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Zirkoff B. - Bio-Bibliography (BCW vol.14): Difference between revisions

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{{Style P-Title|NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION}}
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The system of diacritical marks used in the BioBibliography and the Index, as well as in the English translations of original Foreign texts or titles, does not strictly follow any one specific scholar, to the exclusion of all others. While adhering to a very large extent to Sir Monier-Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary, the transliteration adopted includes forms introduced by other Sanskrit scholars as well, being therefore of a selective nature. Mr. David Reigle, of the Eastern School Reference Library, helped in the updating of the Tibetan and Sanskrit transliterations.
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'''Abrabanel, Isaac'''. (also Abravanel or Abarbanel) Born 1437 at Lisbon to a family of wealthy and respected Sephardic Jews, son of Dorn Judah the treasurer of Portugal. Began writing on philosophical subjects at age 20, and became treasurer to King Alfonso V. On the invasion of Moors took up collections to free slaves. Warned of intrigues, he escaped to Castile in 1483 but had his fortune confiscated. At Toledo he produced an extensive series of 0. T. commentaries, then returned to Castile to administer army contracts for Queen Isabella. Forced to leave with the banishment of the Jews from Spain, he went into service at Naples for the King, but when the city was taken by the French he followed Ferdinand to Messina, Corfu, Monopoli, and Venice where he negotiated a treaty between the Venetian Republic and Portugal. His writings ar conservative regarding orthodoxy, although he quoted from Jerome, Augustine, and Nicholas de Lyra, and other Christian writers. He held that the Jewish religion had nothing in common with human science, and he was a champion of Maimonides. His peculiarity was that he believed in a forthcoming Messiah and a messianic age, a theme he first expounded to comfort the defecting throngs after banishment from Spain. Sixteen works are shown in his bibliography as being extant. He died at Venice in 1508, and was buried at Padua.
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'''Adalbert of Magdeburg'''. Alberti parvi lucii lebellus de mirabiliibus naturae arcanis. Vide B. C. FK Vol. X, pp. 410, for biographical and other data.
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'''Adams, John Couch''' (1819-1892). British astronomer credited with the discovery of the planet Neptune by calculation in 1845. His notes went unheeded due to circumstances until parallel studies by Lever- rier a year later instituted a search, which resulted in confirmation on September 23rd, 1846. Details of these events may be found in Popular Astronomy, by Simon Newcomb, Harper Bros., New York, 1878, pp. 358 et seq.
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'''Agrippa von Nettesheim, Henry Cornelius''' (1486-1535). Referring to the system of gematria see, De nobilitatae et praecellentia foeminea sexus, Coloniae, 1532; and related material in Isis, Vol. II, pp. 298-300. For biographical profile see B. C. W. Vol. I, p. 443 and Vol. IV, p. 619, of the present series.
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'''Ahrens, Franz Heinrich Ludolf'''. German philologist; was born at Helmstadt June 6, 1809. Studied at Göttingen under Ludolf Dissen and Karl Otfried Müller, later received many educational positions. In 1849 he was appointed successor to G.F. Grotefend as director of {{Page aside|506}}the Lyceum at Hanover, a position he occupied for over 30 years with considerable success. His primary interests revolved around the Greek dialects, and he published several volumes in this area. One of the more interesting is; De Duodecim Deis Platonis... Uneditte Griechische and Römische Münzen, beschrieben...von C.L. Grotefend, etc,. Hanover, 1864. His reference to Hebrew letters as musical notes has not been traced as yet. He died Semptember 25, 1881.
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'''Amida Sutra'''. Another name for the small Pure Realm (Sukhävati) Sutra, one of the main Sutras of the Pure Realm Buddhist sect, founded in China byHuiyuan (344-417), See A General Explanation of The Buddha Speaks of Amitäbha Sütra by Tripitaka Master Hua, Buddhist Text Translation Society, San Francisco, 1974; and the large Pure Realm Sütra in A Treasury of Mahayana Sutras, ed. by Garma C.C. Chang, Penn. State Press, University Park, 1983; chapter 18.
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'''Ammianus Marcellinus''' (circa 325-395 A.D.). Rerum Gestarum Libri, sometimes referred to as simply Roman Histories. An English translation was published by Bohn’s Classical Library, Charles Duke Younge, London, 1862. For biographical profile, see: B. C. W. Vol. XIII, p. 371.
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'''Anastasius the Sinaite'''. A priest and monk who flourished in the latter half of the 7th century at the monastery of Mount Sania; (not to be confused with the bishops of Antioch). Little is known of his life aside from his writings which are voluminous. For a time he opposed the doctrines of Severus, Patriarch of Antioch, and traveled to Syria and Egypt to confute the Monophysites, and convince them of the dual nature of Jesus, a problem created by the Council of Niceas’ adoption of certain dogmas. In his chief work Hodegos, he claims to have been successful at Alexandria in arousing the public indignation in favor of his doctrines. A complete list of his works may be found in Fabricius Bibliotheca Graecea, Vol. ix, pp. 313. The reference to the activities of Simon Magus is to be found in Migne, J.P., Patrologie Cursus Completus, Series Graecea, Vol. Ixxxix, Col. 523, quaestiones xx.
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'''Anquetil du Perron, Abraham Hyacinth'''. French orientalist, born December 7th, 1731 at Paris. Educated for the priesthood in Utrecht and Paris, but developed a strong penchant for eastern languages, and became totally absorbed in their study. His frequent appearance at the Royal Library in Paris caused the keeper of manuscripts, Abbe Sallier, to offer him a modest income as reader in oriental languages, and thus he became interested in some fragments of the Vendidad Sade. {{Page aside|507}}In November 1754 he joined the military expedition to India as a private soldier, with the idea of discovering Zoroastrian works there. Sympathetic friends obtained his discharge, a free passage with the captain, and a salary to be set by the French governor in India, on his arrival. After a six month passage, he landed at Pondicherry, August 1755, and remained to master Persian, then at Chandernagore studied Sanskrit. War between France and England broke out, and he returned to Pondicherry to travel with his brother to Surat via Mahé. In Surat he had sufficient communication with the priests to learn the Zend and Palavi languages, and translate the Vendidad and other works into French. His plan to study Hindu antiquities at Benares was cut short by the capture of Pondicherry by the British, and he was obliged to return to England. After a period at Oxford, he returned to Paris on the 14th of March 1762, in possesion of 180 oriental manuscripts. The Abbé Barthelemy obtained for him a position as interpreter of oriental language at the Royal Library, and in 1763 he was elected an associate of the Academy of Inscriptions, at which time he began to prepare for publication of his mss. His Zend Avesta appeared in 3 volumes in 1771 with a life of Zoroaster, and fragments. He next endeavored to show that despotism in the orient had been greatly misrepresented in Législation orientale, Amsterdam, 1778. In Thieffenthaler’s Geography of India, his Recherches historiques et géographiques sur l’Inde, appeared in 3 volumes, Berlin, 1783-86. (See Vol. II) His activities changed considerably by the revolution, he became a voluntary recluse living on the most meagre of subsistance. Then in 1798 he published, L’Inde en rapport avec l’Europe, Hamburg & Brunswick, 2 vols., in which he showed his true feelings toward the Bristish in certain matters. This work was also published in German at Frankfurt in 1799. His last major work was a translation from Persian into Latin; Oupnek’hat or Upanishada, containing a mixture of Latin, Greek, Persian, Arabic and Sanskrit; at Argentorati, 2 vols., 1801. He died at Paris, January 17, 1805.
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'''Arago, Dominique François Jean''' (1786-1853). Traité élémentaire d’astronomie par Ajasson de Grandesagne, etc., renfermant un extrait de l’article sur Comètes, etc. par Arago; In, Bibliothèque Populaire, edited by Ajasson de Grandsagne ( J .B.F.E.). Vicount. Translated as: Tract on Cornets; and particularly on the comet that is to intersect the earth’s path in October 1832. By J. Farrar from the French, Boston, 1832. Also; The Comet; Scientific notices etc, translated from French by C. Gold, London, 1833. Arago’s complete works were published under the direction of J. A. Barral, with an introduction by Alexander von Humbolt, Paris, 1854-62; 17 volumes.
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'''Ariosto, Lodovico'''. Italian poet born at Reggio, Lombardy, September 8th, 1474, son of Niccolo Ariosto, commander of the citadel there. His father had him study law for five years though his inclination toward poetry dates from his earliest days. He next studied Latin classics under Gregorio de Spoleto, but his father’s death compelled him to work towards ridding the family of indebtedness and caring for nine brothers and sisters. Cardinal Ippolito d’Este made him gentleman of his household, but at a bare subsistance though promising much. In 1518 the cardinal went to Hungary, leaving Ariosto under the patronage of his brother, Alfonso, Duke of Ferrara. In several visits to Rome, Ariosto had distinguished himself as a diplomat, but, the violent Pope Julius II nearly succeeded in having him killed, having been incensed at Alfonso. The war between them resulted in Ariosto’s meagre salary being withdrawn, and the poet asked to be released to seek another position. He was then given the governorship of a remote and wild province high in the Apennines, where for three years he tried to maintain order without sufficient means against marauding banditti. A story is told, of his accidently finding himself in their midst, and of their chief apologizing for failing to show proper consideration for the author of Orlando Furioso. Though he lived and died poor, he had the respect of the nobility of Italy. In his final years, he corrected the Orlando, and the complete edition was published a year after his death at Ferrara, in 1533. The Orlando Furioso eclipses the endless romantic poems of the 15th, 16th, and 17th century Italy, and is the most notable work of the period. There were editions published at Milan, 1818, and English translations by Sir John Harrington 1591, John Hoole, 1783, were superceded by the of W. Stewart Rose, London 1823. The Harrington translation has been reprinted at this writing by Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, Ansterdam, and distributed by Walter J. Johnson Inc., Norwood, N.J.
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'''Arnolfinus, Franciscus, Lucensis'''. His listing is to be found under either of the three names. His life is untraced, but he edited an early 16th century work entitled: Evangelistarium marco Maruli (Marulo)... opus vere Evangeticum cultissimoque adomatum...etc., Cologne, 1529. Later editions were printed the same year with additions, and another printing appeared 1532 with different pagination. H.P.B.’s reference to his mention of The Chaldean Book of Numbers, appears in his, Tractatus de Lapide physico, seu Summa Rosarii Philosophorum. Sometimes referred to as simply, the Summa. It is contained in the the 11th chapter of a compilation of alchemical works...Fasciculus unterschiedlicher alten raren und wahren Philosophischen {{Page aside|509}}Schrijften vom Stein der Weisen, etc, etc, (published at) Leipzig and Bremen, (by) Johann Andreas Grimm, 1719. The editor is Christoph von Hellwig. Chapter 11, or the Summa occurs on p. 195. Hellwig also authored 34 other works.
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'''Aryabhata''' (born 476 A.D.) Distinguished Indian mathematician and astronomer. He is the author of a valuable work known as The Aryabhatiya, in which celestial astronomy is explained, and where he shows the numerical equivalents of metrical stanzas actually give the precise number of the thing being referred to, usually in reverse order. See The Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata, translated by Walter E. Clark, University of Chicago press, Chicago, 1930.
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'''Arya Asanga''' (410-500). Traditionally, the founder of the Yogacara school of Buddhism. His Indian mother was very learned in the Buddhist Scriptures and he gained much from her before becoming a Bhikshu (monk). After studying for 5 years he felt the need for a meditational deity to help him master the difficult Perfection of Wisdom teachings. After choosing Maitreya Buddha, he entered a cave and for 12 years tried, without success, to invoke Maitreya. He started to give up after 3, 6, and 9 years, but noticed each time, a symbol of perseverance which urged him on. Once he saw a huge rock being slowly split open by a small tree root, and was inspired to return to his invocations. But after 12 years with no vision of Maitreya he did finally quit, and left his cave. Hours later, aimlessly shuffling along a dusty road, he saw a half-dead dog, infested with maggots and whimpering in pain. Great compassion arose in Asanga; yet to save the dog he must kill the maggots, and this his Buddhist vows would not permit. So he thought of gently transferring the maggots with his tongue, on to a fresh piece of flesh cut from his own body. After carving a slice of flesh from his thigh, he knelt down to remove the maggots and instantly the dog disappeared and the glorious Buddha Maitreya stood before him. Asanga burst into tears of joy. But soon be began wondering why Maitreya had not come years sooner, and saved him from so much suffering and disappointment. Maitreya heard these thoughts and said “Although rainfall and sunshine may be plentiful, impotent seeds will never sprout. Similarly, wherever Buddhas appear, they will never be seen by those people with karmic veils. Your karmic obstructions were much reduced by your invocations, but until now, the most important factor, Great Compassion, had not fully arisen within you.” For many years after, Asanga was guided by Maitreya and learned from him the Five Books of Maitreya, which, along with many noble works of his own, continue {{Page aside|510}}to inspire Buddhists of today. One of Maitreya’s works with Asanga’s commentary is Uttaratantra tr. by E. Obermiller, reprinted by Canon Pubs., Talent, Or., 1985; also see his commentary on the Diamond Sutra, tr. by G. Tucci in Minor Buddhist Texts, Vol. I, Rome, 1956.
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'''Ashmole, Elias''' (1617-1692) Born at Lichfield, England, 23rd of May, son of a saddler. Became a solicitor 1638, and commissioner of Excise 1644; became a captain of horse and comptroller of the ordnance later. Initiated into Freemasonry 1646, married a second time in 1649, and following her passing, a third in 1668. His interest in astrology dates from an association with William Lily in 1646. He is best known for his The Institution, laws and ceremonies of the Order of the Garter, etc., (folio) London, 1672. See also: Theatrum chemicum Britannicum, etc., London, (February 18) 1652, where Ashmole is included. In 1677 he presented his personal collection of antiquities largely inherited from a friend, to the University of Oxford on condition that a building be erected for the purpose. Thus the Ashmolean Museum was founded, which includes his personal library.
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'''Ashoka''' (d. 223 B.C.). A warrior king of India who, after conversion to Buddhism, abolished war in his empire. He also restricted the hunting and killing animals and built hospitals for man and beast. He engraved on rocks and pillars throughout India his Edicts, which set forth the ethics of Buddhism. Ashoka also sent messengers of Buddhism to all of Asia and beyond, even to Syria and Egypt. It was due to Ashoka’s efforts that Buddhism became an Asian, not just an Indian religion. See Buddhism and Asoka by B.G. Gokhale, Baroda, Padmaja Pubs., 1948; The Edicts of Asoka by Nikam & McKeon, Chicago, 1959.
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'''Augsburgian Jesuits'''. See Flammarion, Camille.
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'''Avatamsaka Sutra'''. One of the longest, and for many Buddhists, the most profound Scripture taught by Buddha. Tradition says that even the great Nagarjuna could not fully comprehend it. Yet, that small portion he brought back from the Realm of the Nagas (Adepts) will run to 3 or 4 rather plump volumes in English. The Chinese translation of Shikshananda (652-710) is the basis for the full translations now in process. One is in three volumes, The Flower Ornament Scripture tr. by Thomas Cleary, Shambhala, Boulder, 1984; another, far longer and more helpful because of the commentary of the Venerable Master Hua, is The Flower Adornment Sutra tr. by the Buddhist Text Translation Society, Talmage, Calif., 1982.
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