Zirkoff B. - Appendix (BCW vol.11): Difference between revisions

The system of diacritical marks used in the Bibliographies

and the Index (with square brackets), as well

as in the English translations of original French and

Russian texts, does not strictly follow any one specific

scholar, to the exclusion of all others. While adhering

to a very large extent to Sir Monier-Williams’ ''Sanskrit-English

Dictionary'', as for instance in the case of the

Anusvâra, the transliteration adopted includes forms introduced

by other Sanskrit scholars as well, being therefore

of a selective nature.

It should also be noted that the diacritical mark for

a long “a” was in the early days a circumflex, and therefore

all of H.P.B.’s writings embody this sound in the  

form of “â.” No change has been made from this earlier

notation to its more modern form of the “macron,” or

line over the “a.” Such a change would have necessitated

too many alterations, and almost certainly would have

produced confusion; therefore the older usage has been

adhered to throughout.

{{Style P-Subtitle|<center>GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY</center>

 

<center>(With Selected Biographical Notes)</center>}}

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Acts, clerical and lay''', from the Chronicles of Baronius, collected in old monasteries: translated from the Polish and printed in the metropolis of Moscow, in the year of the Lord, 1791. No further information available.

'''Addison, Joseph (1672-1719)'''. Passage has not been identified.

'''Aeschylus (525-456 b.c.)'''. *Choephorae.—*Prometheus Bound. Loeb Classical Library.

'''Alipili'''. This is most likely a pseudonym, and the only work known under that name is: Centrum naturae concentratum: or, the salt of nature regenerated. Improperly called the philosopher’s stone. Written in Arabik by A., a Mauritanian, published in Low Dutch, and now done into English (by E. Price). London, 1696, 12°. It may be consulted in the British Museum (1033.d. 18.4.).

'''Allen, Grant''' (pseud, of James Grant Wilson, 1832-1914).

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Amagandha Sutta'''. Second Sutta of the Cula-vagga of the Sutta-Nipata, preached by the Buddha to the Brahmana Amagandha suffering from jaundice (panduroga), as a result of not eating fish and meat. The Buddha said that amagandha is neither fish nor meat, but lust and sinful desires.

'''Amélineau, M. E'''., *Essai sur Ie gnosticisme égyptien, ses développements et son origine égyptienne, in Annales du Musée Guimet, Vol. XIV, Paris, 1887.

'''Anderson, Dr. James (1680-1739)'''. *The Book of Constitutions for Freemasons, London, 1723.

'''Anstey, E'''. (pseud, of Thomas Anstey Guthrie). *A Fallen Idol. New York: J. W. Lovell Co., 1866.

'''Apollonius Rhodius'''. Greek epic poet and grammarian of Alexandria who flourished under the Ptolemies Philopator and Epiphanes (222181 b.c.). Pupil of Callimachus. In his youth, composed the Argo- nautica, an epic in four books on the legend of the Argonauts, a work which was highly esteemed by the Romans and was imitated by several, including Virgil. Apollonius was most of his life librarian of the museum. Text and English translation may be found in the Loeb Classical Library.

'''Apuleius, Lucius''' (b. 125 a.d. ?). *Metamorphoses (Golden Ass). Loeb Classical Library.

'''Aratus'''. Greek didactic poet of the third century B.C., contemporary with Aristarchus of Samos and Theocritus. Native of Soli in Cilicia; was invited to the court of Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, where he spent the latter part of his life. His chief pursuits were physics, grammar and philosophy. His two poetic works, *Phainomena and Diosêmeia, treat of astronomy and weather; in the first one there occurs the passage quoted by St. Paul in his address to the Athenians (Acts, xvii, 28), Aratus drew a great deal from Eudoxus’ writings of a century earlier, and his astronomical knowledge seems to be rather weak. In spite of this he became very popular in both the Grecian and Roman world, to judge by the number of commentaries and Latin translations.

'''Aristides, P. Aelius'''. Sumamed Theodorus. One of the most celebrated Greek rhetoricians of the second century after Christ, b. at Adriani in Mysia, the son of Eudaemon, a priest of Zeus. Travelled extensively and resided for many years in Smyrna. His eloquence brought him a great many honors, and he had considerable influence with the emperor Marcus Aurelius. We have from him some fifty or more orations and several treatises on various subjects. In some of his orations there are many accounts respecting the cure of the sick in temples by means which suggest a knowledge of mesmeric forces.

'''Aristophanes (4487-380? b.c.)'''. *Ranae (Frogs). Loeb Class. Library.

'''Aristotle (384-322 b.c.)'''. * Metaphysics. Loeb Classical Library.

'''Arrianus, Flavius (2nd cent.)'''. *Anabasis of Alexander. Loeb Class. Library. Vide Vol. V, pp. 369-70, for further data regarding the author and his works.

'''Ashmole, Elias'''. British antiquarian, b. at Lichfield, May 3, 1617; d. May 18, 1692. He was the son of a saddler. Became a solicitor, 1638, and was appointed commissioner of excise, 1644; later was commissioned captain of horse. He was a high favorite at the court of Charles II; was made Windsor herald, comptroller, and accountantgeneral of excise, commissioner for Surinam and comptroller of the White Office; was nominated for the office of Garter king-of-arms, but declined in favor of Sir William Dugdale, whose daughter he married after the death of his second wife. In 1677, he presented to the Univ, of Oxford the first public collection of curiosities in the kingdom, which became the Ashmolean Museum, further enriched after Ashmole’s death. One of the chief interests of his life was heraldry and antiquarian research, some of the results of which were embodied in his great work entitled The Institution, Laws and Ceremonies of the most noble Order of the Garter (London, 1672).

A less known side of his character was his profound interest in astrology, alchemy and mystical lore. It is probable that this interest was aroused by Sir George Wharton and the famous astrologer William Lilly. From the methodical diaries kept by Ashmole himself, we leam that he was associated with various astrologers, kabalists, Rosicrucians, alchemists and early Freemasons, although his entries in the diary are couched in cautious language and suggest more than they actually give out. According to one of the entries, namely, Jan. 13, 1653, it would appear that “Father” Backhouse, an obscure alchemist, communicated to Ashmole as a legacy “in syllables, the true matter of the Philosophers’ Stone.” This circumstance is most likely related to the fact that Ashmole published anonymously a work entitled Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum (London, 1652), and some five years later made public the works of an anonymous adept under the title of The Way to Bliss. In the preface to this work, the true author is spoken of as an Englishman, one of the “Anonymi.” The work also speaks of “a Nation of Wise-men” whose description reminds us of the Adepts and Initiates of the Theosophical tradition.

Ashmole was also a leading member of the Society of Astrologers who met at Masons’ Hall. On October 16, 1646, he was initiated a Freemason at Warrington, Lancashire. This fact has been considered {{Page aside|566}}for a long time as an important Masonic landmark, and Ashmole has been spoken of as the first gentleman not associated with the building arts to be accepted into the Craft. Writing about Ashmole, H.P.B. says (Isis Unveiled, Vol. II, p. 349):

“Who was, in fact, the first operative Mason of any consequence? Elias Ashmole, the last of the Rosicrucians and alchemists. Admitted to the freedom of the Operative Masons’ Company in London, in 1646, he died in 1692. At that time Masonry was not what it became later; it was neither a political nor a Christian institution, but a true secret organization, which admitted into the ties of fellowship all men anxious to obtain the priceless boon of liberty of conscience and avoid clerical persecution ...”

'''Athenagoras'''. Christian apologist and philosopher of the 2nd century A.D., believed to have been a native of Athens. His principal work is the Apology (text in Migne, PCC, Ser. Gr.-Lat., Vol. VI; Engl. tr. in ANF) addressed to the Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Commodus, in which he refutes a number of accusations against the Christians. He also wrote a discourse on the resurrection of the body. His theology is strongly tinged with Platonism.

'''Augustine, Saint''' (Aurelius Augustinus, 354-430). *Contra epistolam Manichaei quam vocant fundamenti (Against the Epistle of Manichaeus called fundamental). Migne, PCC, Series Latina, Vol. 42; Engl. tr. in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Ser., Vol. IV.

'''Bacon, Roger (1214-1294)'''. *De mirabili potestate artis et naturae, 1256-57, a work usually spoken of as Treatise on the Admirable Force of Art and of Nature. Transl. into English by L. Davis. Easton, Penna.: The Chemical Publ. Co., 1923.

'''Baronius, Caesar'''. Italian ecclesiastical historian, b. at Sora, 1538; d. 1607. Educated at Veroli and Naples. Joined Oratory at Rome, 1557, and became superior in 1593. In 1596 he became Cardinal and librarian to the Vatican. Nearly elected Pope but opposed by Spain for his work On the Monarchy of Sicily. His chief work, however, is the Series known as the *Annales Ecclesiastici in twelve folios (15881607). In spite of some errors, especially in Greek history, this work is an honest one. The Annales end with the year 1198. They were continued by Rinaldi (9 Vols., 1676-77), by Laderchi (3 Vols., 1728-37), and by Theiner (3 Vols., 1856). The most useful edition is that of Mansi (38 Vols., Lucca, 1738-59).

See also under Acts, etc.

'''Bastian, Adolph'''. German ethnologist, b. at Bremen, June 26, 1826; d. 1905; educated as a physician, but from early years devoted himself to travel. Going to Australia as surgeon on a vessel, he had visited every part of the world before his return in 1859. Started in 1861 on an expedition to the Far East, which lasted five years. Upon his return, he commenced the publication of his great work, Die Völker des Östlichen Asien (Leipzig: 0. Wiegand, 1866-71), an immense storehouse of facts. Became professor of ethnology at the Univ, of Berlin and keeper of the ethnological museum; succeeded R. Virchow as Pres, of the Berlin Anthropol. Soc., and encouraged German colonialization of Africa. He later undertook further travels in Africa, So. America and India, reporting the results of his observations in a number of papers. He was co-editor, with Virchow and R. von Hartmann, of the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. Other works: Der Mensch in der Geshichte, Leipzig, 1860, 3 Vols. — Ethnologische Forschungen, 1871-73. — Die Kulturländer des alten Amerika, Berlin, 1878-89. — Der Buddhismus in seiner Psychologie, 1881. — “Spiritisten und Theosophen,” in Deutsche Revue, Breslau, Oct., 1885, pp. 77-90.

'''Bellarmino, Roberto Francesco Romolo'''. Italian cardinal and theologian, b. at Monte Pulciano, Tuscany, Oct. 4. 1542 ; d. at Rome, Sept. 17, 1621. Entered the Society of Jesus, 1560; studied theology at Padua, 1567-68; ordained priest, 1570, and began to lecture on theology at Louvain. In 1576, having returned to Rome, he was chosen by Gregory XIII to lecture on the same subject in the new Roman college. His lectures appeared in the famous work, Disputationum de controversiis Christianae Fidei adversus huius temporis Haereticos (3 Vols., 1581, 1582, 1593; Venice, 1721) ; which aroused considerable controversy from the Protestant side. He was made cardinal, 1599, and archbishop of Capua, 1601. There existed between him and Galileo a bond of mutual respect and friendship. Bellarmino’s life was a model of Christian virtue, and he ranks very high among Catholic controversialists. His devotional treatises were very popular among English Catholics. The main source of his life is his Latin Autobiography (Rome, 1675; Louvain, 1753). His Complete Works in eight volumes appeared at Naples (1856-62, repr. 1872), and in twelve volumes at Paris (1870-74). His essay entitled *De ecclesia triumphante is part of the Disputationum, etc., being in the 2nd volume thereof.

'''Berthelot, Marcellin Pierre Eugène (1827-1907)'''. *La Synthèse chimique. Paris: G. Baillière, 1876, 8vo.

'''Besant, Annie (1847-1933)'''. *JFAy I became a Theosophist, July, 1889; 3rd ed., 1891.

'''Boerhaave, Hermann'''. Dutch physician and famous professor of medicine, b. at Voorhout, near Leyden, Dec. 31, 1668; d. at Leyden, Sept. 23, 1738. Graduated in philosophy at Leyden and in medicine at Harderwyck. Became rector of the Leyden Univ., and taught there most of his life, his genius raising the fame of the university to new heights. When Peter the Great went to Holland, 1715, to instruct himself in maritime affairs, he also took lessons from Boerhaave. Chief works: Institutiones medicae, Leyden, 1708; Elementa chemiae, Paris, 1724.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Book of Numbers, Chaldean'''. Unavailable. Original source of the Zohar and other Kabalistic works. According to H.P.B., there are only two or three copies of it extant and these are in private hands.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Book of the Dead'''. Consult Bio-Bibliographical Index of Volume X in the present Series, for comprehensive information concerning the nature of this title and the various editions of the text.

'''Borrichius, Olaus'''. Danish chemist and philologist, b. at Borchen, Jutland, April 26, 1626; d. Oct. 3, 1690. His father was a preacher. Distinguished himself as a teacher at Copenhagen and engaged in the study of medicine. Spent a number of years in widespread journeys, while engaged in studies, visiting and staying in Hamburg, in various parts of Holland and at Paris. After graduating as a physician at Angers, France, travelled through Italy, staying for two years at Rome. Returned to his native country, 1666, and was appointed Court Physician. During his travels, he became the friend of numerous scholars who held him in high esteem. He remained single and willed his considerable estate for the benefit of poor students to help them in their studies.

'''Brugsch-Bey, Heinrich Karl'''. German Egyptologist, b. in Berlin, Feb. 18, 1827; d. 1894. Started very early egyptological studies, publishing Scriptura Aegyptiorum demotica, Berlin, 1848. Went to Egypt, 1853; upon returning, became privat-docent at Univ, of Berlin. Went to Egypt again, 1857-58; then to Persia on official business. Was Consul in Cairo, 1864-68; Prof, at Göttingen, 1868-70. In the latter year, was asked to direct the School of Egyptology founded in Cairo. Was Commissioner General of the Egyptian Government at Vienna and Philadelphia exhibitions, 1873 and 1876; received, 1881, the title of Pasha. Founded, 1863, the Zeitschrift für Aegyptische Sprache und {{Page aside|569}}Altertumskunde. Chief Works: Geschichte Aegypten’s under den Pharaonen. Leipzig, 1877, 1878; Engl. tr. by P. Smith, 2nd ed., London, 1881. — Thesaurus inscriptionum aegyptiacarum. Leipzig, 1883-91, 6 Vols.

'''Burgoyne, T. H.''', *The Light of Egypt or the Science of the Soul and the Stars; publ. anonymously; Chicago: Religio-Philosophical Publ. House, 1889. 292 pp.

'''Burritt, Elihu'''. Called “the Learned Blacksmith.” American reformer, b. in New Britain, Conn., Dec. 8, 1811; d. Meh. 7, 1879. Son of a shoemaker; educated in the common school of his native town; at age 16 was apprenticed to a blacksmith. Had a great desire to read the Scriptures in their original language, which led him to philological studies in the intervals of labor; showed unusual diligence and remarkable faculties, learning rapidly. Removed to Worcester to take advantage of the Library of the Antiquarian Society. Still plying his trade, edited, 1844-51, the Christian Citizen, advocating abolishment of slavery, temperance and self-culture. Went to Europe, 1846-51, and established in England the League of Universal Brotherhood, publishing the Peace Advocate and Bond of Brotherhood. It was through his efforts that the Brussels Peace Congress was held in 1848. In 1852, he founded in Philadelphia the Citizen of the World, to promote the emancipation cause. Served, 1865-70, as United States Consul in Birmingham, England. Works: Sparks from the Anvil, 1848. — Ten Minutes Talks, 1873. — Chips from Many Blocks, 1878.

Consult: Curli, Merle E., The Learned Blacksmith: The Letters and Journals of Elihu Burritt, New York, 1937.

'''Byron, George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron (1788-1824)'''. *Don Juan, 1818-23, unfinished. — *The Island.

'''Caine, William Sproston'''. English politician and temperance advocate, b. at Egremont, Wallacey, Chechire, March 26, 1842; d. of heart failure, March 17, 1903. Educated privately. Entered as partner in his father’s business; early bent for preaching and philanthropy, but mainly absorbed in temperance movement in Liverpool. Upon being elected to Parliament, urged his views on temperance; joined the new party of “Liberal Unionists” which became known as “Brand of Caine.” The native population of India engaged his sympathies, and he severely criticized British methods of government, esp. the encouragement of liquor and opium trade. Visited India, 1890, as delegate to Indian National Congress at Calcutta, and contributed to {{Page aside|570}}the Pall Mall Gazette a series of letters called *“Young India” which ably advocated large measures of self-government. He was a man of great courage, high ethical ideals and lively sense of humour, though often abrupt in speech. His two main works are: A Trip Round the World in 1887-88, and Picturesque India, a Handbook of European Travellers, London and New York, 1890.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Cathechism of the Gupta-Vidyâ'''. Untraced; most likely an esoteric work that is unavailable.

'''Chaho, J.-Augustin'''. French writer, b. at Tardets (Basses-Pyrénées), 1811; d. in 1858. Travelled a great deal in Spain, and studied deeply the language and the literature of the Basques. Chief works: *Philosophie des religions comparées, Bayonne, 1846-48, 2 vols. 8vo. — Histoire primitive des Euskariens-Basques, langue, poésie, moeurs et caractère de ce peuple, Bayonne, 1847. 8vo. — Dictionnaire français-basque-espagnol et latin (unfinished), 1856. 4to.

'''Chevreul, Michel Eugène'''. French chemist, b. at Angers, August 31, 1786, where his father was a physician; d. at Paris, April 9, 1889, being 103 years of age. At 17, went to Paris and entered the Vauquelin chemical laboratory; became assistant at the natural history museum in the famous Jardin des Plantes. Prof, of chemistry at the Lycée Charlemagne, 1813. Subsequently undertook the directorship of the Gobelins tapestry works. In 1826, became member of the Academy of Sciences and a foreign member of the Royal Society of London. Succeeded his master, Vauquelin, as professor of organic chemistry in the natural history museum, 1830, and became its director (186079). His chief researches were on the subject of animal fats which led to new methods in the manufacture of soap and candles.

'''Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 b.c.)'''. *De natura Deorum.—*Oratio pro Flacco. — *De legibus. — *De divinatione. Text and parallel Engl, transl. in Loeb Class. Library.

'''Clement Alexandrinus (Titus Flavius Clemens, 150?-220? a.d.)'''. Strômateis or Stromata (Miscellanies). Standard ed. of collected works is the one of O. Stâhlin (Leipzig, 1905). H.P.B. frequently uses the ed. of John Potter, Bishop of Oxford, and later Archbishop of Canterbury, Clementis . . . opera quae extant, etc. (Greek and Latin), 1715 and 1757 fol. 2 vols. — Engl. tr. in Ante-Nicene Fathers Series.

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Conversations Lexicon.

'''Cory, I. P. (1802-42)'''. *Ancient Fragments, etc. London: Wm. Pickering, 1828, 8vo.; 2nd ed., 1832; lix, 361 pp. Greek, Latin and English texts; the most valuable edition.

'''Coryn, Dr. Herbert A. W. (1863-1927)'''. Vide biographical sketch in Volume IX of the present Series.

'''Coues, Elliott'''. *Kuthumi, etc. See p. 315, footnote for data.

'''Crawford, J. M'''., *The Kalevala, the Epic Poem of Finland. Translated into English verse. New York; J. B. Alden, 1888, 2 vols. 8vo.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Cullavagga'''. Second Section of the Khandhakas, or second main division of the V inaya-Pitaka. SBE, Vols. XVII and XX.

'''Decharme, Paul (1839-1905)'''. *Mythcilogie de la Grece antique. Paris: Gamier freres, 1879, 8vo, xxxv, 644 pp.; 2nd rev. and corr. ed., ibid., 1886. See Vol. VIII, p. 435 of this Series for other data about him.

'''Dexiphanes'''. Vide Sostratus the Cnidian.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Dhammapada'''. In the Khuddaka-Nikaya of the Sutta-Pitaka. SBE, Vol. X.

'''Dick, Frederick J. (1856-1927)'''. Civil engineer by profession, a member of the Institute of Civil Engineers, and for some years Head of the Harbors and Lighthouse Board for Ireland, and Inspector of Harbors. Joined the Theosophical Society in Dublin in 1888, and soon became a personal pupil of H. P. Blavatsky. While in Ireland, he was Secretary of the Dublin Lodge of the T.S. and editor of The Irish Theosophist. He was greatly interested in the Gaelic Movement, the aim of which was to revive the spirit and knowledge of Irish antiquity. This spiritual effort was started in the Dublin Lodge and involved such men as W. B. Yeats, Charles Johnston, John Eglinton, Charles Weeks, George W. Russell (AE), Robert E. Coates and others.

Professor Dick came to the Theosophical Headquarters at Point Loma, California, in 1905, and soon became one of its outstanding workers. He was a mathematical astronomer of unusual qualifications, and a capable commentator on the subject of the Mayan calendar and chronology. For many years he wrote important essays for The Theosophical Path published at Point Loma, and also became an authority on meteorology and earthquakes. On mystical and philosophical subjects, he was a lucid and profound writer.

For many years he was engaged in editorial work connected with new editions of both Isis Unveiled and The Secret Doctrine. The Third and Revised Point Loma edition (1919) of Isis Unveiled, and the Third Point Loma edition (1925) of The Secret Doctrine, embody a great many corrections of quoted material and references which lacked accuracy in the original editions of these works; they were laboriously checked by Prof. Dick’s untiring efforts.

Mention should also be made of Prof. Dick’s important Essays published as Papers of The School of Antiquity at Point Loma, and which bear the titles of: Notes on Peruvian Antiquities; Ancient Astronomy in Egypt, and its Significance; Neglected Fundamentals of Geometry; Maya Chronology (I and II).

'''Dickens, Charles John Hufam (1812-70)'''. *Martin Chuzzlewit, novel, 1843-44.

'''Duchoul, Guillaume''' (Lat. Caulius). Noted French antiquary, bom at Lyon in the XVIth century in a distinguished family, and was named bailli of the mountains of Dauphiné, a post which he retained until his death, the year of which is unknown. He lived at Lyon in a house situated on the Gourguillon Hill, in the vicinity of which a great many finds were made of ancient coins and other objects. Duchoul bought many of these and became greatly interested in the subject. He travelled in Italy and established relations with some of the most learned antiquaries of the day. He published the result of his findings in a work entitled *Discours sur la castramétation et discipline militaire des Romains, Lyon, 1555, fol., which was almost immediately followed by another one entitled *Discours sur la religion des anciens Romains, Lyon, 1556, fol. Both of these works complement each other. They have been republished at Lyon, 1567,1581, 4to; and at Wesel, 1672, 4to, and 1731; and have been transl. into Italian, Latin and Spanish. La Croix du Maine ascribed to Duchoul some twelve works on the antiquities of Rome and Gaul.

'''Edkins, Rev. Joseph (1823-1905)''', *Chinese Buddhism: a volume of Sketches, historical, descriptive and critical, 2nd. ed., rev. London: K. Paul, Triibner & Co., 1893.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Encheiridion of the Alchemists, 1672'''. No information.

'''Epictetus (60?-120? a.d.)''', *Dissertationum Epicteti digestarum ab Arriano primum librum (Arrian’s Discourses of Epictetus). Loeb Class. Library. — Also the ed. of J. Schweighäuser, Leipzig, 17991800, 6 vols.

'''Espagnet, Jean d’'''. French magistrate and alchemist of the first half of the seventeenth century. He was president of the Bordeaux Parliament and distinguished himself by his integrity. Fought the abuses of the Fronde as well as the evils of witchcraft. He is considered one of the most outstanding representatives of the Hermetic Philosophy of the time. His chief work is the Enchiridion physicae restitutae (Paris: Nicolas Buon, 1623. 8vo.) which outlines the physical theory upon which is based the transmutation of metals, the philosophy of the Alexandrian School, and the teachings concerning the three worlds: elemental, celestial and archetypal. This work went through a considerable number of editions (Paris, 1638, 1642, 1650; Rouen, 1647, 1658; Geneva, 1653, 1673; Kiel, 1718; Tübingen, 1728, with a Commentary by Hanneman). It was translated into French by Jean Bachon, as La philosophic naturelle restablie en sa purete (Paris: Edme Pepingue, 1651. 8vo.; reprinted in the Bibliotheca chimica of Albineus, and in the Chimica curiosa of Manget). Espagnet also wrote a work entitled Arcanum philosophiae hermeticae containing rules for the practice of the Great Work.

'''Eusebius Pamphili (260?-340?)''', *De vita Constantini (Life of Constantine). Text in Migne, PCC, Ser. Gr.; Engl. tr. in Nicene and Post- Piicene Fathers. The work contains four books.

'''Euraeneus Philaletha Cosmopolita'''. There is a great deal of uncertainty about the identity of this student of the occult. He is at times taken to be George Starkey (or Storkey, or Stork), who died ca. 1665. The Dictionary of National Biography distinguishes between Starkey and Eirenaeus Philoponus Philalethes (b. ca. 1622). Whatever the truth may be, the title of the work quoted is: *Secrets Revealed: or an open entrance to the Shut Palace of the King. Containing the greatest treasure in Chymistry, never yet so plainly discovered. Published by Wm. Cooper, Esq., London, 1669, 8vo.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Fa-hua-Ching or Sutra''' of the Lotus of the Good Law, also known as the Saddharma-pundarika, is the favorite book of the T’ien-t’ai School of Buddhism. It is one of the Canonical Books of the Nepalese, the standard classic of the Lotus School. Its Japanese title is Hokekyo. It {{Page aside|574}}was written in India most likely in the second century a.d., and teaches the identification of the historical Buddha with the transcendental Buddha existing from the beginning of this age, his appearance in the phenomenal world being only a skilful device (upaya) adopted to preach the Dharma to mankind. See abridged version by Soothill from the Chinese, Oxford, 1930.

'''Fauchet, Claude'''. French magistrate and historian, b. in Paris, about 1529-30; d. about 1601. Very little is known of his early life. Lived at Marseilles and gathered a very valuable collection of books and manuscripts which were partially destroyed in a popular uprising. Was for a time secretary to the Cardinal of Toumon, ambassador to Italy, who sent him several times on missions to the French Court. His character and abilities were appreciated, and he became president of the Cour des Monnais. Engaged for many years in research into the antiquities of France. Need of money made him sell his position to pay his debts, 1599. At first ridiculed by Henry IV, he was later appointed historiographer. He proved himself to be an impartial historian, scrupulously careful; his works contain facts not found elsewhere. His chief literary production is: *Les Antiquitez Gauloises et Francoises . . . contenans les choses advenues en Gaule et en France, jusques en I’an sept cens cinquante et un, Paris, 1579, 2 Vols.; other volumes were added in 1599 and 1602. He also wrote a work entitled Origine des chevaliers, Paris, 1600, and translated Tacitus (1582).

'''Felix, M. Minucius''', *Octavius. Loeb Class. Library. See Vol. VII, p. 370, for inform, about him.

'''Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814)'''. Quotations from this German philosopher have not been identified.

'''Figulus, Publius Nigidius (ca. 98-45 b.c.)'''. Roman savant, next to Varro the most learned Roman of the age. Friend of Cicero whom he supported at the time of the Catilinarian conspiracy. In 58 he was praetor, sided with Pompey in the Civil War, was banished by Caesar and died in exile. According to Cicero, he tried to revive the doctrines of Pythagoras and was greatly interested in magic. Suetonius and Apuleius credit him with supernatural powers. In his work De diis, he examined cults, ceremonials, divination and dreams. His other work in many volumes is the Commentarii grammatici.

'''Foote, G. W'''., *Mrs. Besant’s Theosophy, ca. 1889. The author was Editor of The Freethinker.

'''Franck, Adolphe'''. French-Jewish philosopher and writer, b. at Liocourt, Oct. 9, 1809; d. at Paris, April 11, 1893. Obtained first a secular education under Marchand Ennery, hoping to become a rabbi; failing to win a rabbinical scholarship, tried medicine, but at length found his proper field in philosophy. Became agrégé of philosophy in 1832; taught successively at Douai, Nancy, Versailles, and, 1840, at the Collège Charlemagne in Paris. In the same year, began series of lectures at the Sorbonne. Appointed, 1842, assistant Curator of the Bibliothèque Royale. After a visit to Italy, 1843, began his principal work, Dictionnaire des sciences philosophiques (1844-52, 6 Vols. 8vo; new ed., 1875; 3rd impr., 1885). Elected member of the Institut de France, 1844, for his Esquisse d’une histoire de la logique and his remarkable and important work entitled *La Kabbale, ou philosophie religieuse des Hébreux (Paris; Hachette, 1843. 8vo., iv, 412; 2nd ed., 1889. 8vo., vi, 314; 3rd ed., 1892; German transi, by A. Jellinek, Leipzig: H. Hunger, 1844. 8vo., xvi, 296).

Resuming his work at the Sorbonne, 1847, Franck started a course in social philosophy, and was soon asked by Barthélemy St.-Hilaire to take his place at the Collège de France. Affected by the political turmoil of the time, he became unsuccessful candidate for the deputyship of the Department of Meurthe. In 1856, became incumbant of the chair of natural and civil law, a position he held for thirty years. Franck also became president of the Anti-Atheist League, and took deep interest in the Society for the translation of the Scriptures, joining at its inauguration in 1866. He founded the journal Paix Sociale, wrote for the Journal des Débats, was one of the editors of the Journal des Savants, and contributed for some fifty years to the Archives Israélites. A patron of the Société des Études Juives, he became its president in 1888. He also served as representative of Judaism at the Conseil Supérieur de l’instruction Publique, resigning in 1874. He was one of the founders and presidents of the Ligue de la Paix. Franck’s scholarly work was early recognized, and he became Commander of the Légion d’Honneur in 1869. The revolution of 1870 prevented him from reaching the Senate, a position to which the emperor had wished to elevate him.

Other works: Paracelse et l’Alchimie au XVJme Siècle, Vaugirard, 1855; 2nd ed., 1875. — La Philosophie Mystique en France à la fin du XVIIIme Siècle: Saint Martin et son maître Martinez Pasqualis. Paris: G. Baillère, 1866, 228 pp. — Philosophie et Religion, Paris : Didier, 1867, xv, 451. — La Religion et la Science dans le Judaïsme, Versailles, 1883, 18 pp.

'''Geber or Jâbir (more fully Abû Mûsâ Jâbir ibn Hayyân)'''. Most celebrated alchemist of mediaeval times, bom at Tus (near the present {{Page aside|576}}Meshed) in 721 or 722 a.d. After the execution of his father for political reasons, he was sent to Arabia where he studied under Harbi at Himayari, and attached himself to the sixth Shi‘ite Imam, Ja‘Far al-Sâdiq, from whom he probably obtained his first knowledge of occultism, and allied sciences. He later joined the Sufi Order. Having become a friend of Hârûk-al-Rashîd’s powerful ministers the Marmakids, he shared their banishment from Baghdad, a.d. 803. Retiring to Kûfa, he spent the rest of his fife in obscurity, and is alleged to have been alive yet in 813 A.D.

Jâbir was a voluminous writer, and fortunately made a list of his works, which was reproduced in part by Ibn al-Nadîm (d. 385 a.d.) in his Kitâb al-Fihrist, a Muslim encyclopaedia of the 10th century A.D. Many of his works are still extant, nearly 100 having been reported as existing in MS. on native lithographs in various European, Indian and North African libraries. The reputation he acquired has never since been equalled in the history of chemistry. When, in the 12th and 13th centuries Islamic science was transmitted to Latin Christianity, the fame of Jâbir went with it, and some of his works were translated into Latin.

'''Girard, Paul'''. French lecturer and classical scholar, b. in Paris, 1852. Author of: *L’Asclépeion d’Athènes, d’après de récentes découvertes. Paris: Thorin, 1882, 8vo., 4 pl. This forms fasc. 23 in the Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome.

'''Godwin, William'''. *Lives of the Necromancers, 1834 & 1876.

'''Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)'''. Verses have not been identified.

'''Gregory I, the Great, Saint'''. Bom and died at Rome, ca. 540-604. Pope from 590 to 604. In early life withdrew from his civic post as prefect, to live as a Benedictine monk. Founded seven monasteries; later became deacon and, in 579, resident ambassador to the imperial court at Constantinople. After returning to the monastery for a period, he was chosen successor to Pelagius II, September, 590, during a critical time of panic, plague and floods. Although greatly inclined to the tranquility of monastic life, he accepted the challenge of his office and restored peace and order, bringing great political and social power to the Papacy. As a strict disciplinarian, he enforced the authority of Rome. Among his missionary enterprises, he dispatched Augustine to heathen England in 596, and made strenuous efforts to uproot paganism in Gaul, Italy, Sicily, etc. He protected the Jews {{Page aside|577}}and secured for them legal privileges. His Life of St. Benedict (Engl, tr., ed. by H. Coleridge, 1874) was devoted to the spread of Benedictine rule. Through his writings on Ezekiel and the Gospels, he won the reputation as one of the four classical Doctors of the Western Church. He is considered as the last of the great Latin Fathers and the first representative of mediaeval Catholicism. Most of his writings are included in Migne, Patrol. Lat., Vols. 75-79.

'''Gubernatis, Count G. A. de (1840-1913)'''. *Zoological Mythology, or the Legends of Animals. London: Triibner & Co., 1872. See Vol. VI, p. 437 in the present Series for data concerning him.

'''Gutzlaff, Carl F. A'''. *History of China. This work has not been definitely identified, but might be his Geschichte des Chinesischen Reiches, etc., Stuttgart, 1847, although the facts referred to have not been traced.

'''Guyon, Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Mothe'''. French quietist writer, b. at Montargis, April 13, 1648; d. near Blois, June 9, 1717. Attended various convent schools, and married, 1664, a rich invalid by the name of Guyon, who left her a considerable fortune. Her attraction towards the mystical life was due to a Father Lacombe, a Barnabite monk, whose reputation was none too good. They travelled together for some time in various French provinces, spreading their ideas. Lacombe was finally sent to the Bastille. Madame Guyon was arrested, 1688, but released through the efforts of the duchesse de Bethune, her old friend. Soon after, Mme. Guyon was introduced into the devout court-circle presided over by Mme. de Maintenon, and displayed there her eloquence. She was befriended by Fenelon. Her writings became a source of controversy and she appealed to Bossuet for a certificate of orthodoxy; although she obtained it, her relations with Bossuet became strained on account of her sudden departure without his leave; she was arrested and placed in the Bastille where she remained until 1703. She was set free on condition she would live on her son’s estate near Blois under the eye of a stem bishop. The rest of her life was spent in charitable and pious exercises. Her life and thoughts aroused in France and elsewhere both admiration and severe strictures. Her Complete Works appeared in 40 volumes in 1767-91.

'''Hammond, W. A. H. (1828-1900)'''. *“The Elixir of Life,” in North American Review, September, 1889. See Vol. I, pp. 465-66 of the present Series for data concerning him.

'''Hardy, Robert Spence (1803-68)'''. *A Manual of Buddhism, in its Modern Development, London, 1853; 2nd ed., 1880. See Vol. X of the present Series for biogr. data.

'''Haywood, Eliza (1693?-1756)''', *Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lunen-burgh, 1729.

'''Hesychius'''. See Vol. VIII, p. 458, for biogr. data.

'''Higgins, Godfrey (1773-1833)'''. See Vol. VII, pp. 458-59, for biographical data.

'''Hippolytus (d. ca. 230)'''. *Philosophumena (or Refutation of All Heresies). Text publ. by Miller (Oxford, 1851), Duncker and Schneidewin (Gottingen, 1859) and Cruice (Paris, 1860). Engl. tr. by Legge (1951). See Ante-Nicene Fathers.

'''Hughes, R'''. Passage untraced.

'''Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885)'''. Passage, quoted by a journal or newspaper, has not been identified.

'''Iamblichus''' (4th cent, a.d.), *Liber de mysteriis (Greek·. Peri musterion). Ed. with Latin transl. and notes by T. Gale, Oxford, 1678; and by G. Parthey, Berlin, 1857.—*Iamblichus on the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians. Transl. from the Greek by Thomas Taylor, Cheswick, 1821. Second ed., London: Theos. Publ. Society, 1895. — Theurgia or the Ancient Mysteries, by Iamblichus. Transl. by Dr. Alexander Wilder. New York: The Metaphysical Publ. Co., 1911. 283 pp.

'''Ibn Gebirol, Solomon ben Yehudah''' (known also as Avicebron). Jewish poet and philosopher, born in Malaga about 1021. He was educated at Saragossa, and died at Valencia, 1070. Wrote poems and hymns at the early age of sixteen, and a Hebrew grammar in verse at nineteen. While writing poetry in Hebrew, he produced profound philosophical works in Arabic. Occupied a first rank among the Jewish poets of the Middle Ages. In consequence of some personal allusions in one of his works, he was obliged to leave Saragossa, 1046, and to wander about Spain, until he obtained recognition and encouragement from Samuel Ibn Nagrela, also called Nagdilah, the Prime Minister of Moorish Spain, a great scholar himself. It was about 1050 that Ibn Gebirol wrote in Arabic his great philosophical work, the Me’qor ’Hayyim, or Fountain of Life, called in Latin De Materia Univer soli and Fons Vitae, which in reality is {{Page aside|579}}a Kabbalistic work. Among his hymns, the best known is the Kether Molkhuth or Crown of the Kingdom. The writings of Ibn Gebirol are of great importance to scholars of both Western and Oriental traditions, and throw a good deal of light upon the stream of Kabalistic thought and the secret teachings which several centuries later became embodied in the Zohar.