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'''Chaney, W. H'''. American astrologer, b. near Augusta, Maine, Jan. 13, 1821. He was a Government surveyor, district attorney in {{Page aside|501}}Iowa and Maine, and a newspaper editor. Being very proficient in mathematics, he specialized in Primary Directions and worked out Ephemerides for a number of years prior to his time. He wrote a Primer of Astrology, now a collector’s item, largely forgotten by present-day students.
'''Chaney, W. H'''. American astrologer, b. near Augusta, Maine, Jan. 13, 1821. He was a Government surveyor, district attorney in {{Page aside|501}}Iowa and Maine, and a newspaper editor. Being very proficient in mathematics, he specialized in Primary Directions and worked out Ephemerides for a number of years prior to his time. He wrote a Primer of Astrology, now a collector’s item, largely forgotten by present-day students.
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'''Clement Alexandrinus''', *Stromateis. See Vol. VIII, p. 423.
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'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Codex Nazaraeus “Liber Adami” appelatus Syriace transcriptus'''. Transi, into Latin by M. Norberg. London, 1815, 16, 4to; 3 vols. Text transcribed into Syrian characters, and the Mandaean dialect of the original is mostly transcribed into High Syrian. Very scarce.
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'''Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772-1834)'''. *Kubla Khan, 1816.
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'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Commentary of the Sephiroth'''. Not definitely identified.
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'''Confucius (550-478 B.C.)'''. *Praise of the Abyss. This refers to the ancient Chinese ideographic Scripture, the Yi Ching. There is a Commentary to it called The Ten Wings (Shih Yi) and reputed to be by Confucius. In Chapter III of this Commentary, § 11, there is a poem on the “Abyss,” which refers to the 29th Sign of the Yi Ching. Consult the German transi, of the latter by Richard Wilhelm or the Engl. tr. by Legge in the Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XVI.
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'''Coquerel, Athanase Josue'''. French Protestant divine, b. at Amsterdam, June 16, 1820; d. at Fismes (Marne), July 24, 1875. Studied theology at Geneva and Strasburg. Succeeded uncle as editor of Le Lien until 1870. Helped, 1852, to establish the Nouvelle Revue de théologie, the first of its kind in France. Gained high reputation as preacher and advocate of religious freedom, offending thereby the orthodox party. Upon publishing an article on Renan’s Vie de Jésus, 1864, he was forbidden by the Paris Consistory to continue in ministry. Supported by the Union Protestante Libérale, he continued preaching. Chief works: Précis de F église réformée, 1862.—Le Catholicisme et le Protestantisme, etc., 1864.—Libres études, 1867.—La Conscience et la foi, 1867.
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'''Crookes, Sir William (1832-1919)'''. *Researches in the Phenomena of Spiritualism. Repr. from the Quarterly Journal of Science. London: J. Burns, 1874; also Rochester, N. Y.: The Austin Publishing Co., 1904.
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'''Csoma de Koros, Alexander (Sandor) (1784-1842)'''. See Appendix to VoL I, p. 372, for biographical data.
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'''Dayananda Sarasvati (1825-1888)'''. *Rig-Vedadi-Bhdshya-Bhumika. Introduction to the Commentary on the Vedas. Transl. by Ghasi Ram. Meerut, 1925; pp. xii, 507.
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'''Denton, William (1823-1883) and Elizabeth M'''. Foote Denton. *The Soul of Things, or, Psychometric Researches and Discoveries. 3rd rev. ed., Boston: Walker, Wise & Co., 1866, pp. viii, 370.
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'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Desatir'''. Attributed to Muhsin-Fani. The Desatir or Sacred Writings of the Ancient Persian Prophets. With English transl. and Comm., Bombay, 1818, 2 vols.; also transl. by Mulla Firuz Ben Kaus. Rpr. of 1888 ed. by Wizards Bookshelf, San Diego, 1975.
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'''Dialectical Society'''. *Report on Spiritualism, of the Committee of the London Dialectical Society, together with the evidence . . . and a collection from the correspondence. London, 1871, pp. xi, 412.
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'''Dixon, Jacob'''. *Hygienic Clairvoyance. London, 1859; 2nd ed., 1863.
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'''Draper, John William'''. American scientist and author, b. at St. Helens, May 5, 1811; d. at Hastings, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1882. Educated at Univ, of London and Univ, of Pennsylvania where he attended the Medical School, 1835-36. Elected to medical professorship in New York Univ, where he also taught chemistry for many years. Greatly interested in photo-chemistry, he improved Daguerre’s process and was among the first to take portraits by light. Draper was responsible in great measure for the prominence of New York city as a center of medical education. Chief works: Treatise on Chemistry (1846).—History of the Intellectual Development of Europe (1863).—*History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (1874), a work greatly valued by H.P.B.
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'''Drummond, Sir William'''. English scholar and diplomatist, b. about 1770; d. at Rome, March 29, 1828. It is thought that he is the same individual as the William, son of John Drummond of Perth, who matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, Jan. 24, 1788. After serving in Parliament, he was sent, 1801, as envoy extraordinary to the court of Naples, and as ambassador to the Ottoman Porte. His diplomatic career ended in 1809, and he devoted the later part of his life to scholarly research. His two main works are: Origines, or Remarks on the Origin of several Empires, etc., 18241829, 4 vols.—*Oedipus Judaicus, printed for private circulation, London, 1811, 8vo. This work is an attempt to prove that many parts of the Old Testament are allegories, chiefly derived from astronomy—a trend of ideas well ahead of his day.
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'''Dryden, John (1631-1700)'''. *Fables, Ancient and Modern: The Cock and the Fox, 1700.
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'''Du Barry, Marie Jeanne Becu, Comtesse'''. French adventuress, mistress of Louis XV, b. at Vaucouleurs, Aug. 19, 1746; guillotined, Dec. 7, 1793. She was the illegitimate daughter of a tax collector; lived as a courtesan in Paris under the name of Mdlle. Lange; Jean, comte du Barry, took her into his house to make it more attractive to the dupes whose money he won by gambling. After a nominal marriage with Guillaume du Barry, acquired a great influence on Louis XV who built for her the mansion of Luciennes. At his death, she was banished for a period. In 1792 she went to England to raise money on her jewels, and upon her return was accused by the Revolutionary Tribunal of having conspired against the Republic and condemned to death.
Sources: C. Vatel, Histoire de Madame du Barry, 1882-83; R. Douglas, The Life and Times of Madame du Barry, 1896.
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'''Du Bois-Reymond, Emil (1818-1896)'''. See Vol. VIII, pp. 435-36, for biographical data.
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'''Dupotet de Sennevoy, Baron Jules (1796-1881)'''. See Vol. VII, p. 368, for biographical data.
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'''Eglinton, William'''. Famous English medium bom on the 10th day of July, 1857, in Islington, North London, England. He was therefore exactly the same age as Damodar. The family on his father’s side was Scottish, and its descent can be traced from the Montgomeries of Ayr. His mother’s maiden name was Wyse, her father having been a prominent merchant from London.
William’s education was quite sketchy, however, as his father evidently had decided to have him pursue a business career. From school he passed into a well-known publishing house of a relative, where he did not stay long, as his psychic gifts were soon to be discovered.
As a boy, he was extremely imaginative, as well as dreamy and sensitive, but, unlike so many other great mediums, he showed no indications of the outstanding power which afterwards became the hallmark of the young man.
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His father in early life had renounced Christianity, becoming an Agnostic. His mother, on the other hand, was distinguished by a sweet, gentle piety, and “between the two” he writes, “I was puzzled both ways, and was practically left to solve the problems of life and religious teaching for myself, the result being the {{Page aside|504}}acceptance of materialistic notions, and the doctrine of total annihilation.”
His mother died in 1873. Writing of this event, he says: “The loss to me was irreparable; for she was my only friend and counsellor. She left a void which has never been filled.”
The year after his mother’s passing, William entered the family “circle” by means of which his father was investigating the phenomena of Spiritualism. Up to that time the circle had obtained no results, but when the boy joined it the table rose steadily from the floor, until the sitters had to stand to keep their hands on it. Questions were answered to the satisfaction of those present. The following evening another sitting was held, during which the young lad passed into a trance for the first time. Communications were received which allegedly came from his dead mother. His mediumship now began to develop very rapidly and he reluctantly decided to become a professional medium. Finally, he had to adopt this course in 1875.
Eglinton soon became one of the most respected mediums of the day and apparently never resorted to trickery to produce phenomenal occurrences, which so many mediums found it expedient to do.
Early in 1881 Eglinton sailed for Calcutta, where he had some friends among whom was a wealthy merchant, J. G. Meugens, who received him as his guest. Eglinton soon became the center of the Spiritualists in that city, and a magazine called Psychic Notes was published for a short time, describing his séances and other psychic manifestations. After a few months, Meugens returned to England. Eglinton then moved to Howrah where Col. and Mrs. Gordon were Theosophists. Eglington was placed in an ideal position to learn about Theosophy and the phenomena associated with H. P. B. However, he did not meet either of the Founders while in India, and it was not until 1884 that all three met in London.
While in India, Eglinton had an opportunity to become a secretary at Simla. He had for some time desired to live apart from Spiritualism as a profession, and soon after his return to England became a partner in the Ross publishing firm. His partner, however, was a man of an erratic temperament and the firm was dissolved in August, 1883.
He turned once again to mediumship for a living, and began a career which spread his fame throughout the world. He gave séances at the home of Mr. Sam Ward, the uncle of the well-known writer of occult novels, F. Marion Crawford, whose book, Mr. Isaacs, dealt with the subject of the existence of the Mahâtmans. It was at {{Page aside|505}}Mr. Ward’s home that he met A. P. Sinnett for the first time.
Many prominent members of the Society for Psychical Research attended his séances, among whom were E. Dawson Rogers, the Hon. Percy Wyndham, C. C. Massey, who had been one of the seventeen Founders of the Theosophical Society, and the famous homeopath Dr. George Wyld, who figured in the early history of the T.S.
Eglinton died the 10th of March, 1933, at Heatherbank, Chislehurst, Kent. He was then Editor of the magazine The New Age, and a director of a firm of British exporters.
Consult Sven Eek, Dâmodar and the Pioneers of the Theosophical Movement, pp. 185-191, for interesting data concerning one of the early and best authenticated psychic phenomena, the so-called “Vega Phenomenon.” Further information concerning Eglinton may be had by consulting John S. Farmer’s work, Twixt Two Worlds.
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'''Elias Levita'''. Jewish grammarian, b. 1469 at Neustadt, Bavaria; d. in 1549. Called himself “Ashkenazi,” the German, and bore also the nickname of “Bachur,” the youth or student, which he later gave as a title to his Hebrew grammar. Lived in Padua, Venice and Rome, where he found a patron in the learned general of the Augustinian Order, the future Cardinal Egidio di Viterbo, whom he helped in the study of the Kabbalah. War obliged him to fleetoVenice where he became, 1527, corrector in the printing house of Daniel Bomberg. After some years in Germany, he went back to Venice where he spent the last years of his life. Levita furthered the study of Hebrew in Christian circles, and wrote a large number of scholarly works on the Hebrew grammar. Scientifically important are his works on the Massora; his Concordance to the Massora (1536), and his Massoreth Hamas ore th (1538; Engl, tr., London, 1867).
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'''Escayrac de Lauture, Count Stanislas d’'''. French traveller and anthropologist, b. March 19, 1826; d. at Fontainebleau, Dec. 20, 1868. Travelled widely in Africa and Syria, recording his experiences in several works, among them: Le Désert et le Soudan, Paris, 1853, and Voyage dans le grand désert et au Soudan, Paris, 1858. Made a journey to China, 1860, on a scientific mission for the French Government, where he experienced great misfortunes and hardships which shortened his life. He relates them in his Mémoires sur la Chine (in Magazin pittoresque, 1865).
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'''Faber, George Stanley (1773-1854)'''. *A Dissertation on the Mysteries of the Cabiri, Oxford, 1803. 2 vols. 8vo.
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'''Fadeyev, Rostislav Andreyevich de'''. Russian General, military writer and reformer of considerable renown, b. at Ekaterinoslav, March 28/April 9, 1824; d. at Odessa, December 29, 1883 old style (January 10, 1884 new style). Highly talented from early childhood, he was especially interested in history and the life of well-known military men. As a boy of ten knew by heart long poems of Russian and foreign poets. After some years of private tutoring, entered in 1838 the College of Artillery at St. Petersburg, where his impulsive temperament ruined his studies and he was sent, 1839, to a battery at Tiraspol· and later at Saratov. In 1842, he took an exam in St. Petersburg to become an officer and returned to Saratov where he soon resigned his commission. For a number of years he devoted his time to the study of various sciences, acquiring a vast background of knowledge. In the period of 1850-59, having become active again in his military career, Fadeyev took part in the current conquest of the Caucasus and the war with the Turks, and distinguished himself on several occasions. The Viceroy of the Caucasus, Prince A. I. Baryatinsky, appointed him as one of his aids, and he was made a Colonel in 1860. The next year he published his first work, Sixty Years of the Caucasian JVar, which proved to be a classic source of information on the Caucasus in general and its many ethnic groups. In 1864, Fadeyev was made a Major-General. His next literary effort was Letters from the Caucasus published in 1865. The same year he went on a trip abroad, and upon his return was invited by the Secretary of War, D. A. Milyutin, to become attached to the Ministry of War, an invitation which Fadeyev declined. He began writing his third work, The Armed Forces of Russia, which was at first printed in the Russkiy Vestnik, and published separately in 1868. This work was of such an outstanding character that it was translated into several foreign languages. A number of well-known military leaders in Russia supported his views and suggested reforms, while others became his enemies. This situation forced Fadeyev to retire into private life and put an end to his military career.
In 1869, Fadeyev published in the newspaper Birzheviya Vedomosti an essay of far-reaching importance entitled “Ideas on the Eastern Problem.” This essay placed the writer in the forefront of Pan-Slavism, and his series of articles entitled “What are We to Be?” published in 1872 in the Russkiy Mir, established his reputation as the protagonist of widespread social reforms in Russia.
In 1870, Fadeyev was invited by the Egyptian Government to come and reorganize the Egyptian army. He accepted and went there in January, 1875. It would appear that he had secretly hoped to {{Page aside|507}}arouse the Khedive to a war against Turkey, to coincide with a general rebellion of the Slavs. He was offered the Command of the Egyptian Armed Forces, but refused the position if he had to wear an Egyptian uniform. His entire stay in Egypt was a very friendly one. During the ensuing Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, Fadeyev stayed in Montenegro, taking part in military actions.
In the Summer of both 1878 and 1879, Fadeyev had two separate interviews with Emperor Alexander II at Yalta, and outlined to him various needed reforms; with the Emperor’s approval, the text of these was published at Leipzig in 1881 under the title of Letters on the Current, State of Russia. The views which he expressed in these Letters were shared by many, among them by the Russian Prime-Minister, Count Μ. T. Loris-Melikov, who insisted that Fadeyev be attached to the General Staff and the Ministry of the Interior. However, in 1882, Fadeyev was notified that he would be retired into the Reserve by June, 1884. He was undoubtedly the victim of various underhand machinations, professional jealousies and secret enmities. This turn of affairs aggravated in Fadeyev a condition of long-time illness and he died soon after, and was buried with considerable pomp in the Odessa Cemetery.
(Chief Source: article of his sister, Madame Nadyezhda Andreyevna de Fadeyev, H.P.B.’s favorite aunt, entitled “Reminiscences about R. de Fadeyev,” published as an Introductory to Volume I of Fadeyev’s Collected Works, St. Petersburg, 1889.)
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'''Falb, Rudolf'''. German scientist and writer, b. at Obdach (Steiermark), April 13, 1838; d. at Berlin, Sept. 29, 1903. Founded the popular astronomical Journal Sirius. Travelled, 1877-80, in North and South America, developing his theory of the influence of Sun and Moon on the atmosphere and the interior of the earth, explained in his Wetterbriefe (1882) and Das Wetter und der Mond (2nd ed., 1892). Although his scientific theories were not supported by other scientists, they contain intuitive ideas which are close to the occult viewpoint and deserve further study by open- minded scientists. A keen observer of volcanic and earthquake activity, he wrote the following works discussed by H.P.B.: *Von den Umwälzungen im Weltall (Vienna: Ebendas, 1881, xxiv, 288 pp., ill.); *Grundzüge zu einer Theorie der Erbeben und Vul- canausbrüche, etc. (Graz, 1869-71); *Gedanken und Studien über das Vulcanismus, etc. (Graz, 1875).
(Consult: Ule, Falb’s Theorien im Lichte der Wissenschaft, 1897, and Heller, Rudolf Falb, 1903.)
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'''Faridunji, Naurozjl'''. Educator and reformer, b. at Broach, India, in 1817; educated at the Native Education Society’s school at Bombay, where he later became a teacher. Assistant Prof, of the Elphinstone Institution and leader of the “Young Bombay” party. Was chiefly instrumental in establishing the first girl’s school, native library, literary society, debating club, political association, body for improving the condition of native women, institution for religious and social reforms, law association, and the first educational periodicals. Appointed, 1836, native Secretary and Translator to Sir Alexander Burnes at Kabul, but returned to Bombay before the Afghan war broke out. Appointed, 1845, Interpreter of the High Court of Bombay. Retired, 1864, devoting the rest of his life to improving the condition of the people. He labored to obtain the passing of the Parsee Matrimonial and Succession Act. Visited England on three occasions, lectured before the East India Association, and gained the high opinion of many prominent people. He died September 22, 1885. H.P.B. refers to his *Tareekh-i-Zurtoshte, a title which has not been identified.
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'''Fechner, Gustav Theodor'''. German experimental psychologist and philosopher, b. at Goss-Sarchen, Lower Lusatia, April 19, 1801; d. at Leipzig, Nov. 18, 1887. Educated at Dresden and Leipzig. Appointed, 1834, professor of physics, but, due to eye affection, turned to the study of the relations between body and mind. His epochmaking work, Elemente der Psychophy sik (1860), is an attempt to discover an exact methematical relation between bodily and conscious facts as different facets of the one reality, as proposed by Spinoza. Fechner conceived the world as highly animistic, including the stars; to him God was the Soul of the Universe, and natural laws the unfoldment of God’s perfection. He was the founder of modem psychological research.
It is of very great interest to occult students to realize that Master K.H. apparently knew Fechner and had conversations with him, most likely during the period when this Adept-Brother attended one or more Universities in Germany, to familiarize himself with the Occidental viewpoint. In one of his letters to A. P. Sinnett (Letter IX in the Mahatma Letters)he tells Sinnett what he then said to Fechner: “You are right; .... ‘every diamond, every crystal, every plant and star has its own individual soul, besides man and animal . . . .’ and, ‘there is a hierarchy of souls from the lowest forms of matter up to the World Soul,’ but, you are mistaken when adding to the above the assurance that ‘the spirits of the departed hold direct psychic communication with Souls that are still connected with a human body’—for, they do not.”
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'''Figuier, Guillaume-Louis'''. French writer and scientist, b. at Monpellier, 1819; d. at Paris, 1894. Became an M.D., 1841; Prof, at Montpellier’s College of Pharmacy, 1846, and later at Paris. Opposed the ideas of Claude Bernard, but failed to prove his point. Wrote a large number of popular books on science, among them: l'Alchimie et les alchimistes (1854); Les Grandes Inventions anciennes et modernes (1861); Histoire du merveilleux dans les temps modernes (Paris, 1860), which H.P.B. approvingly quotes from in Isis Unveiled; La Terre et les mers (1863); *Le Lendemain de la mort, ou la vie future selon la science, Paris, 1871, pp. xi, 449; this work went through eleven impressions and was translated into English as The Day After Death, etc. (London, 1872).
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'''Flammarion, Nicolas Camille'''. French astronomer, b. at Montigny- le-Roi (Haute Marne), Feb. 25, 1842; d. in Paris, June 4, 1925. Studied theology at Langre and Paris, but was soon attracted to astronomy. At sixteen, wrote a manuscript entitled Cosmologie universelle, which became the foundation of his later work, Le Monde avant la création de l'homme. Was computer at Paris Observatory, 1858-62, and at the Bureau des Longitudes, 1862-65. Involved in the measurement of double stars, 1867. In 1882, was presented an estate at Juvisy, where he installed and equipped a private observatory. Mapped the Moon and Mars and studied their changes of color. His many imaginative books greatly encouraged and popularized the study of astronomy among laymen. He encouraged amateur observers at Juvisy, and in 1887 founded the Société Astronomique de France. Towards the end of life, wrote on psychical research. Chief works: Histoire du del, 1867. — l'Atmosphère, 1872.—La Pluralité des mondes habités.—Études sur l'astronomie, 1867-80, 9 Vols.—Dieu dans la nature, 1875. Also edited a number of reviews and an almanac.
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'''Flint, Robert (1838-1910)'''. *Anti-Theistic Theories. Being the Baird Lectures for 1877. London, 1879; 2nd ed., 1880; 3rd ed., 1885.
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'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Gerbovnik'''. Book of Heraldic Coat of Arms and of Nobility, published in 1789-99 by the Department of Heraldry of the Senate of the Russian Empire.
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'''Gladstone, W. E. (1809-1898)'''. *Rome and the Newest Fashions in Religion. Three Tracts: The Vatican Decrees; Vaticanism; Speeches of the Pope. Collected ed. with Preface, London, 1875.
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'''Gougenot des Mousseaux, Le Chevalier Henry-Roger (1805-1878)'''. *Moeurs et pratiques des démons, Paris, 1854; 2nd ed., 1865.—{{Page aside|510}}*Les Houts Phenomenes de la magie, etc. Paris: H. Pion, 1864. See Vol. V, pp. 374-75, for biographical and bibliogr. data.
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