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Bjerregaard CHA - Sufism: Difference between revisions
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{{Page aside in Path|v=1|n=7|p=199}} | {{Page aside in Path|v=1|n=7|p=199}} | ||
''Zaous Abou Add er-Rahman'', of Persian origin, but born in Yemen, led the way. He had passed his early youth in the society of Zein el Abidin, the son of Hasan, and grandson of Ali, and the first of that family who in life and writing professed the mystical ideas and austere practices, which ever afterwards distinguished the race. Abou-Horeirah, the devoutest of Mohammed's own companions, and Ebn Abbas were also his masters. He took up his abode at Mecca, the centre of religious feeling, and soon Zaous' | ''Zaous Abou Add er-Rahman'', of Persian origin, but born in Yemen, led the way. He had passed his early youth in the society of Zein el Abidin, the son of Hasan, and grandson of Ali, and the first of that family who in life and writing professed the mystical ideas and austere practices, which ever afterwards distinguished the race. Abou-Horeirah, the devoutest of Mohammed's own companions, and Ebn Abbas were also his masters. He took up his abode at Mecca, the centre of religious feeling, and soon Zaous' {{Page aside in Path|v=1|n=7|p=200}}influence began to appear among the crowd of pilgrims from all parts of the Mohammedan empire; they began to imitate his long prayers, his fasts, and extreme poverty, and above all his open contempt for all worldly dignity and rank, and many adopted the peculiarity of his dress, the long and patched garment and the high woollen cap, both of which later became so characteristic of the Sufi. | ||
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influence began to appear among the crowd of pilgrims from all parts of the Mohammedan empire; they began to imitate his long prayers, his fasts, and extreme poverty, and above all his open contempt for all worldly dignity and rank, and many adopted the peculiarity of his dress, the long and patched garment and the high woollen cap, both of which later became so characteristic of the Sufi. | |||
One of his most distinguished followers was ''Hasan Yesar'', like Zaous, of Persian origin, but born in Arabia, in Medinah. Having received his liberty (he was born after his mother had become a slave of Omm Salma, one of the numerous wives of the Prophet), he retired to Basra, on the Persian Gulf, a town known for its attachment to the family of Ali and their doctrines, and henceforth a stronghold of the ascetic sect. His life proved the truth and strength of his doctrines, and Basra was now their head-quarters. | One of his most distinguished followers was ''Hasan Yesar'', like Zaous, of Persian origin, but born in Arabia, in Medinah. Having received his liberty (he was born after his mother had become a slave of Omm Salma, one of the numerous wives of the Prophet), he retired to Basra, on the Persian Gulf, a town known for its attachment to the family of Ali and their doctrines, and henceforth a stronghold of the ascetic sect. His life proved the truth and strength of his doctrines, and Basra was now their head-quarters. | ||
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According to A. Vambery, the ''Bektashi'', ''Mevlevi'', and ''Rufai'' orders are principally found in Turkey; the ''Kadrie'' and ''Djelali'' in Arabia; the ''Oveisi'' and the ''Nurbakhchi Nimetullahi'' in Persia; the ''Khilali'' and ''Zahibi'' in India, and the ''Nakishbendi'' and ''Sofi'' (a recent order) in Central Asia. | According to A. Vambery, the ''Bektashi'', ''Mevlevi'', and ''Rufai'' orders are principally found in Turkey; the ''Kadrie'' and ''Djelali'' in Arabia; the ''Oveisi'' and the ''Nurbakhchi Nimetullahi'' in Persia; the ''Khilali'' and ''Zahibi'' in India, and the ''Nakishbendi'' and ''Sofi'' (a recent order) in Central Asia. | ||
According to Th. P. Hughes<ref>Notes on Mohammedanism.</ref> the following are the chief orders of Faqirs met with in North India: (1) The ''Naqshbandia'', the followers of Khwajah Pir Mohammed Naqshband, and are a very numerous sect; they usually perform the Zikr-i-Khafi<ref>The Zikrs will be described in next number of The Path.</ref> or the silent devotion. (2) The ''Qadiria'' | According to Th. P. Hughes<ref>Notes on Mohammedanism.</ref> the following are the chief orders of Faqirs met with in North India: (1) The ''Naqshbandia'', the followers of Khwajah Pir Mohammed Naqshband, and are a very numerous sect; they usually perform the Zikr-i-Khafi<ref>The Zikrs will be described in next number of The Path.</ref> or the silent devotion. (2) The ''Qadiria'' {{Page aside in Path|v=1|n=7|p=206}}sprung from the celebrated Sayyid Abdul Qadir, surnamed Pir Dustagir, whose shrine is at Bagdad. They practice both forms of the Zikr. Most of the Sunni Moulavis of the north-west frontier of India are members of this order. In Egypt it is most popular among the fishermen, who are followers of Banda Nawaz, whose shrine is at Calburgah; they are partial to vocal music, for the founder of the order remarked, that singing was the food and support of the soul. They perform the Zikr-i-Jali. (4) The ''Jalalia'' founded by Sayyid Jalal-ud-din of Bokhara; they are met with in Central Asia. Religious mendicants are often of this order. (5) The ''Sarwardia'' are popular in Afganistan and comprise many learned men. They are the followers of Hasan Bisri of Basra, near Bagdad. These five are all ba-Shara Faqirs. | ||
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sprung from the celebrated Sayyid Abdul Qadir, surnamed Pir Dustagir, whose shrine is at Bagdad. They practice both forms of the Zikr. Most of the Sunni Moulavis of the north-west frontier of India are members of this order. In Egypt it is most popular among the fishermen, who are followers of Banda Nawaz, whose shrine is at Calburgah; they are partial to vocal music, for the founder of the order remarked, that singing was the food and support of the soul. They perform the Zikr-i-Jali. (4) The ''Jalalia'' founded by Sayyid Jalal-ud-din of Bokhara; they are met with in Central Asia. Religious mendicants are often of this order. (5) The ''Sarwardia'' are popular in Afganistan and comprise many learned men. They are the followers of Hasan Bisri of Basra, near Bagdad. These five are all ba-Shara Faqirs. | |||
The be-Shara Faqirs are very numerous. The most popular order is that of the ''Mudaria'', founded by Zinda Shah Murdar of Syria, whose shrine is at Mukanpur, in Oudh. From these have sprung the ''Malang'' Faqirs who crowd the bazaars of India. They wear their hair matted or tied in a knot. The ''Rafia'' order is also a numerous one in some parts of India. They practice the most severe discipline and mortify themselves by scourging. | The be-Shara Faqirs are very numerous. The most popular order is that of the ''Mudaria'', founded by Zinda Shah Murdar of Syria, whose shrine is at Mukanpur, in Oudh. From these have sprung the ''Malang'' Faqirs who crowd the bazaars of India. They wear their hair matted or tied in a knot. The ''Rafia'' order is also a numerous one in some parts of India. They practice the most severe discipline and mortify themselves by scourging. | ||