Zirkoff B. - Appendix (BCW vol.4): Difference between revisions

'''{{Style S-Small capitals|Denton, William}} (1823-83) and {{Style S-Small capitals|Elizabeth M'''. Foote Denton}}. *''The Soul of Things, or, Psychometric Researches and Discoveries'', 3rd rev. ed., Boston: Walker, Wise & Co., 1866. The first ed. of this work was entitled ''Nature’s Secrets, or Psychometry'', and was published in 1863.

'''Hillel (ca. 70 b.c. - ca. 10 a.d.)'''. Jewish rabbi of Babylonian origin and descended from David. When about 40, went to study in the schools of Shemaiah and Abtalion at Jerusalem, where he became one of the leaders among the Pharisaic scribes. Tradition assigns him the highest dignity of the Sanhedrin, under the title of nasi (“prince”) about 30 b.c. He is said to have laid down seven rules for the interpretation of the Scriptures, which became the foundation of rabbinical hermeneutics. He is remembered as a great teacher who enjoined and practised the virtues of charity, humility, patience and true piety.

'''Hippocrates (5th cent. b.c.)'''. *De Diaete (Regimen). Loeb Classical Library.

'''Houghton, Miss Georgiana (1814-?)'''. "Chronicles of the Photographs of Spiritual Beings and Phenomena Invisible to the Material Eye. Interblended with personal narrative, etc. London: E. W. Allen, 1882, etc., 8vo.

'''Hue, Evariste Regis, Abbe (1813-60)'''. "Souvenirs d’un voyage dans la Tartarie, le Thibet et la Chine pendant les années 1844, 1845, et 1846. Paris, 1850, 2 vols. 8vo. English transí, by W. Hazlitt as Travels in Tartary, etc., London, 1852, 2 vols.

'''Hunt, Chandos Leigh (afterwards Wallace)'''. *Compendium of Mesmeric Information. Unidentified.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Index Librorum Prohibitorum'''. The title of the official list of those books which on doctrinal or moral grounds the Roman Catholic Church authoritatively forbids the members of its communion to read or to possess. Those which are interdicted until amended, and of which a list, the Index Expurgatorias, was at one time unofficially drawn up, are now marked with an asterisk or dagger. The Index is now prepared by the Holy Office, the former Congregation of the Index having been abolished in 1917.

'''Irenaeus, Saint (130?-202?)'''. *Adversas Haereses. Text in Migne, PCC, Ser. Gr.-Lat., VII; Engl. tr. in Ante-Nicean Fathers.

'''Jacobus de Voragine (ca. 1230-ca. 1298)'''. *Golden Legend or Lom- bardica historia, one of the most popular religious works of the Middle Ages, a collection of the legendary lives of the greater Saints. Ed. by Dr. Th. Graesse, Dresden, 1846. See Vol. II, p. 532, for further data about the author and his works.

'''Jäger, Gustav'''. German physician, b. at Burg a. Kocher, June 23, 1832; d. at Stuttgart, May 13, 1917. Studied zoology in Vienna, practiced medicine in Hohenheim and Stuttgart. In 1884 he left the service of the State to devote himself to writing and the presentation of his rather advanced ideas on the psychological constitution of man. He was greatly interested in Foods, Agriculture and Meteorology. One of his chief works is Die Neuralanalyse, Leipzig, 1881.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>latakas'''. Stories of Buddha’s former births. Edited by V. Fausböll (in Roman transliteration). London: Triibner & Co., 1877-97, 7 vols.— Transl. under the editorship of Prof. E. B. Cowell. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1895-1913, 7 vols.

'''Jennings, Hargrave (1817?-1890)'''. *The Rosicrucians, their Rites and Mysteries. London, 1870; 2nd ed., rev., corr. & enl., London, 1879; 3rd ed., newly rev., 1887.

Jerome, Saint (or Hieronymus), Sophronius Eusebius (340?-420). *Commentarius in Evangelium secundum Matthaeum. Text in J. P. Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Ser. Latina, Vol. XXVI, Paris, 1884. — *De viris illustribus liber. Migne, PCC. XXIII, Paris, 1883.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Dialogi contra Pelagianos'''. Migne, PCC. XXIII. Engl. tr. in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, New York, 1898-1909. *Opera. Ed. Johannes Martianay. Paris: Ludovicus Roulland, 1693-1706, 5 vols. — *Vulgate. Preface to the Four Gospels. Cf. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 6.

'''Joshi, Anandibai'''. Hindu woman-physician, b. in March, 1865, as daughter of Ganpatrao Amritaswar Joshi of Kalyan. Given name of “Jamuna”; learned Sanskrit and married in 1874 Gopal Vinayek Joshi who served in the Postal Dpt. Devoted herself to the study of medicine and went in 1883 to England and the U.S.A.; in the latter country she was the guest of Mrs. Carpenter in New Jersey. Instructed at the Women’s Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa. {{Page aside|654}}gained scholarship and took her degree as M.D. there in 1886. Appointed Resident Physician to the female ward of the Albert Edward Hospital in Kolapur, India. Her health failed her and she died of tuberculosis at Poona, Feb. 27, 1887; her body was cremated and the ashes sent to America, to be buried there.

'''Keane, Augustus Henry (1833-1912)'''. *“Eastern Asia,” Review of Kreitner’s work (which see), in Nature, Vol. XXVII, Dec. 21, 1883, pp. 170-72.

'''Kenealy, Edward Vaughan Hyde (1819-1880)'''. See Vol. VIII, p. 462, for biographical data.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Khordah. Avesta'''. Known as the “Small Avesta.” It is the Second Portion of the Zend-Avesta, consisting mainly of prayers. It includes also various fragments, the most important of which is the Hddhokht Nask.

'''Khunrath, Henry (ca. 1560-1601?)'''. See Vol. V, pp. 376-77, for biographical data.

'''Kingsford, Dr. Anna Bonus (1846-88)''' and Edward Maitland (182497). *The Perfect Way, or the Finding of Christ. London, 1882, 8vo.; rev. & enl. ed., 1887.

Kiu-ti or Khiu-ti, Book of. See Vol. VI, p. 425, for information.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Koran'''. In Arabic Qur’an, meaning recitation. The sacred Scripture of Islam. Transl. by E. H. Palmer, Oxford, 1928; and Richard Bell, Edinburgh, 1937-39.

'''Kreitner, Gustav von (1847-93)'''. *lm fernen Osten. Reisen des Grafen Bela Szechenyi in Indien, Japan, China, Tibet und Burma in den Jahren 1877-1880. Vienna: A Holder, 1881, 2 vols.

'''Kugler, Franz Theodor'''. *Handbuch der Geschichte der Malerei, von Constantin dem Grossem bis auf die neuere Zeit. Berlin, 1857; 2 vols. 8vo. — Engl. tr. by Mrs. H. Hutton as A Handbook of the History of Painting, etc., London, 1842.

'''Lalitavistara'''. Ed. by R. Mitra (partially transl.). Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1877. Bibi. Ind. 15.—Transl. by R. Mitra, Bibi. Ind., New Series, Vol. 90.

'''Langley, Samuel Pierpont'''. American physicist and astronomer, b. at Roxbury, Mass., Aug. 22, 1834; d. Feb. 27, 1906. Educated in the Boston Latin School and in Europe. After a few years of professorship at Harvard and U.S. Naval Academy, became director of the Allegheny Observatory and prof, of physics and astronomy at the Western Univ, of Pennsylvania. Elected, 1887, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. His name is especially associated with aeronautics and the exploration of the infrared portions of the solar spectrum, for which he invented the bolometer. On May 6, 1896, he successfully launched his steam-driven “aerodrome,” which flew half a mile above the Potomac River. Further experiments on his part met with ridicule from the press and the failure of the Government to support his research. He nevertheless paved the way for all future experiments, and years later a test of his man-carrying machine made at the Curtiss shops demonstrated its inherent stability. Langley’s published works include nearly 200 titles.

The quotation in the present volume is from his art. on “The Sun’s Radiant Energy,” in the Scientific American, Vol. 41, July 26, 1879, p. 53.

'''Le Conte, Joseph (1823-1901)'''. *Correlation of Vital with Chemical and Physical Forces. In Balfour Stewart’s The Conservation of Energy, New York, 1874; 2nd ed. London: H. S. King & Co., 1874.—*Evolution and its Relation to Religious Thought, 1888.

'''Legge, James'''. British Chinese scholar, b. at Huntly, Aberdeenshire, in 1815; d. at Oxford, Nov. 29, 1897. Educated at King’s College, Aberdeen, and at Highbury Theological College, London. Started for China, 1839, as a missionary, but instead remained for three years teaching in the Anglo-Chinese College in Malacca until it was removed to Hong Kong. There he lived for thirty years, and worked on his monumental edition of the Chinese Classics. In 1876 a chair of Chinese languages and literature was constituted at Oxford for his occupation. Consult his works in the Sacred Books of the East, Vols. HI, XVI, XXVII, XXVIII, XXXIX and XL. Vol. XVI contains his tr. of the *I Ching or Book of Changes.

'''Lévi Zahed, Êliphas (1810-75)''', pseud, of the Abbé Alphonse Louis Constant. "Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie. Paris: G. Baillière, 1856, 2 vols. Engl. tr. by Arthur E. Waite as Transcendental Magic, Its Doctrine and Ritual. Chicago, 1910. See Vol. I, pp. 491 et seq., for biographical sketch.

'''Lillie, Arthur (1831-?)'''. "Buddha and Early Buddhism. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1882, xiv, 256 pp., ill.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Linga-Purdna'''. Attributed to Maharshi Vedavyasa. Edited by Pandit Jibananda Vidyasagara. Calcutta: New Valmiki Press, 1885.

'''Littre, Maximilien Paul Emile (1801-1881)'''. See Vol. Ill, p. 514, for biographical data.

'''Macnish, Robert'''. Scottish author and physician, b. at Glasgow, Feb. 15, 1802, into a medical family; d. of influenza, Jan. 16, 1837. Obtained degree of magister chirurgiae at the Univ, of Glasgow, at the early age of eighteen. After studies in Paris, he returned to his native city and graduated as M.D. in 1825. His wide popularity, however, was the result of his fiction stories, among them one entitled “The Metempsychosis” published in Blackwood’s. His most important work was *The Philosophy of Sleep (Glasgow, 1830; 3rd ed., 1836). Macnish suffered from ill health most of his short life; in later years he was greatly interested in the borderland between medicine and psychology, and the work of James Braid along lines of hypnotism. His Introduction to Phrenology (1835) sold some ten thousand copies.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Magnitudes of Ether Waves'''. Unidentified.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mahabharata (Vyasa)'''. Edited for the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, Calcutta, 1834-39, 5 vols. 4to. — Critically ed. by V. S. Sukthankar. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1927.—Translated by M. N. Dutt. Calcutta: Elysium Press, 1895-1905, 18 vols.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mahandrayana-upanishad, of the Atharva-Veda''', with the Dipika of Narayana. Edited by Col. G. A. Jacob. Bombay: Government Central Book Depot, 1888. Bombay Sanskrit Series 35.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Manavadharmasdstra (or Laws of Manu)'''. Text critically ed. by J. Jolly. London: Triibner & Co., 1887. Triibner’s Oriental Series.— Trans, by G. Buhler. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1886. SBE XXV.

'''Manning, Thomas'''. English traveller, b. at Broome, Norfolk, Nov. 8, 1772; d. at Bath, May 2, 1840. Educated at his father’s rectory and Caius College, Cambridge, where he remained to study mathematics and engage in tutoring. Interested in the Chinese language, he went to Paris, 1800, to study it. Returning to England, he perfected himself in medicine and went to Canton as a doctor, reaching there in 1807. In 1810, after a brief stay at Calcutta, and without any aid from the Government, he proceeded, with a single Chinese servant, to Rangpur on a journey to Lhasa. From Parijong he travelled as a medical man with a company of troops, and in {{Page aside|657}}December, 1811, became the first, and for many years the sole, Englishman to enter the holy city. He remained there for some months, but under peremptory orders from Peking was sent back to India, leaving Lhasa April 19, 1812, and arriving at Calcutta in the ensuing Summer. A long narrative of this journey which he wrote to Dr. Marshman was lost, but his notes in a notebook were printed by C. R. Markham in 1876 (Vide under Bogle in the present Appendix). After some diplomatic activities in Canton and Peking, he started homeward in February, 1817, but the ship was wrecked and the passengers were taken to St. Helena where Manning visited with Napoleon, reminding him of the passport which he had personally granted him in 1803 to return from France to England. The rest of his life was spent in retirement among his Chinese books. He was master of the classical Chinese literature and was considered the first Chinese scholar in Europe. A brilliant conversationalist, rather eccentric in dress and manner, Manning wrote several books on mathematics and was familiar with some fifteen languages. His MSS. and printed books were given to the Royal Asiatic Society. (Cf. Diet, of National Biography.)

'''Markham, Sir Clements Roberts (1830-1916)'''. *Narratives of the Mission, of George Bogle to Tibet and of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa, London, 1876, 8vo., of which Markham was the Editor. See Vol. VI, p. 441, for biographical data.

'''Massey, Charles Carleton (1838-1905)'''. See Vol. I, pp. 497-99, for biographical data.

'''Massey, Gerald (1828-1907)'''. See Vol. VIII, pp. 565-67, for comprehensive biography.

'''Mayo, William Starbuck''', American physician and author, b. at Ogdensburg, N. Y., April 15, 1811; d. in New York, Nov. 22, 1895. Interested from his early years in the study of medicine, he attended the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York and graduated in 1832. Ill health forced him to travel and his tour of Spain and the Barbary States left upon him an indelible impression. Though he resumed his medical practice, it was his fiction writing that brought him prominence. The success of his first novel or tale, *Kaloolah, or Journeyings to the Djebel Kumri (New York: G. B. Putnam; London: D. Bogue, 1849), was astonishing, even to the author. This work purports to be an autobiography of Jonathan Romer edited by Mayo; it went through nine editions, the latest one in 1900. It is {{Page aside|658}}a rollicking tale of Yankee prowess and self-reliance on the high seas and in Africa. Only slightly less popular was his novel The Berber (1850, 1873, 1883). Mayo was a man of independent observation, penetration of character, and broad interests.

'''Medhurst, Walter Henry'''. English Congregationalist missionary to China, b. in London, 1796, and who died there Jan. 24, 1857. Educated at St. Paul’s School, he became a missionary for the London Miss. Society at Shanghai from 1842 to 1856. Prepared a version of the Bible in High Wen-li. With John Stronach he also translated the N.T. into the Mandarin dialect of Nanking. Author of *A Dissertation on the Theology of the Chinese, etc. Shan-hae, 1847, 8vo.

'''Meredith, Evan Powell'''. *Correspondence, touching the Divine Origin of the Christian Religion. Between the Reverend John Fairfax Francklin, M.A., Vicar of Waplode, Spalding, and Evan Powell Meredith, Author of The Prophet of Nazareth. London, 1866, 8vo., 57 pp.

'''Metastasio, Pietro T. (1698-1782)'''. *La Clemenza de Tito, in three acts, in verse, between 1730-40.

'''Milton, John (1608-74)'''. *Paradise Lost, 1668.

«Mishnah. See Talmud.

'''Mitra, Piari Chand (1814-1883)'''. See Vol. II, p. 536, for biogr. data.

'''Mohini'''. See Chatterji.

'''Monier-Williams, Sir Monier (1818-99)'''. *Indian Wisdom, etc. London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1875; 2nd ed., 1875; 3rd ed., 1876; 4th ed., 1893.

'''More, Henry'''. English philosopher and theologian of the Cambridge Platonist School, b. at Grantham in 1614. Both his parents were strong Calvinists, but he himself “could never swallow that hard doctrine.” At fourteen, he was sent to Eton School for Greek and Latin studies, and in 1631 was admitted to Christ’s College, Cambridge. In 1635, he graduated B.A., and received his M.A., 1639. At about the same time he received holy orders, and from then on lived almost entirely within the walls of the College, except when he went to stay with his “heroine pupil,” Anne, Viscountess Conway, {{Page aside|659}}at her country seat of Ragley in Warwickshire, where More wrote several of his works. He drew around him a number of young men of a refined type, and won a high reputation both for saintliness and for intellectual power, refusing all preferments to the advantage of his studies and writing. More shrank from bitter theological disputes, but had the courage of his opinions which were very definite and often contrary to the existing current of thought.

More belonged to that little band of Platonists which formed at Cambridge in the middle of the 17th century; he represents the mystical and theosophic side of this movement; mystical elevation was the chief feature of his character, “a certain radiancy of thought which carried him beyond the common life .... and his humility and charity were not less conspicuous than his piety.” The “occult sciences,” of which such men as van Helmont and Greatrakes were in More’s time the apostles, had a singular fascination for him. He was a voluminous writer both in prose and in verse, his most notable work being the Divine Dialogues (1668), which summarizes his general view of philosophy and religion.

Henry More died on September 1, 1687, and was buried in the chapel of the College he loved so well, The most vivid and interesting picture of himself and his life is in his own “Preface” to the 1679 edition of his Opera Omnia. Rev. R. Ward wrote his Life in 1710.

Accounts concerning Henry More which are to be found in various encyclopaedias, while attempting to give a fair idea of the character of this remarkable man, probably fall short of the actual truth. The profound respect which H.P.B. felt for him, and the manner in which she spoke of him, half-reveal a certain occult significance in the life and thought of this figure. Surprising as it may be, the name of Henry More is associated with the writing of Isis Unveiled, nearly two hundred years after his demise. The facts are related by Col. Henry S. Olcott in his Old Diary Leaves, Vol. I, pp. 237-39, 242-43:

“..............I was made to believe that we worked in collaboration

with at least one disincarnate entity—the pure soul of one of the wisest philosophers of modem times, one who was an ornament to our race, a glory to his country. He was a great Platonist, and I was told that, so absorbed was he in his lifestudy, he had become earth-bound, i.e., he could not snap the ties which held him to the Earth, but sat in an astral library of his own mental creation, plunged in his philosophical reflections, {{Page aside|660}}oblivious to the lapse of time, and anxious to promote the turning of men’s minds towards the solid philosophical basis of true religion. His desire did not draw him to taking a new birth among us, but made him seek out those who, like our Masters and their agents, wished to work for the spread of truth and the overthrow of superstition. I was told that he was so pure and so unselfish that all the Masters held him in profound respect, and, being forbidden to meddle with his Karma, they could only leave him to work his way out of his (Kamalokic) illusions, and pass on to the goal of formless being and absolute spirituality according to the natural order of Evolution. His mind has been so intensely employed in purely intellectual speculation that his spirituality had been temporarily stifled. Meanwhile there he was, willing and eager to work with H. P. B. on this epoch-making book, towards the philosophical portion of which he contributed much. He did not materialize and sit with us, nor obsess H. P. B., medium-fashion; he would simply talk with her psychically, by the hour together, dictating copy, telling her what references to hunt up, answering my questions about details, instructing me as to principles, and, in fact, playing the part of a third person in our literary symposium. He gave me his portrait once—a rough sketch in colored crayons on flimsy paper and sometimes would drop me a brief note about some personal matter, but from first to last his relation to us both was that of a mild, kind, extremely learned teacher and elder friend. He never dropped a word to indicate that he thought himself aught but a living man, and, in fact, I was told that he did not realize that he had died out of the body. Of the lapse of time, he seemed to have so little perception that, I remember, H. P. B. and I laughed, one morning at 2:30 A.M., when, after an unusually hard night’s work, while we were taking a parting smoke, he quietly asked H. P. B. “Are you ready to begin?”; under the impression that we were at the beginning instead of the end of the evening! And I also recollect how she said: “For Heaven’s sake don’t laugh deep in your thought, else the ‘old gentleman’ will surely hear you and feel hurt!” That gave me an idea: to laugh superficially is ordinary laughter, but to laugh deeply is to shift your merriment to the plane of psychic perception! So emotions may, like beauty, be sometimes but skin-deep. Sins, also: think of that!

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'''Morley, Henry (1822-94)'''. *The Life of Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim, doctor and knight, commonly known as a magician. London: Chapman & Hall, 1856. 2 vols.

'''Moses, William Stainton (1839-92)'''. Known under the pseudonym of “M. A., Oxon.” *Psychography: a Treatise on one of the objective forms of psychic or spiritual phenomena, Lond., 1878 & 1882. — ^Spirit Identity, London, 1879. See Vol. I, pp. 500-01, for biographical sketch.

'''Mousseaux'''. See Gougenot des Mousseaux.

'''Muhsin Fani'''. *Dabistan, or School of Manners. Tr. from the original Persian, with Notes and Ill., by David Shea and Anthony Troyer. Edited, with a prelim, discourse by the latter. Paris, 1843, 3 vols.

'''Muller, Max [Friedrich Maximilian] (1823-1900)'''. *Chips from a German Workshop. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1867-75, 4 vols.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mundakopanishad'''. In The Twelve Principal Upanishads (Engl, tr.) publ. by Tookaram Tatya. Bombay Theosophical Publ. Fund, 1891. See Vol. VIII, p. 414, for further data.

'''Myers, Frederick William Henry (1843-1901)'''. See Vol. V, pp. 263-64, for comprehensive biographical sketch.

'''Newton, Alonzo Eliot'''. *The Modern Bethesda or the Gift of Healing Restored, 1879.

'''Olshausen, Hermann (1796-1839)'''. *Nachweis der Echtheit der sämtlichen Schriften des Neuen Testaments, Hamburg, 1832. Engl. tr. by David Fosdick, as Proof of the Genuineness of the Writings of the New Testament, Andover (U.S.), 1838. See Vol. VIII, pp. 470-71, for biogr. sketch.

'''Owen, Robert Dale (1801-1877)'''. See Vol. I, pp. 518-20, for biographical sketch.

'''Oxley, William'''. *The Philosophy of Spirit, illustrated by a New Version of the Bhagavad-Gita, London, 1881, 8vo.

'''Paley, William (1743-1805)'''. *A View of the Evidences of Christianity, 1794; also Philadelphia, 1795; latest ed., 1860. See Vol. Ill, p. 517, for biogr. data.

'''Penna di Billi, Francesco Arazio della (1680-1747)'''. See Vol. VI, p. 443, for biogr. data.

'''Pictet, Raoul-Pierre'''. Swiss physicist, b. at Geneva, April 4, 1846; d. at Paris, July 27, 1929. Prof, of Physics in Geneva University, 1879-85. Investigated the condition of matter at very low temperatures and liquefied hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in 1877, almost at the same time with Cailletet. Founded in Berlin a factory for refrigeration machines and produced the thermos bottle. Wrote a number of scientific papers.

'''Pirani, Frederick Joy'''. Born at Birmingham, 1850; d. at Melbourne, Australia, 1881, where he was Prof, of Physics and Logic at the Univ, of Melbourne, Viet.

'''Plato (427? B.C.-347 B.c.)'''. *Critias. Loeb Class. Library.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Popol-Vuh'''. Sacred Scripture of the Quiche Indians of Guatemala. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Popol-Vuh, etc. Quiche text and French translation, 1861.—Adrian Recinos, Popol-Vuh: las antiguas historias del Quiche. Spanish tr., Mexico City, 1947. English version of it by Delia Goetz & Sylvanus G. Morley, Norman, Univ, of Oklahoma Press. 1957.

'''Prodicus of Ceos (born about 465 or 450 b.c., and still alive in 399 B.C.)'''. Greek humanist of the first period of the Sophistical {{Page aside|663}}movement. Came to Athens as ambassador from Ceos, and became known as speaker and teacher. He advocated high ethics and the remedy of work. Of his treatises, On Nature, and On the Nature of Man, we know only the titles. He exercised a far reaching influence and is mentioned with esteem by Plato.

'''Râmaswamier, S'''. This early worker in the Theosophical Movement was a Brâhmana of high caste whose real name or sarman was Râmabathra. At the time he joined the Theosophical Society, in September, 1881, he was District Registrar of Assurances at Tin- nevelly, Southern India. He soon became a Probationary Chela of the Masters and received about a dozen brief letters and notes from them, mainly from Master M. He died in 1893, devoted as ever to the Cause.

In December, 1894, K. R. Sitaraman, who was his son, published these letters in a pamphlet entitled Isis Further Unveiled and containing an attack on the integrity of H.P.B. and the genuineness of the letters received by his father, whom he considered to have fallen victim to a “hoax.” It is not known what has become of the original letters, which may have been destroyed. The same pamphlet contained a sketch of Master M. which is reproduced in the present Volume, just as it appeared in Sitaraman’s pamphlet.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Râmâyana (Vâlmîki)'''. Transl. by Ralph T. H. Griffith. London: Trubner & Co., 1870-74, 5 vols.

'''Ramsey, Sir William.''' British chemist, b. at Glasgow, Oct. 2, 1852; d. at High Wycombe, Bucks, July 23, 1916. Taught in Glasgow Univ.; appointed to the chair of chemistry at Univ. College, Bristol, 1880; became its principal the following year. From 1887 to 1913, Professor at University College, London. Isolated helium and, together with Lord Rayleigh, discovered argon, and later neon, krypton and xenon. Contributed greatly to the theory of the transmutation of elements. An inspiring teacher and a brilliant researcher, he received in 1904 the Nobel prize in chemistry.

'''Randolph, Paschal Beverly (1825-1875)'''. See Vol. HI, pp. 518-21, for comprehensive biographical sketch.

'''Régnault, Henry Victor'''. French chemist, b. at Aix-la-Chapelle, July 21, 1810; d. Jan. 19, 1878. His early life was a struggle with poverty, and he worked in a drapery establishment in Paris until 1829. He then entered the École Polytechnique and continued studies in the Écoles des Mines. After studying under Liebig, he was appointed as {{Page aside|664}}professor of chemistry at Lyons, and in 1841 as prof, of physics at the Collège de France. He engaged in important chemical and physical research and designed standard apparatus for various measurements. In 1854 he was appointed director of the famous porcelain Manufactory of Sèvres. The results of his research on the expansion of gases which he conducted there were destroyed in the Franco-Prussian war, in which he also lost his son, and he never recovered from this double blow. Most of his work is collected in Vols. 21 and 26 of the Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences.

'''Reichenbach, Baron Karl von (1788-1869)'''. * Researches in Magnetism. Tr. by Dr. Wm. Gregory, London, 1850. See Vol. II, p. 541, for biographical data.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Rigveda'''. Transi, by F. Max Müller and Hermann Oldenberg. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1891, 1897. SBE, XXXII, XLVI. See Vol. V, p. 367, for further bibliogr. data.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Sad-Dar'''. Meaning “The Hundred Subjects.” Persian Scripture of which there are a poetic and a prose version; the latter has been translated by E. W. West, in Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XII, New York, 1901.

'''SÂMKHYA-KÂRIKÂ of Isvarakrsna'''. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi, 1932.

'''Sargent, Epes (1813-80)'''. *The Scientific Basis of Spiritualism, 2nd ed., Boston: Colby & Rich, 1881; 6th ed., 1891. See Vol. Ill, pp. 529-30, for biographical sketch.

'''Scheele, Karl Wilhelm'''. Swedish chemist, b. at Stralsund, Dec. 19, 1742; d. May 19, 1786. Studied the elements of chemistry during his apprenticeship to an apothecary in Gothenburg. Settled, 1770, at Upsala, where he became a close friend of Bergman. After being elected to the Stockholm Academy of Sciences in 1775, he moved to Kôping, where he became proprietor of a pharmacy. Although he died young, he found time for an enormous amount of original research, and his record as a discoverer of new substances is probably unequalled, especially when considering his poverty and lack of ordinary laboratory conveniences. There is little doubt that he isolated oxygen some two years before Priestley. He held to the idea of phlogiston and most likely identified it with hydrogen which he had obtained by the action of certain acids on iron or zinc. His only book, entitled Air and Fire was publ. in 1777 (Engl. tr. ed. by J. R. Forster, 1780) ; his numerous scientific papers have been publ. in several collections.

'''Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860)'''. *Über das Sehen und die Farben, 1816.

'''Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)'''. *Hamlet.

'''Shamji Krishnavarma (1857-?)'''. See Vol. I, p. 437, for biographical data.

'''Sidgwick, Henry'''. English philosopher and writer, b. at Skipton, Yorks, May 31, 1838; d. at Terling, Essex, October 28, 1900. Educated at Blackheath and Rugby; admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge at the age of 17, where he taught for some years. Knightbridge professor of Moral Philosophy, 1883-1900. Unable to consider himself a member of the Church of England, owing to his advanced views along religious and mystical lines, he resigned his Trinity Fellowship which was held upon that condition. Other resignations followed, and this attracted the attention of Parliament, and exercised considerable influence in procuring the abolition of University Tests. Sidgwick was one of the leaders in securing the admission of women to the University. He was one of the organizers of the Society for Psychical Research in 1882, and President thereof during the first three years, 1882-85, and in the later period of 1888-93. He was the Founder of Newnham College, 1876, of which his wife, Eleanor Mildred Balfour was Principal from 1892. Sidgwick devoted some eighteen years to research and writing connected with the beginnings of psychic investigations. He was a man of great patience, high moral fibre, and cautious scientific sense, and exercised much influence over other researchers, such as F. W. H. Myers and others. It must be said, however, that he, together with others of his fellow-workers, failed to pay due attention to the occult teachings brought forth by H. P. Blavatsky and thus hampered their own research.

Sidgwick wrote The Methods of Ethics and Principles of Political Economy. For an appreciation of his character, see “In Memory of Henry Sidgwick,” by F. W. H. Myers, in the S.P.R. Proceedings, Vol. XV.

'''Slade, Dr. Henry (?-1905)'''. See Vol. I, p. 525, for biogr. data.

'''Smith, George (1840-1876)'''. *Ancient History from the Monuments. History of Babylonia. Ed. by Rev. A. H. Sayce. London, 1877.

'''Society for Psychical Research'''. Proceedings. First issue, October, 1882. See also F. W. Barrett for important data.

'''Stahl, Georg Ernst'''. German chemist and physician, b. at Anspach, Oct. 21, 1660; d. at Berlin, May 14, 1734. Having graduated in medicine at Jena, 1683, he became court physician to the Duke of {{Page aside|666}}Weimar, 1687. Held the chair of medicine at Halle, 1694-1716, and was later appointed physician to the King of Prussia in Berlin. He is chiefly known as propounder of the doctrine of phlogiston.

'''Stewart, Balfour (1828-1887)'''. *The Conservation of Energy. Being an Elementary Treatise on Energy and its Laws. New York, 1874; 2nd ed. London, 1874.

'''Syechenov, Ivan Mihailovich (1829-1905)'''. Outstanding Russian physiologist. Had a brief military career, but resigned, 1850, and became M.D., 1856, at Moscow University. Studied in Berlin and Heidelberg under men like Du Bois-Reymond and Ludwig. Prof, of physiology in Moscow Medical Academy and later at St. Petersburg and Moscow Universities. Author of a very large number of important scientific papers and works which established his reputation, among them: 'The Reflex Actions of the Brain, 1863 and 1866.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Taittiriopanishad'''. In The Twelve Principal Upanishads (Engl, tr.) publ. by Tookaram Tatya. Bombay: Bombay Theos. Publ. Fund, 1891. See Vol. VIII, p. 415, for further data.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Talmud'''. Consult Vol. VIII, p. 416, for comprehensive summary of data concerning the Talmud. Both Sot ah and Sanhedrin are treatises therein.

'''Temple, Sir Richard (1826-1902)'''. See Vol. II, p. 546, for biographical data.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Tevijja-Sutta'''. Contained in the Digha-Nikaya of the Sutta-Pitaka. Issued by the Pali text Society.

'''Theophilus, Rev. Arthur'''. *The Theosophical Society, its Objects and Creed, etc., 1882.

'''Tiedemann, Fredericus'''. German anthropologist and anatomist of renown, b. at Kassell, Aug. 23, 1781; d. at Munich, Jan. 22, 1861. Prof, at the University of Heidelberg. Author of many scientific works and papers.

'''Trithemius, or Johannes Tritheim'''. German occultist and mystic, the son of a vine-grower named Heidenberg, and whose Latinized name is derived from Trittheim, a village in the electorate of Trier (Treves), where he was born Feb. 1, 1462. His mother who married a second time had no love for him, and the young lad was ill-fed, ill-clothed, and overworked. After toiling all day in the {{Page aside|667}}vineyards, he devoted the night hours to the acquisition of knowledge, reading whatever books he could beg or borrow. Extorting his small share of the patrimony bequeathed by his father, he wandered away to Trier, entered the famous University there and assumed the name of Trithemius. His progress in studies was phenomenal. At the age of twenty, he had acquired the reputation of a scholar, a fact which meant at the time much more than it does today. In the winter of 1482 he left Trier on a solitary journey to Trittheim, desirous of seeing once more his mother, in spite of the ill treatment he had received from her. Caught in a blizzard near Kreuznach, he found the roads impassable. He found asylum in the Benedictine monastery of Spannheim, and liked it so much that he voluntarily took the monastic vows and remained there. Two years later, he was elected Abbot. He inspired the monks with his own love of learning, and worked for twenty-one years to improve and raise the standard of the monastery. Eventually, the monks revolted against his discipline and elected another Abbot. After some wanderings, Trithemius was elected Abbot of the Schottenkloster St. Jakob at Wurzburg, where he died December 13, 1516.

Trithemius was a prolific writer, but his works, written in Latin, have not been translated. They deal on such subjects as Geomancy, Sorcery, Alchemy, the Guardian Angels, etc. The best known are: Arinales de origine Francorum (incomplete); Catalogus illustriunt Viroum Germaniae (1491); De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis (1494); Steganographia (Frankfurt, 1606; Darmstadt, 1621, 1635).

'''Turner, Samuel'''. English traveller, a kinsman of Warren Hastings, b. about 1749 in Glouchestershire; d. in London Jan. 2, 1802. Given an East India cadetship, 1780, he rose to a regimental captain by 1799. News having reached Calcutta, in February 1782, of the reincarnation of the Tashi Lama in the person of a child, Warren Hastings proposed to dispatch a mission to Tibet, to strengthen the friendly relation established by George Bogle (q.v.) who had recently died. Turner was appointed chief of the mission, Jan. 9, 1783. Following the route through Bhutan taken by Bogle, he reached the monastery of Tashi-Lhiinpo near Shigatse on September 22, 1783, and had an audience with the infant Lama on Dec. 4 at Ter-pa-ling. His mission was successful and its results are embodied in his work: An account of an Embassy to the {{Page aside|668}}Court of the Teshoo Lama of Tibet (London, 1800, 4to). This account was for many years the only published account of a journey to Tibet written by an Englishman, as those of Bogle and Manning (q.v.) did not appear until much later. Turner remained in India for some years engaged in military service, and returned to his native country about 1798.

'''Van Oven, Barnard'''. Most likely work implied is his On the Decline of Life in Health and Disease; being an attempt to investigate the causes of longevity, and the best means of attaining a healthful old age. London: J. Churchill, 1853, 8vo., pp. 300.

'''Vaughan, Thomas (pseud. Eugenius Philalethes) (1622-66)'''. *Magi Adamica: or the Antiquities of Magic, London, 1650. See Vol. V, p. 383, for biogr. data.

'''Vay, Baroness Adelina von''' (also Adelma and Adelheid), German mystic, healer and writer, born at Tarnopol’ in Galicia, October 21, 1840. She belonged to the distinguished family of the Counts Wurmbrandt-Stuppach, her father being a military man who died in her infancy. Her mother remarried and the family moved to Prussia where Adelina and her sister Rosa received a very thorough education. When twenty, she married Baron Eugen von Vay and they settled in Styria, travelling extensively from time to time in various European countries.

From girlhood, Adelina von Vay was a psychically sensitive person, and, under the influence of a magnetizer, engaged in automatic writing. She gradually developed mediumistic faculties and, together with her husband, was drawn into Spiritualism. Many of her experiences are outlined in her work: Studien über die Geisterwelt (Leipzig: Oswald Mutze, 1874; x, 408 pp., 8vo, which is listed as the 2nd edition). This work, which includes a portrait of the author, contains some of the messages she is supposed to have received from various personages who had died. She also wrote Geist, Kraft, Stoff (Vienna: R. Lechner, 1870; transl. into English as Spirit, Power, and Matter, Cleveland, Ohio, 1948, inch portrait), and contributed a number of articles to such journals as the famous Psychische Studien of Leipzig, Licht, Mehr Licht of Gotha, and Hungarian Spiritualistic magazines.

Adelina von Vay engaged in a far flung correspondence with various scholars and thinkers of the day, and became known as a magnetic healer, an art which she praticed very successfully. It is not known how and when H.P.B. became acquainted with {{Page aside|669}}Madame von Vay, whom she always calls Adelma von Vay, but it is obvious that she considered her a close friend and spoke of her with much esteem and admiration. In a brief review of a booklet entitled My Visit to Styria, by Caroline Corner (London: G. Burns, 1882), published in The Theosophist (Vol. IV, March, 1883, p. 146), and which deals with the author’s visit to the home of the von Vays, certain sentences may have been written by H.P.B. herself, even though we have no definite proof of it. It is stated therein that:

"...the details of home-life in the residence of her host and hostess present us with ampler proof, if such were needed, that joy and peace sit by the hearth where life is consecrated to works of beneficence, and the chief pleasure is in filling each day with good deeds and kind words. The Baroness Adelma von Vay is known throughout Europe and America as a psychometer and crystal reader of great endowment, a mesmeric healer of the sick poor, and a clever writer (in the German language) upon psychological subjects. Her family, as well as the Baron’s, is one of very artistocratic relationships, but she has everywhere the reputation of being the incarnation of benevolent and unassuming kindness. Her portrait in our album had quite prepared us to accept as literal Miss Corner’s description of her face and character—‘a beautiful and charming woman— with a countenance beaming with benevolence, cheerfulness, and intelligence .... a veritable humanitarian, comforting the afflicted and distressed. The peasant population maintain an implacable faith in her power to alleviate pain. From far and near, they bring their sick for her tender ministration . . . The Baroness’ bright face is ever a welcome sight in all the homesteads of the poorest and lowliest in the district, and many lips breathe blessings upon her for her goodness and charity.’ Thanks, Miss Corner, for enabling us to hold up before her Asiatic brothers in Theosophy so sweet a portrait of this tender sister of humanity.”

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Vendîdâd'''. See Avesta.

'''Vianney, Saint Jean-Baptiste-Marie'''. Known as the Curé d’Ars. French priest, b. at Dardilly (Rhone) in 1786; d. at Ars in 1859. Inspite of very poor education, became priest, 1815. Became vicar to the rector of Ecully, and at the death of the latter in 1818 was appointed rector of Ars. His ardent faith and religious zeal produced a great impact upon his parish, and his healings made it a place of pilgrimage. {{Page aside|670}}Vianney was beatified by Pope Pius X in 1905, and canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1925.

'''Vossius (Voss), Gerhard Johann'''. German classical scholar and theologian, b. near Heidelberg in 1577; d. at Amsterdam, March 19, 1649. Educated at Univ, of Leyden, where he became a life-long friend of Hugo Grotius, studying the Classics, Hebrew, church history and theology. He was director of the theological college at Leyden, 1614-19. His work on the history of the Pelagian controversies published in 1618 resulted in his being suspected of heresy; he resigned his position, but was appointed later to the chair of Greek. After a brief residence in England where he was made LL.D, at Oxford, he became professor of history in the newly-founded Athenaeum at Amsterdam. His Collected Works were publ. at Amsterdam in 6 vols., 1695-1701. Ref. in the present Volume is to his 'De theologia gentili, at physiologia Christiana; sive de origine ac progressu idolatriae, etc., Amsterdam, 1642 and 1668, 2 vols. Vossius was among the first men to treat theological dogmas and the heathen religions from the historical point of view.

'''Waddell. L. A'''. *The Buddhism of Tibet, or Lamaism, 1895.

'''Wake, C. Staniland''', The Origin and Significance of the Great Pyramid, Reprinted 1975 by Wizard’s Bookshelf, San Diego, California.

'''Wallace, Joseph'''. *A History of Mystic Philosophy. Unidentified.

'''Winfred, C. T'''. *“A Lecture on the Peculiarities of Hindu Literature.”

'''Wittgenstein, Prince Emil-Karl-Ludwig von Sayn (1824-78)'''. See Vol. I. pp. 533-34, for biogr. data.

'''Zöllner, Johann Karl Friedrich (1834-1882)'''. See Vol. V. pp. 26567, for biographical and bibliographical data.