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'''Paul IV'''. (Giovanni Pietro Caraffa), pope from 1555 to 1559, born 28th June, 1476, of a noble Neapolitan family. His uncle, a Cardinal, provided his ecclesiastical favor, and he served as advisor to popes regarding heresy. In 1524 with Cajetan, he founded the order of Theatines to combat heresy by preaching. Following the instigation of the Inquisition in 1542-3 and the vigorous exterminations in Italy, he was elected pope, May 1555, though vetoed by the Emperor, which {{Page aside|561}}fortune Paul called an act of the Deity. He is recorded as having a violent temper, extravagant papal prerogatives, and a fierce hatred of Spaniards in Italy, who he attempted to drive out by an alliance with France in 1555. But the victory of Phillip II at San Quentin in 1557 reversed his plans. He denounced the peace of Augsburg, the abdication of Charles V, the election of Ferdinand, and Queen Elizabeth. Relatives were placed in positions of authority to again try to remove the Spanish, but this maneuver failed. He then set about to reform his court by strict measures, which proved so unpopular, that upon his death in August in 1559, the Romans vented their hatred by demolishing his statue, liberating the prisoners of the Inquisition, and scattering their papers. See Vita di Paolo IV, by Bromata, Ravenna, 1748.
'''Paul IV'''. (Giovanni Pietro Caraffa), pope from 1555 to 1559, born 28th June, 1476, of a noble Neapolitan family. His uncle, a Cardinal, provided his ecclesiastical favor, and he served as advisor to popes regarding heresy. In 1524 with Cajetan, he founded the order of Theatines to combat heresy by preaching. Following the instigation of the Inquisition in 1542-3 and the vigorous exterminations in Italy, he was elected pope, May 1555, though vetoed by the Emperor, which {{Page aside|561}}fortune Paul called an act of the Deity. He is recorded as having a violent temper, extravagant papal prerogatives, and a fierce hatred of Spaniards in Italy, who he attempted to drive out by an alliance with France in 1555. But the victory of Phillip II at San Quentin in 1557 reversed his plans. He denounced the peace of Augsburg, the abdication of Charles V, the election of Ferdinand, and Queen Elizabeth. Relatives were placed in positions of authority to again try to remove the Spanish, but this maneuver failed. He then set about to reform his court by strict measures, which proved so unpopular, that upon his death in August in 1559, the Romans vented their hatred by demolishing his statue, liberating the prisoners of the Inquisition, and scattering their papers. See Vita di Paolo IV, by Bromata, Ravenna, 1748.
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'''Penna di Billi, Francesco Arazio della''', (anglisized as Horace Della Penna}·, (1680-1747). Capuchin monk who reviewed the Books of Kiu- Te while at Lhasa. Biographical profile in B. C. W. Vol. VI, p. 443. See also entry for Books of Kiu-Te.
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'''Petronius''' (d. 66 A.D.) Roman writer in the time of Nero. His birthplace and dates are not recorded, and what is known of him is from writers such as Tacitus, Macrobius, and the elder Pliny. They infer a man of ability from a wealthy family, who spent his days in sleep and his nights attending to official duties and amusements; among Nero’s intimates, and an expert on luxurious living. He is best known for his Satyricon which has been preserved in 141 sections, a work exemplifying the tastes of the vulgar rich and their lives through a series of adventures, written in a very pure Latin. It has been translated into most of the European languages. Editions in English by Lowe, Cambridge, 1904; with critical notes by Bucheler, Berlin, 4th ed., (in German 1904) are recommended; also Bohn’s Classical Library, and others.
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'''Philalethes, Eugenius'''. (pseud.) See Thomas Vaughan.
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'''Philolaus'''. Greek philosopher of the Pythagorean school born at Crotona circa 480 B.C. He was a contemporary of Socrates and Democritus and is said to have lived between the 70th and 95th Olympiads which would place his death at about 396 B.C. Following the death of Pythagoras, unrest plagued southern Italy, and he fled to Thebes where he taught Simmias and Cebes, having earlier taught Archytas, and expounded the Pythagorean number theory in depth. He called the tetractys the great, the all-powerful, the till-producing. He assigned the tetrahedron to fire, the octahedron to air, the {{Page aside|562}}icosahedron to water, and the cube to earth. The dodecahedron was emblematic of the universe, and to aether, the fifth element. He was the first to publish a book on the Pythagorean doctrines, which is now lost, but which was in three parts: On the origin of the universe; the exposition and interaction of numbers and things; the nature of the human “soul.” The full extent of his knowledge will remain a mystery due to the secrecy of his school, as Pythagoras himself wrote not a word.
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'''Pico Della Mirándola, Giovanni, Count'''. Kabbalist and Alchemist was born February 14th, 1463 about 30 miles west of Ferrara, Modena, Italy, son of Giovanni Francesco Pico, Prince of Mirándola, a family of substance. At 14 he studied at Bologna occupied with Decretals for two years, which disgusted him. For the next seven years he wandered to most of the schools of Italy and France, studying and collecting a precious library. He learned Hebrew from Abar- banel, Eliah del Medigo, and Jochanan Aleman, and taught Johann Reuchlin, while becoming proficient in Greek, Latin, Arabic and Chaldee. His great fascination for the Kabalah lead him to the conclusion it was more Christian than Hebrew, and he issued his 900 questions at Rome in 1486 challenging all to open disputation. However the Pope prohibited the book and made Pico defend himself in an extensive Apologia. Alexander VI issued a brief in June 1493 vindicating Pico’s orthodoxy, regardless of his peculiar views. After the age of 28, his life as a dashing nobleman was abandoned for serious pursuits, and in that year he published the Heptaplus, a mystical exposition of creation. He again lead a wandering existance, befriending Ficinus at Florence, and studying with Savonarola there. The city was the scene of his passing brought on by fever, 17 November 1494. His nephew Giovanni F. Pico published his works with a biography at Bologna, in 1496. This was later translated by Thomas More as, The Life of John Picus, Earl of Mirándola, London, 1510.
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'''Pike, Albert''' (1809-1891). Author, Freemason and General born at Boston, received M.A. at Harvard, and taught at Newburyport and Fairhaven Mass. Travelled extensively in the frontier west 1831-34, edited the Arkansas Advocate, then bought the paper, commenced the practice of law, and was married. Sold the journal in 1836 and supervised the publication of the Revised Statutes of the State of Arkansas. During the Mexican War served as Captain of Cavalry. Beginning in 1834 he wrote several works of poetry which were serialized and released in book form. His Institutes, laws etc. of {{Page aside|563}}Freemasonry, appeared in 1859, 168 pp., at New York, and has been revised and reprinted many times since. Less known are his oriental and philosophical studies; he translated the Pandects of Justinian, and the Maxims of Roman law from Latin; a translation and commentary on the Kabalah from Hebrew; the twenty volume translation and commentary on the Vedic Hymns; Lectures on the Aryas, in eight volumes; and posthumously in 1924 was published his 695 page scholarly work on the Zoroastrian religion entitled Irano-Aryan Faith and Doctrine, as contained in the Zend Avesta, (1874) Standard Printing co., Louisville, by the Supreme Council of the Scottish rite of Freemasonry. In 1873 he caused to be published a curious pamphlet entitled The Holy Triad...Jah: Baal-Peor, the Syrian Priapus, etc., office of Mackey’s National Freemason, Washington, 1873. In common with the practices of Freemasonry, many of his works remain obscure.
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'''Pius V'''. (Michele Ghislieri) Pope from 1566-1572; was born January 17th 1504, near Milan. At the age of 14 he became a monk with the Dominicans; with his austere regimens, vehemence in attacking heresyk rigorous disciplines as Prior of monasteries...he was made inquisitor of Como where his zealousness provoked such opposition he was recalled. In 1551 he was appointed commissary-general of the Holy Office. He then became bishop of Nepi and Sutri, cardinal, and finally grand inquisitor after 1557, which is marked as a reign of terror. Despite his excessive severity and obstinance, he was made Pope on January 7, 1566, continuing his ascetic life and issuing decrees with rapidity. In March 1569 he ordered the expulsion of all Jews from states of the Church. Rewards were effected when offenders were brought in, and the Index was established to cleanse all literature; the Huguenots were commanded to be utterly exterminated by Pius. Against the Protestants he published the bull In coena domini, (1568) an attack on sovereignty. He cherished an attack on England to dethrone Elizabeth, whom he excommunicated and declared a usurper on February 25th, 1570. Thus lived Pope Pius V, who was canonized by Clement XI, in 1712.
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'''Pococke, Edward''' (1604-1691). See B.C.W. Vol. XIII, p. 400, for biographical profile. Author of India in Greece; or Truth in Mythology, London, 1852.
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'''Pomponius'''. See Mela.
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'''Praetextatus, Vettius Agorius''' (c. 325-385 A.D.) See B. C. W. Vol. XI, p. 586, for data.
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'''Pressense, Edmond Dehault De'''. French Protestant divine, born 7th January, 1824 at Paris. Studied at Lausanne with Alexander Vinet, and at Halle and Berlin with Tholuck and Neander. Became pastor of the chapel of Taitbout in Paris, of the Evangelical Free Church in 1847. He excelled as a speaker, and was made member of the National Assembly, and in 1883 a senator. Seven years later was elected to the Academy of Sciences, and labored to revive biblical studies. In 1854 he founded the Revue chrétienne, and also the Bulletin théologique in 1866. His major work is Histoire des trois premiers siècles de lè'glise chrétienne, Paris, 6 vols, 1856-1877; new ed., 1887-1899; L’Église et la revolution française, Paris, 1864; 3rd ed., 1889; Jesus-Christ son temps, sa vie, son oeuvre (against E. Renan), Paris 1866, He died April 8th, 1891.
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'''Prideaux, Humphrey'''. English divine and Oriental scholar, born at Place, Cornwall, May 3rd, 1648; died at Norwich, November 1st, 1724. Educated at Westminister School and at Christ Church, Oxford. Hebrew lecturer at Christ Church, 1679 through 1686, and was Dean of Norwich from 1702-24. His most important work was The Old and New Testament connected in the History of the Jews, London, 1716, which stimulated research.
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'''Racon de Bettinies, Jean-Baptiste-Marie''' (1781-1862). Vide B. C. W. Vol. XI, p. 598, for bio-bibliographic sketch.
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'''Rémusat, Jean Pierre Abel''' (1788-1832). French Chinese scholar was bom at Paris, Sept. 5, 1788. Educated for medical profession, but a Chinese herbal treatise caused him to persevere until he learned the language. After five years he produced Essai sur la langue et la littérature Chinoises, 1811, and a paper on foreign languages among the Chinese which gained him the patronage of Sylvestre de Sacy. In 1814 he was placed in the newly created chair of Chinese at the College de France, and thenceforth devoted himself to Far Eastern studies including a history of the Tartar nations. In 1818 he became editor of the Journal de Savants, later founded the Paris Asiatic Society, and enjoyed government appointments. He died at Paris, June 4th, 1832. His works are extensive and include a work on Chinese meteors recorded, an African History from Arabic, on the Lamaistic Hierarchies, Chinese grammar, geological surveys, etc. H.P.B. refers to: Foe-Koue Ki, ou Relation des Royaumes Bouddhiques; Voyage dans la Tartarie, dans l’Afganistan et dans l’Indie, exécuté à la fin du IV siècle, par Chy-Fa-hian. Traduit du Chinois et commenté par Abel Rémusat. Ouvrage {{Page aside|565}}posthume revu, complété et augmené de'éclaircissements nouveaux par Klaproth et Landresse. (with four maps and an engraving) Paris, 1836.
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'''Renan, Ernest''' (1823-1892). French philosopher and Orientalist. Born at Treguier 27th February, son of a seafaring family. Educated at a seminary of Treguier, where in the summer of 1838 he won all accolades at the college. In 1840 went to Issy to study philosophy, perceiving the contradiction between his faith and his metaphysics, and desiring mathematics. At St. Sulpice his studies in Hebrew and philology caused him to remove to Stavistas lay college, but doubts caused his final departure from religious life, after 1845. In 1847 took a degree in Agrégé de Philosophie, the next year an appointment to the lyceé of Versailles, and the year following went to Italy on a scientific mission for the government. Returning to Paris he published in 1852 a work on Averroes which gained his reputation and doctorate. 1859 saw his translation of the Book of Job, and The Song of Songs, making him a candidate for a chair at the College de France, which he accepted in 1862. Calling Jesus an “incomparable man” resulted in his demotion to sublibrarian. His life long assistant and sister Henrietta had admonished him to write a life of Jesus before her death, which they had started in Syria. Vie de Jesus, Paris, 1864, went through six editions the first year. (English tr. by Charles Wilbour.) The balance of his days were spent in writing a number of works too numerous to mention, and matched by equal honors. He died Oct. 12th 1892.
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'''Reuchlin, Johann''' (1455-1522). German humanist, Hebraist and occultist was bom on February 22nd, 1455, at Pforzheim in the Black Forest, the son of an official of a Dominican monastery. His Italian friends labeled him Capnion, which Reuchlin used occasionally, as well as Phorcensis after his birthplace. He began Latin studies, spent some time in 1470 at the university of Freiburg, and due to his fine voice a place in the household of Charles I, margrave of Baden, thence to the University of Paris as companion of Frederick, son the Prince. There he learned Greek and befriended Jean à Lapide whom he accompanied to the new university at Basle in 1474, where he received his masters degree in 1477 and began to lecture in Latin and Greek. He prepared a Latin lexicon Vocabularius Breviloquus, 1475-76, which was to be the first of many publications, and showed him as a born teacher. He then studied Greek with George Hieronymus at Paris, later law at Orleans in 1478, and Poitiers where he gained his licence in 1481. With Count Eberhard in Italy he acted as translator and contacted many learned scholars, and {{Page aside|566}}on his return to Stuttgart he occupied court posts. A marriage at about this time is undocumented, and he left no issue. In Italy again in 1490 he met Pico della Mirandola, later becoming heir to his Kabalistic doctrines. Two years later found him on an embassy to Frederick at Linz, where he read Hebrew with Jacob ben Jehiel Loans. De Verbo Mirifico began his exposition of Mystical and Kabalistical ideas, 1494. Two years after its publication he was forced to flee to Heidelberg in the employ of Johann von Dalberg where he made Greek and Hebrew translations. On a mission to Rome in 1498 he obtained many Hebrew manuscripts, and, returning to Stuttgart following a change in government, he was soon appointed to high judicial office which he held until retirement in 1512. His De Arte Predicandi, 1503 became a sort of preacher’s manual, diverging from the authority of the Vulgate. Next appeared De Rudimentis Hebraicis 1506. Following Pico, he sought the reconciliation of science and the mysteries of faith within Kabalistic theosophy...as expounded in his De Arte Cabbalistica, 1517. Enemies of Reuchlin, attempted to embroil him in controversy, chiefly through the fundamental purges that sought to supress the Jews. His Hebrew learning made him a central figure of the Inquisition, and it was only through painstaking efforts and a small fortune expended that he was able to avoid the wrath of the Church during a senario that lasted many years, finally ending with a trial that was quashed by an old friend in Rome. But the overall result of his popularity saved Germany for Luther, and a more open society that was to listen to Erasmus. Reuchlin died June 30th, 1522.
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'''Reuvens, Caspar Jacob Christian''' (1793-1837). See Letronne, Jean Antoine.
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'''Reynaud, Jean Ernest''' (1806-1863). Philosophie religieuse. Terre et Ciel, Paris, 1854; 5th edition, 1866. For Biographical profile see B. C. W. Vol. VIII, p. 473.
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'''Rossi, Giovani Battista De''' (1822-1894). La Roma Sotteranea Cristiana descritta ed illustrata, Roma, 1864. English translation as: Roma Sotteranea; or, some account of the Roman Catacombs especially of the cemetary of San Callisto, compiled from the works of Commendatore de Rossi...by J.S. Northcote...and W.R. Brownlow, etc., (Illustrated) London & Edinburgh, 1869; new edition, enlarged (with coloured plates) 1879.
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'''Rouge, Oliver Charles Emmanuel, Vicompte De''' (1818-1872). The reference is in one of the following: Etude sur une stèle égyptienne appartenant a la Bibliothèque Imperial. (Extrait du Journal Asiatique) 222 pp. {{Page aside|567}}Paris, 1858; Lettre a Μ. Leemans, directeur du Musée d’Antiquites des Pays Bas, sur une stele égyptienne de ce musee. (Reprinted from the Revue Archeologiqué) Paris, 1849. For biographical profile see B. C. W. Vol. XIII, p. 400; Vol. V, p. 380.
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'''Row, T. Subba Garu'''. See Subba Row, T.
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'''St. Denys'''. The Areopagite. See Dionysius, St. The Areopagite.
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'''Saturnilus of Antioch. Also''', Saturninos. Syrian Gnostic who lived about the time of Basilides. What we know of him is contained in fragments by other writers, note especially: Irenaeus i, 22; Pseudo Tertullian 3.; Philaster 31; St. Augustine Haeresus 3; See also, Hippolitus Ref. vii, 28; Epiphanius Haeresies 23; Theodoret Haeresus Fabularum i. 3. A fair review of his writings appears in Smith & Wace’s Dictionary of Christian Biography, Vol. 4, p. 487. Though some Gnostic’s (so called) permitted immoral practices as anti-Jewish theology, Saturninus extolled virtuous conduct, abstinence, and prohibited animal foods.
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'''Sayce, Archibald Henry''' (1845-1933). British orientalist. Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion. Hibbert Lectures, Williams and Norgate, London, 1887. 2nd ed., London, 1888. A complete bibliography of his works is contained on the inside front cover of his Astronomy and Astrology of the Babylonians, reprinted by Wizards Bookshelf, San Diego, 1981, (first edition, London, 1877). For a biographical profile see B.C. W. X, p. 426.
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'''Schiller and Bayer''', Augsburgian Jesuits. See Flammarion, Camille.
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'''Schlagintweit, Emil''' (1835-1904). One of five brothers noted for scientific researches in foreign countries. They were Herman, Adolf, Eduard, Robert, and Emil. The latter wrote Buddhism in Tibet, etc., Leipzig & London, 1883; Die Könige in Tibet, 1866, Indien in Wort und Bild, Leipzig, 1880-81, 2 vols. For a time he held a position in the Bavarian Administration devoting his time to research.
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'''Schliemann, Heinrich''' (1822-1890). German archeologist born in Mechlenburg-Schwerin, son of impoverished pastor. Early years as grocer’s apprentice, cabin boy, bookkeeper. Through great perseverence and an unusual memory, eventually mastered eight languages including ancient and modern Greek. Sent to St. Petersburg in 1846, where he established his own business in the indigo trade. There, during the Crimean War, he made his fortune {{Page aside|568}}which would later be used in pursuit of his dream of finding ancient Troy. He was in California when statehood occured in 1850, and became an American citizen. Following travels in the orient, he went to Greece in 1868 and two years later began digging at Hissarlik. By 1873, he had decended through 10 layers of habitation, and revealed much of an ancient burned city, with much gold. Prevented by the Ottoman empire from further efforts, he issued his Troy and its Remains, New York, 1875. August 1876 saw him at Mycenae, where he found the famous 16 shaft graves within a double ring of slabs, laden with gold, silver, ivory, and carved stone, of immense value. Mycenae, was published by Scribner and Armstrong, N.Y.C., 1877. About this time he married a young Greek girl whose interest in archeology equalled his own, and built a fine house at Athens. He returned to Hissarlik, also Ithaca, and wrote Ilios, and a sequel, Troja, in 1884. Subsequent efforts at Alexandria, Crete, and Cythera, were less rewarding, and while contemplating a new campaign he succumbed in December 1890, dividing his fortune between his family and archeological trusts.
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'''Schlosser, Friedrich Christoph''' (1776-1861). German historian born November 17th at Jever, East Friesland. He studied theology at Göttingen, and began tutoring but turned to history where his writings were popular for over 25 years. His scholarship was shown by biographical studies of Theodore Beza and Peter Martyr Vermili. In 1812 his History of Iconoclastic Emperors of the East, won him the favor of Archbishop Dalberg, and the professorship at the frankfut Lyceum. In 1819 he became professor of history at Heidelberg, where he resided the remainder of his life. His Universal History appeared in 1823; 1834, and following this he published his very popular Geschichte de 18ten Jahrhunderts, etc., etc., 1836-48; in English by D. Davidson, 8 vols., 1843-52, London. His World History for the German People, 1844-57, was also popular. We suggest his earlier world history for the quote on Greek history cited by H.P.B.
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'''Schmidt, Isaac Jacob''' (1779-1847). German philologist living in Russia wrote between 1815 and 1843. He translated the Gospels into Calmuck, Mongolian and Tibetan, and published numerous studies which included the Tibetan pantheon. One of his more interesting, titles is: Ueber de Verwandtschaft der gnostisch-theosophischen Lehren mit den Religions-systemen des Orients, vorzüglich dem Buddhaismus, Leipzig, 1828. H.P.B. cites his work on the Mongols which full title is: Ssanang Ssetsen, Chungtaidschi. Geschichte de Ost-Mongolen und iher Fürstenhäuser, verfasst von Ssanang Ssetsen, Chungtaidschi de Ordus; aus dem Mongolischen {{Page aside|569}}übersetzt, und mit der Originaltexte, nebst Anmerkungen, Erläuterungen und Citaten aus andern unedirten Originahveken herausgegeben von LJ. Schmidt, (in Mongolian and German) St. Petersburg, 1829.
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'''Secchi, Father Angelo''' (1818-1878). Le Soliel, Paris 1870; 2nd ed., 1875-77. 2 vols. Le Stelle, Milano, 1877. For biographical profile see B.C. W. VII, p. 392.
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'''Seyffarth, Gustav''' (1796-1885). Chronologia Sacra. Untersuchungen über das Geburtsjahr des herm und die Zeitrechnung des Alten und Neuen Testamentes. Leipsiz, 1846. Of his 16 major works, 6 have been translated into English. For biographical data, see B. C. W. VII, p. 394.
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'''Shipton, Mother'''. Born 1486 at Dropping Well, Knaresborough, Yorkshire, daughter of Agatha Southill, (also Sowthiel, Southiel) supposed witch; from infancy Ursulla Southill was referred to by neighbors as “the Devil’s child.” Her appearance was said to be homely with fiery eyes and a long nose, and while at school she gained the reputation of possessing second sight and other psychic gifts. However, her personality was reserved and considerate, and the accuracy of her predictions — phenomenal. At the age of 24 she married Tobias Shipton, a builder from York. As the years passed she gained great popularity prophesizing about men prominent at the court of Henry VIII, and others of high rank during the era. The abbot of Beverly, bent on investigating her, relates that when he knocked she called out “Come in Mr. Abbot, for you are not much disguised but the fox may be seen through the sheep’s skin.” In later centuries her fame was such that her predictions of dire events caused general panic in various quarters...which events sometimes failed to materialize. However, the plague of 1665, and the Great fire of London in 1666 were precisely foretold; she died at Clifton, Yorkshire, 1561, her popularity keeping her form the rack and pyre.
{{Style P-Quote|Iron in the water shall float, as easily as a wooden boat.
Through the hills man shall ride, and no horse be at his side.
Carriages without horses shall go, and accidents fill the world with woe.
Around the world thoughts shall fly, in the twinkling of an eye.
Under water men shall walk, shall ride, shall sleep, shall talk.
In the air men shall be seen, In white, in black, in green.
Fire and water shall more wonders do, England shall at last admit a Jew.
The Jew that was held in scorn, shall of a Christian be born and born.
When pictures look alive, with movements free, when ships, like fishes, swim beneath the sea, when men, outstripping birds can soar the sky, {{Page aside|570}}Then half the world, deep-drenched in blood shall die.
Women will dress like men and trousers wear, and cut off all their locks of hair.
They will ride astride with brazen brow, and love shall die and marriage cease, and nations wane and babes decrease, and wives shall fondle cats and dogs, and men shall live much as hogs, just for food and lust.}}
The above is contained in: Life and Death of Mother Shipton, by Richard Head, London, 1664; 1687; See also, Harrison, W.H. (publisher) Mother Shipton Investigated, London, 1881. Reprinted by Folcraft Editions, Folcraft, PA. A number of spurious publications purporting to be based on her early works were issued in the 19th century.
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'''Simon ben Yohai'''. Flourished during the first century A.D. This great Rabbi is said by H.P.B. to have died amidst marvels...“or we should say at his translation; for he did not die as others do, but having suddenly disappeared, while a dazzling light filled the cavern with glory, his body was again seen upon its subsidence...” (Isis Unveiled II, p. 348). For a review of his life and circumstances surrounding the production of the Zohar, see B.C. W. VII, p. 269.
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'''Simon Magus''' (pronounced mah-goose) See chapter in this volume. For a comprehensive work see: Simon Magus, an Essay on the Founder of Simo- nianism based on ancient sources with a re-evaluation of his philosophy and teachings., byG.R.S. Mead, London, 1892. 91 pp. Reprinted by Ares Publishers, Chicago, 1979, with occasional corrections to Greek words.
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'''Skinner, James Ralston''' (1830-1893). Key to the Hebrew Egyptian Mystery in the Source of Measures. Robert Clarke & Co., Cincinnati, 1875; Supplement to the Source of Measures, 1876. Both sections included in the 1894 reprint, which burned at the bindery, a few presubscribed copies surviving. Reprint of the 1894 edition with bibliography added, by Wizards Bookshelf, Minneapolis, 1972 (535 copies); with new Hebrew and Numerical Indices by John Drais and biobibliographical data, San Diego, 1980. See B.C. W. XIII, p. 403, for extensive data.
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'''Smyth, Charles Piazzi''' (1819-1900). British astronomer born at Naples, and named after his godfather, an Italian astronomer. His father, an Admiral, settled at Bedford and erected a telescope which started Piazzi Smyth on his career. At sixteen he assisted Sir Thomas Maclear with observations of Halley’s comet at the Cape of Good Hope 1843. Appointed astronomer royal for Scotland and professor of astronomy Edinburgh, 1845. He made observations at the Peak of {{Page aside|571}}Teneriffe in 1856 to test the atmosphere, and paved the way for all future mountain observatories. 1871 he investigated the spectra of the aurora and zodiacal light. 1877-78 while at Lisbon, mapped the solar spectrum, and at Madeira further spectrographic studies. Meanwhile he became interested in the numerical relationships present in the measurements of the great pyramid at Giza, publishing Our Inheritance in the Gt. Pyramid, London, 1864; Life and Work at the Gt. Pyramid, Edinburgh, 3 vols., 1867. These works show his deep interest and chronicle the time he spent in these endeavors. His articles appeared in Hibbert Lectures, Philosophical Transactions, and others too numerous to mention. New Measures of the Gt. Pyramid, by a New Measurer, 1884, was one of his last titles, published at London by Robert Banks of Racquet Court. It is rare.
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'''Subba Row, T., Garu''' (1856-1890). Biographical profile in B. C. W. Vol. V, p. 267; also mentioned in Vols. VI, VII, VIII, X, XI, XIII.
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'''Sumangala Unnanse H'''. (1827-1911). Buddhist priest and scholar of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and one of the Honorary Vice-Presidents of the Theosophical Society. See B. C. W. Vol. Ill, p. 531, for biographical information.
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'''Surya Siddhanta'''. A Text book of Hindu Astronomy. Translated by Rev. Ebeneezer Burgess (and William Dwight Whitney) from Sanskrit. American Oriental Society, New Haven Conn., 1858. This work is said by H.P.B. to be the oldest on astronomy extant, and claims to be derived directly from Asura Maya, who received it from the gods. The first eleven chapters deal with celestial mechanics, time periods, cycles etc. The remaining sections are concerned with the asterisms and their influences. Reprinted by Wizards Bookshelf, San Diego, 1978 with a section of the Secret Doctrine added.
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'''Synesius''' (circa 373-430). Native Cyrene, descended from the Spartan King Eurysthenes, devoted himself to Greek literature, then became a disciple of Hypatia at Alexandria, studying Neoplatonism. Chosen as emissary to Constantinople 397 where he delivered an eloquent address to Arcadius, and remained three years writing. Returning to the area of Cyrene, the next ten years were spent writing and socializing; he was married at Alexandria in 403 after visiting Athens. He was baptised into Christianity about this time, and in 409 was made Bishop of the Pentapolis in Libya reluctantly. He was however allowed to retain his wife, and espoused a rather unorthodox form of Christianity, occupying this office nearly 20 years. As a mediator {{Page aside|572}}between Neoplatonism and Christian influences within his domain, his writings are interesting. Twelve separate works have come down to us; his complete works were first compiled by Turnebus, Paris, 1553 in folio; improved by Petavius, Paris, 1633, rpr., 1640.
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'''Tenzin Gyatso''' (b. 1935). The 14th Dalai Lama and leader of the Tibetan people. His authorized biography is Great Ocean by Roger Hicks & C.O. Todben, Dorset, London, 1984; his teachings are in Universal Responsibility and the Good Heart by Bikkshu T. Gyatso, Library of Tibetan Works & Archives, Dharamsala, 1980; Kindness, Clarity and Insight tr. & ed. by Jeffrey Hopkins, Snow Lion, Ithaca, 1984; The Buddhism of Tibet and the Key to the Middle Way by Tenzin Gyatso, Allen & Unwin, London, 1975; and a commentary on works of the Third Dalai Lama & Tsong Khapa in Essence of Refined Gold tr. & ed. by G.H. Mullin, Gabriel/Snow Lion, Ithaca, 1982.
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'''Thierry, Nicolas Augustin Jacques''' (1795-1856). French historian exhibited prowess at Blois Grammar school, sent to Compiege as professor 1813, but became enthralled with the Revolution, becoming the secretary of Saint Simon from 1814-17; but he labored with history, producing Lettres sur I’histoire de France, 1820. Next he wrote Histoire de la Conquete de I’Angleterre par les Normands, Paris 1825, which labor caused him to lose his sight, and by 1830 he was blind. His brother Amedee became Perfect, and he spent four years with him writing on Gregory of Tours in the Review des deux mondes. He was awarded the Prix Gobert 15 years in succession, and with the aid of collaborators produced much else of value. With the revolution of 1848 he began new trials without his wife who passed away four years earlier. Criticism of his earlier work then demanded corrected editions which he issued, finally capitulating to the dictums of orthodoxy and the church. His extensive writings were for many years extremely popular.
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'''Tholuck, Friedrich August Gottren''' (1799-1877). German Protestant who wrote on a wide variety of philosophical and religious subjects. Over one hundred published works. An interesting title is: Ssufismus, sive Theosophia Persarum Pantheistica, quam e mss. Bibliothecae Regiae Berolinesis Persicis, Arabicis, Turcicis emit atque illustravit F.A. Deofidus T. Berolini, 1821. His later works were more orthodox but scholarly, and he was a recognized authority on Hebrew studies. Vide B. C. W. Vol. VIII, p. 477, for biographical data.
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'''Trithemius, or Johannes Tritheim''' (1462-1516). German mystic who {{Page aside|573}}wrote on Geomancy, Alchemy, Angels, etc., and was the instructor of Cornelius Agrippa. Among his many writings is a work against sorcery — Antipalus Maleficiorum, 1508; reprinted 1624. Vide B. C. W. IV, p. 666, for biographical data.
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'''Tsong Kha-pa''' (1357-1419). Founder of Tibetan Geluk Buddhism was born, initiated, and died on November 21st. His birth was attended by signs and wonders in the Amdo province of eastern Tibet. On his 3rd birthday he was given to the yogi Dondrub Rinchen with whom he studied until age 16 — the first of over 45 teachers he studied with during his life. Beginning his 17th year he moved to Bri-khun monastery in central Tibet, spending seven years in mastering nontantric Buddhism or mtshan-nid, characteristics, in five divisions. These are committed to memory and recited in rhythmic verse, the examinations in the form of debates. Among his early subjects was medicine, with eight branches of therapy. Moving to other monasteries, he exhibited a powerful memory as he absorbed protracted epics and commentaries. At 19 he took examinations at Gsan-phu, and Bde-ba-can, showing great intellectual ability. He then visited Snar-than and audited a course at Sa-sky, taking Prajnaparamita examinations at three more monasteries, before moving to the great E school of Bo-don, and at the Gnas rnin of Nan-stod. He then had the Reverend Red-mda’-pa (1349-1412) as teacher in 1376, and the two traveled together for years, learning Madhyamika and Buddhist logic that laid the foundation for Tsong Kha-pa’s non-tantric writings. At Skyor-mo-lun college he memorized the commentary on Gunaprabha’s Vinayasutra in 17 days, which caused an ailment for 11 months. Then he took a prescription from one versed in mantras; he proceeded to the reverse side of a ridge and recited the neuter Ha, which cured him immediately. In 1378 a message from his mother requested a visit, but he remained steadfastly with his studies, being then engaged in Dharmaklrti’s Pramanavarttika for nearly a year, when he took up the manual of poetics, or Kavyadarsa. He then returned to the Sa-skya were he participated in the Dka’-chen, (greater difficulties) examinations, visiting many other schools in the process. By this time he was becoming known for his abilities, and students requested him to let them study under him. This he did by becoming a bhikshu after completing Examinations at Rtses-than in his 24th year, taking the vows of ordination Rnam-rgyal in the Yar-lun district, and beginning his career as a teacher of non-tantric Buddhist treatises. He continued to study and began to write over the next 12 years on many sacred texts at locations throughout Tibet. He learned the Kalachakratantra based on the Vimalaprabha commentary from lama Rtogs-ldan, while teaching classes as well. One summer he {{Page aside|574}}stayed at the rock cave O-dkar-brag in the Yar-lun district, practicing the contemplation-recitation of Chakrasamvara; the Yoga at dawn, noon, sunset, and midnight; the visualization cycle of the six Ne-gu Doctrines, and other tantra disciplines. Then in 1390 he was taught on the cycle of Manjugho$a by the lama Dbu-ma-pa, going on to study with Chos-kyi-dpal, the most learned in the tantra among the sons of Bu-ston Rinpoche (1290-1364) he also was trained in the great mandalas such as Vajradhatu-mandala. In the autumn of 1392 he went into seclusion with master Dga-ba-dgon for a time, and at the end of the year with eight followers he started his new school. He had traveled more widely than any other Buddhist, and been instructed in every branch, by every sect of Tibetan Mahayana, and as such had an overview which was unique. Thus he sought to unify the highest doctrines of the true path by drawing the best from each of the four major branches of Nyingma, Sakya, Kargyu, and Kadam Buddhism. From the latter he took practical application; from the Kargyu, the tantric lineages of the Secret Assembly and the Six Yogas of Naropa with the Five Doctrines of the Great Seal; from the Sakya, intellectual disciplines and debate techniques; from the Nyingma, the Red Yamantaka and Lion-Headed Dakini.
As the years progressed he gained more disciples, and developed his inner constitution into sympathy with enlightenment. After writing his Lam rin chen mo, he wrote the great compendium of the Tantras, the Shags rim chen mo, setting forth the four classes of Tantra: Kriya, Carya, Yoga, and Anuttarayoga. By 1408, his followers numbered over a thousand, and he gave expositions of the teachings at Grum-bu-lun of lower Skyid. At this time the name given to the sect was not Gelugpa, but Dge-ldan- pa, and the monastery known as Galdan. Continuing to write extensively and teach, he came to his 57th year when a serious illness threatened, but by performing Yantras of Sri-Vajrabhairava a radiance began about his person and health returned. In the last years of his life he wrote a commentary on the Chakrasamvara called Shas don Ita ba’i mig ’byed, one of his greatest works. He made his transition at Ri-bo Dge-ldan, after a special meditation known as “dissolving the three voidnesses,” ceased breathing before hundreds of his disciples, and slowly transformed from an old man into a youth of sixteen, while rainbows filled the room. Chinese invaders came to Ganden monastery in the 1950’s and found Tsong-Kha-pa’s youthful body perfectly preserved, warm, and with hair and nails growing, in its special golden stupa. English translations of Tsong Kha-pa’s works include Essence of Refined Gold, translated by Glenn H. Mullin, Gabriel/Snow Lion, Ithaca, New York. 1982; Compassion in Tibetan Buddhism, edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Gabriel/Snow Lion, Valois, {{Page aside|575}}NY, 1980, this contains chapters 1-5 of TKP’s Illumination of the Thought, an Extensive Explanation of Chandrakirti’s ‘Supplement to the Middle Way’or Madhyamakavatara·, Life and Teachings of Tsong Khapa, edited by Robert Thurman, Library of Tibetan Works & Archives, Dharam- sala, India. 1982; The Door of Liberation, tr. under the supervision of Geshe Wangyal, Lotsawa, NY, 1978; Tantra in Tibet, edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, London, Allen & Unwin, 1978; and Calming the Mind and Discerning the Real, from the Lam rim chen mo of Tsong Khapa, tr. by Alex Wayman, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1979. These are but a few of the many works by Tsong Kha-pa.
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'''Valckenaer, Lodewijk Caspar''' (1715-1785). Professor of Greek and Latin at Leiden, one of four scholars who laid the foundations for modern Greek studies. For H.P.B.’s reference see: L.C. Valckenaeri Diatribe de Aristobulo Judeo... Edidit...etc., ...nula ante Septuaginta etc. adjunxit J. Luzac. Lugduni Batavorun, 1806, (pp. 136). There is also another copy in the British Museum with marginal scholia by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Valckenaer produced over 25 other works concerning Greek studies.
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'''Van Dale, Anthony'''. See Dale Anthony van.
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'''Vasil’ev, Vasily Pavlovich''' (d. 1785). Also Vassilief, or Wassiljew. Russian author who wrote on Buddhism. His dates are yet untraced. Der Buddhismus, seine Dogmen, Geschichte und Literatur...Aus dem Russischen ubersetzt. St. Petersburg, 1860. This was part of a series. The same title appeared in French translation in 1865 with a preliminary discourse by E. Laboulaye. Schlagintweit’s quote is from the above.
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'''Vaughan, Thomas''' (1622-1666). English alchemist and twin brother of Henry Vaughan the “Silurist.” Took B.A. degree at Jesus College, Oxford 1642, where he remained while holding a position in his native parish of Llansantfread from 1640-49, when he was ejected on various charges. Subsequently he studied alchemy at London and elsewhere, married in 1651 but lost his wife in 1658. Under the patronage of Sir Robert Murray, he fled to Oxford from London during the plague of 1665, and continued his studies, succumbing to the fumes of mercury at the home of Samuel Kem at Albury, February 27, 1666. Most of his works were written under the pseudonym of Eugenius Philalethes: Anthroposophia Theomagica, 1650; Anima Magica Abscondita, 1650; Magia Adamica and Coelum Terrae, 1650; Aula Lucis, 1652; Euphrates, 1655; Nollius’ Chymist’s Key, 1657; A brief Natural {{Page aside|576}}History, 1669; and many others. About this time there appeared the writings of Eirenaeus Vaughan, alleged to have found the philosopher stone in America, who is credited with the authorship of the Introitus Apertus in Occlusum Regis Palatium, 1667...held in high regard in certain quarters. It is not certain if there is a connection between these two authors. In 1896 appeared Mémoires d’une ex-Palladist, which claimed Vaughan as the instigator of necromancy and devil worship among the initiates of Freemasonry, gained recognition amongst the Catholics, but was exposed as the work of a group of unscrupulous Paris journalists who may have had connections with the Church. The Magical Writing of Thomas Vaughan, edited by A.E. Waite, 1888, has been reprinted as The Works of Thomas Vaughan, by University books, in recent years.
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'''Vedanta or Brahma Sutras'''. The intellectual and theological foundation for all schools of Vedanta. Composed by Bâdarâyana Vyâsa in the 2nd century B.C. Each verse is so concise that a commentary is essential; yet due to the Sutras’ profundity, the major commentators differ sub- tantially on its most basic teachings. A good introduction is The Brahma Sutra, tr. & ed. by S. Radhakrishnan, Allen & Unwin, London. 1960.
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'''Vedântasâra'''. One of the best known epitomes of Nondual Vedanta; written by Sadananda in the 15th century. A commentary by the tr. Swami Nikhilananda makes the Advaita Ashrama edition ideal, for those interested in Vedanta as espoused by Shankara’s school.
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'''Victor of Capua'''. Sixth century Bishop of the important ancient city of Campania district of northern Italy. Capua is situated 16 miles north of Neopolis, and was established by Etruscans about 600 B.C. Of the life of Victor little is known apart from his epitaph, except that he enjoyed an episcopate from February 541 A.D. until his death in April 554. Best known for his Codex Fuldensis a transcription of the Vulgate under his direction. In his preface he states that an untitled manuscript came into his possession. An exhaustive review of the circumstances surrounding the Diatessaron, and various theories advanced for its production, is to be found in Smith & Wace’s Dictionary of Christian Biography, Vol. IV, p. 1123-26.
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'''Vopiscus, Flavius'''. (of Syracuse) Roman biographer who with five others, wrote the Augustan History in the 3rd century A.D. He is said to have written the biographies of Aurelianus, Tacitus, Florianus, Probus, and the four tyrants Firmus, Saturninus, {{Page aside|577}}Proculus, and Bonosus; Carus, Numerianus and Carinus. Included in his works are letters written by public characters, which lends to their value. He was encouraged to commence his efforts by the prefect Junius Tiberianus, who placed important documents at his disposal about 291 A.D. The Augustan Histories is included in an English translation by John Bernard, of: The Lives of the Roman Emperors, from Domitian...to Constantine., 2 vols., Charles Harper, London, 1698. Vopiscus’ reference to Apollonius has not yet been definitely traced to the above.
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'''Wachtmeister, Countess Constance Georgina Louise''' (1838-1910). Devoted friend of H.P.B. joined the Theosophical Society in 1881, and was a consistent donor to its treasury. Reminiscences of H.P. Blavatsky and ‘The Secret Doctrine.’
London, Madras, Theos. Pub. Soc., 1893. (162 pp.) For biographical data, see B. C. IV. Vol. VI, p. 448.
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'''Wagner, Professor Nikolay Petrovich''' (1829-1907). Russian zoologist and author who became interested in mediumistic phenomena. H.P.B. translated his articles on seances with French medium Bredif, which appeared in the Spiritual Scientist, Boston, Mass., June 3rd, 10th, and 17th, of 1875. These were the only issues. For biographical data, see B.C. W. Vol. VI, p. 449.
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'''Walton, Brian''' (1600-1661). English divine and scholar, received masters degree at Cambridge 1623, schoolmaster, then rector of St. Martins Orgar, London 1628. There, lead London clergy advocating tithes from the citizens, printing a treatise which displayed his ability. His great zeal in the matter exacted articles of Parliament against him, leading to the sequestration of his very considerable preferments. Ordered into custody as a delinquent in 1642, he took refuge in Oxford, then London at the house of Wm. Fuller, resulting in marriage to his daughter. He then embarked upon the production of a polyglot Bible using nine languages which took five years to print, and was financed by subscriptions. He was consecrated bishop of Chester in 1860. He also wrote Introductio ad lectionem linguarum orientalium, London, 1654, 2nd ed., 1655.
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'''Warburton, William''' (1698-1779). British theologian, active as an attorney, but turned to the Church, and was ordained deacon, 1723, and priest in 1727. Best known for his Divine Legation of Moses demonstrated on the Principles of a Religious Deist, etc., London, 1737-41. 2 vols. Many editions.
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'''Warren, Lt. Col. John'''. A Collection of Memoires on the Various Modes According to which the Nations of the Southern Parts of India Divide Time: to which are Added, Three General Tables, Wherein May be Found the Beginning, Character, and the Roots of the Tamul, Tellinga, and Mahommedan Civil Years, etc., Madras, 1825. Data on Col. Warren has not yet been located. Reference to the Kala-Sankalita is to be found in the above, which is the only work attributed to this author.
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'''Wassilyew'''. See Vasil’ev, Vasily Pavlovich.
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'''Weber, Albrecht''' (1825-1901). German orientalist who studied under Burnouf, and became professor of Indian languages at Berlin University 1867 until his passing. Modern Investigations on Ancient India, translated from the German of Albrecht Weber by F. Metcalfe. London, (printed at) Berlin, 1857. Weber’s ideas included the Ramayana being derived from Homer, and other reverses in the ages of Greek and Indian history. H.P.B. cites several of these in The Secret Doctrine, as well. Vide B.C. W. Vol. V, p. 383, for additional data.
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'''Wilder, Dr. Alexander''' (1823-1908). Physician, author, and Neoplatonic scholar. Helped H.P.B. with Isis Unveiled, wrote extensively for medical and philosophic journals whose articles are yet to be compiled into a bibliography. New Platonism and Alchemy: A sketch of the Doctrines and Principal Teachers of the Eclectic or Alexandrian School; also an outline of the Interior Doctrines of the Alchemists of the Middle Ages. (Albany, N.Y., 1869) Reset with biographical sketch of Dr. Wilder added, by Wizards Bookshelf, Minneapolis, 1975. Vide B.C. W. Vol. I, p. 531, for complete data.
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'''Wolff, Joseph''' (1795-1862). Christian missionary of Jewish descent, was baptised in 1812 near Prague. Pursued oriental studies at Tübingen and Rome, where he was ousted for attacking the doctrines of infallibility, and criticizing his tutors. At London entered the Anglican church, resuming oriental studies at Cambridge. Began missionary wanderings in 1821, passing through Egypt, Sinai, Jerusalem, Mesopotamia, Persia, Tiflis, and the Crimea, returning to London in 1826. Married a daughter of Horatio Walpole the next year, and set out in quest of the 10 lost tribes through Anatolia, Armenia, Turkestan, Afganistan, Simla, arriving at Calcutta enthusiastically proselytizing. Returned to England via Egypt and Malta, then set out to Abyssinia, Yemen, India and the United States, where he was made priest in 1838. Went to Bokhara in search of two soldiers who were decreased, nearly emulating them, and {{Page aside|579}}published a journal about it. Travels and Adventures of Joseph Wolff, 2 vols., London, 1860.
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'''Wu-liang-sheu-king'''. The Meditation on Amitayus Buddha Sutra, which, along with the large and small Sukhâvatï-vyüha Sutras are the main scriptures of the Pure Realm sect of Buddhism. All were translated in the Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XLIX, ed. by Max Müller, 1879-1910.
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'''Yarab, or, Yarub'''. In pre-Koranic history the son of Kahtan, and king of the Joktanidae. He invaded the kingdom of Yemen, overthrowing the dynasty of Lokman, driving the Adites into the shelter of the Hadramaut mountains. He was succeeded by his son Yashdjob, who, however lost the power obtained by his father; the provinces Mahrah and Hadramaut made themselves independent. Tradition states that Joktan, (Arabic kahtan) was the son of Heber.
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'''Yule, Sir Henry''' (1820-1889). British soldier and author serving in India with the Bengal Engineers. For a time he was president of the Hakluyt Society, and also member of Council of India. His Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, etc., first appeared in 1871, London, J. Murray. Many subsequent editions. The third edition of 1902 has Mémoire by his daughter prefixed to the translation. Vide B.C. W. Vol. II, p. 550, for additional data.
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'''Zaliwski-Mikorski, Count Joseph'''. La gravitation par l’électricité. Paris, 1860. Earlier he had issued La Gravitation au point de vue de l’électricité. 1859. And prior to this was Attraction universelle des corps au point du vue de l’électricité, 1856. It seems each improved on the former treatise, and thus H.P.B. cites the 1860 work was reprinted in 1865 as well.
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'''Zhelihovsky, Vera Petrovna de''' (1835-1896). H.P.B.’s younger sister. See B.C. W. Vol. I, pp. 534-537, for extensive article. She was well known for her children’s stories which were published serially in Russia and elsewhere. She seemed to have inherited her mother’s talent for writing, and is a valuable source for certain events in H.P.B.’s life due to her diaries and published articles.
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