoepli, 1883-85; Fonti vediche dell’ epopea. Firenze: Fodrati, 1867; Dizionario degli artisti italiani vivendi, etc. Firenze, 1889-92. Founded and edited: Rivista orientale (1867-68); Rivista europea (1869-76); Italia letteraria (1862); Revue internationale (188387). Directed the Giornale della Societa asiatica italiana, after 1887.
The passage quoted by H. P. B. has not been verified owing to complete lack of reference as to source.
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'''Hartmann, Karl Robert Edward von (1842-1906)'''. *Der Spiritismus. Berlin (Leipzig print.), 1885. 8-vo. 118 pp.
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'''Hermann, Karl Friedrich'''. German philologist and historian, b. at Frankfurt a.M., Aug. 4, 1804; d. at Göttingen, Dec. 31, 1855. Pupil of Creuzer at Heidelberg and Leipzig; travelled in Italy on archaeological research. Prof, of Philology at Marburg, 1832, and Director of Philol. Seminary. Same functions at Göttingen, 1846, where he succeeded 0. Müller. Chiefly distinguished for his works on Greek antiquities and ancient philosophy. Very erudite scholar deeply versed in the social and private life of the classical world. Works: Lehrbuch der griechischen antiquitäten. 3 vols., 1831-46; 2nd ed., 4 vols., 1882 ff.—Geschichte und System der Platonischen Philosophie. Vol. I, 1839.—Ausgabe des Plato. 6 vols., 1851-52.— Kulturgeschichte der Griechen und Römer. 2 vols., 1857-58, publ. after his death by K. G. Schmidt.—Privatalterthiimer, 1852 and 1870.—Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Göttingen, 1849.
The passages referred to by H. P. B. have not been located owing to insufficiency of data.
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