Zirkoff B. - Appendix (BCW vol.4): Difference between revisions

'''Bouillaud, Jean-Baptiste B'''., French physician, b. at Angoulême, Sept. 16, 1796; d. October 29, 1881. Became M.D. in 1823, and was appointed, 1831, to the Chair of Medicine at La Charité. Engaged in considerable research along physiological and psychological lines, and wrote a large number of scientific papers, some of which have been translated into other European languages. Became, 1868, Fellow of the Academy of Sciences at Paris.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Brahmajâlasûtra'''. Chinese text and French transi, in Le code du Mahâyâna en Chine ... by J. J. M. de Groot. Amsterdam: Johannes Müller, 1893.

'''Braid, James'''. Physician and writer on hypnotism, b. at Rylaw House, Fifeshire, about 1795, the son of a landed proprietor in that country. After studies at the Univ, of Edinburgh, and a period of apprenticeship, he became surgeon to the miners employed in Lanarkshire, subsequently moving to Manchester, where he acquired considerable reputation as a physician. It was in 1841 that the subject of animal magnetism drew his special attention, and he engaged in its investigation with a truly scientific thoroughness. Certain phenomena of abnormal sleep and peculiar conditions of mind and body, induced by fixed gaze on any inanimate object, were called by him “neuro-hypnotism.” His research aroused violent opposition from various quarters, including the mesmerists of the time. Among the many works from his pen, one of the most important is *Neurypnology, or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep, considered in relation to Animal Magnetism (1843; new ed., with introd, by A. E. Waite, 1899). He also wrote Observations on Trance; or Human Hibernation, London, 1850. Braid died suddenly in Manchester on March 25, 1860.

'''Broca, Paul'''. French surgeon and anthropologist, b. at Sainte-Foy la Grande, Gironde, June 28, 1824; d. July 9, 1880. Completed medical studies in Paris and rapidly rose in his profession. Member of the Academy of Medicine, 1867, and prof, of surgical pathology to the Faculty. Discovered the seat of articulate speech in the left side of the frontal region of the brain, known now by his name. Establishing the Anthropological Society of Paris, 1859, he formulated the modern science of craniology. Founded the Revue <TAnthropologie in 1872, and later turned to the exclusive study of the brain in which his greatest triumphs were achieved.

'''Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins'''. English physiologist and surgeon, b. in 1783 at Winterslow, Wiltshire; d. at Broome Park, Surrey, Oct. {{Page aside|637}}21, 1862. Assistant surgeon at St. George’s hospital for over thirty years. Greatly contributed to our knowledge of the diseases of the joints, on which he wrote an important work. He also published anonymously a volume of * Psychological Inquiries (London, 1854), to a second volume of which (1862) his name was appended. He was the first President of the General Medical Council, and was created a baronet in 1834.

'''Buchanan, Joseph Rodes (1814-1899)'''. See Vol. VI, pp. 429-30, for biographical data.

'''Bulwer-Lytton (Edward George Earle Lytton, 1st Baron, 1803-73)'''. *Zanoni, 1842.—*A Strange Story, 1862.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Bundahish'''. In Pahlavi Bûndahishar. A Pahlavi text on creation, cosmogony, etc.; one of the Scriptures of the Parsis. Transi, by E. W. West in SEE, Vol. V.

'''Burq, V. B. (1823-84)'''. French physician and scientist, mainly famous as the discoverer of metallotherapy, concerned with the influence of metals upon various conditions of health, and the treatment of diseases by means of them. Charcot and Schiff later confirmed his investigations. His chief work is Métallothérapie, nouveau traitement par les applications métalliques, Paris, 1853.

'''Butler, Alban'''. English Roman Catholic priest and hagiologist, b. in Northampton, Oct. 24, 1710; d. at St. Omer, May 15, 1773. Educ. at the English college, Douai, where, after ordination, 1735, he held chairs of philosophy and divinity. After some years in England, he became president of the English seminary at St. Omer. His great work is The Lives of the Saints, the result of thirty years’ study, the best edition of which is the one of Dublin, 1779-80, which incl. valuable notes.

'''Cahagnet, Louis-Alphonse (1805-1885)'''. See Vol. HI, pp. 499-500, for biographical data.

'''Cailletet, Louis Paul'''. French ironmaster, b. at Châtillon-sur-Seine, Sept. 21, 1832; d. there Jan. 5, 1913. Worked in his father’s ironworks, and later was in charge of them. Animated by a love of scientific research, he succeeded, 1877, in liquefying oxygen, and later hydrogen and nitrogen as well. His experiments were carried out independently of those of Pictet along similar lines. Also interested in aeronautics. Author of a number of papers in the Comptes Rendus. Elected member of the Paris Academy.

'''Carducci, Giosuè'''. Italian poet, b. at Val-di-Castello, Tuscany, July 27, 1836; d. in 1907. Educated at the Univ, of Pisa; began life as a public teacher at Arezzo, but ran into opposition for his political ideas. Settled for a while at Florence, and became, 1860, prof, of Italian literature at Bologna where he lectured for some 40 years. He and a group of his young friends advocated a return from romantic tastes to classical models. Carducci was an admirer of ancient mythologies and mystical traditions. “Other gods die,” he wrote, “but the divinities of Greece know no setting.” He was an ardent Mason. Among his many powerful poems, he also wrote in his younger days an hymn to Satan *“A Satana” which appeared in 1865.

'''Cassels, W. R. (1826-1907)'''. *Supernatural Religion: An Inquiry into the Reality of Divine Revelation (anonymously published). London, 1874, 2 vols.; 6th ed., 1875; 3rd vol. publ. 1877; rev. ed. of complete work, 1879. See Vol. VI, 430-31, for biogr. data.

'''Charcot, Jean Martin'''. French physician, b. in Paris Nov. 29, 1825; d. Aug. 16, 1893. M.D. at Paris, 1853; appointed physician of the Central Hospital Bureau, 1856; prof, of pathological anatomy in the medical faculty of Paris, 1860, and in 1862 began his famous connection with the Salpêtrière where he created the greatest neurological clinic of modern times. Apart from a large number of medical studies, he contributed greatly to the understanding of hypnotism and hysteria. Best known works: Leçons sur les maladies du système nerveux, 1872-93, 5 vols.; and Leçons du mardi à la Salpêtrière, 1889-90, 2 vols.

'''Chatterjee, Mohini Mohun (1858-1936)'''. Mohini, as he was usually referred to, was a personal pupil of Master K.H. and one of the most brilliant Hindu members of the early Theosophical Society. He was a descendant of the Râjâ Rammohun Roy, a great Hindu reformer, and was also related to Debendra Nâth Tagore; he was a native of Calcutta and a Brahmana.

In January, 1884, Master K.H. wrote to A. P. Sinnett: “He [Olcott] will be accompanied by Mohini, whom I have chosen {{Page aside|639}}as my chela and with whom I sometimes communicate directly.” (The Mahatma Letters, Letter No. 84.)

Mohini had also been very critical of Col. Olcott and the manner in which the business of the T.S. was conducted. In collaboration with Arthur Gebhard, he wrote a memorandum entitled “A Few Words on the Theosophical Organization.” On the back of this Manuscript, now in the Adyar Archives, Col. Olcott wrote: “Manifesto of Mohini and Arthur Gebhard about my despotism. H.P.B.’s cutting reply. 1886.” H.P.B.’s powerful reply to this “Manifesto” was later called “The Original Programme of the Theosophical Society,” though at first it did not bear any title. The text of both Mohini’s declaration and of H.P.B.’s reply, together with all pertinent historical information, may be found in Vol. VII of the present Series, pp. 135 et seq.

Later on, Mohini wrote a small volume in collaboration with Laura C. Holloway-Langford, an American Chela who was a sensitive and possessed a considerable degree of clairvoyance. This work, entitled Man·. Fragments of Forgotten History (London: Reeves and Turner, 1885, xxvi, 165 pp.; 2nd ed., 1887; 3rd ed., 1893), did not receive the plaudits of either Master K.H. or H.P.B., and the latter prepared a number of corrections and emendations which she wanted to have inserted in a second edition of the work (See The Letters of H. P. Blavatsky to A. P. Sinnett, Letter No. CXX). However, none of these corrections found their way into subsequent editions, all of which are now extremely scarce.

Mrs. Holloway and Mohini also selected certain articles from the early Theo sophist and published them as Five Years of Theosophy (same Publisher, 1885; 575 pp. incl. Glossary and Index; 2nd ed., 1894). All the articles from H.P.B.’s pen, included in this work, are now in the Collected Writings.

Mohini also wrote an excellent rendering of the Bhagavad-Gita, with a Preface and marginal notes giving parallel passages in the New Testament.

'''Chevillard, A'''. Prof, at the School of Fine Arts in Paris. *Études expérimentales sur le jluide nerveux et solution définitive du problème spirite. Paris: Corbeil, 1869, 8vo.

'''Chromatius (4th and 5th cent.)'''. See Vol. VIII, p. 422, for data.

'''Clemens Alexandrinus (Titus Flavius Clemens, 150?-220? a.d.)'''. *Strômateis or Stromata (Miscellanies). Standard ed. of collected works is the one of O. Stâhlin, Leipzig. 1905. H. P. B. frequently refers to the ed. of John Potter, Bishop of Oxford, and later Archbishop of Canterbury, Clementis . . . opera quae extant, etc. (Greek and Latin), 1715 and 1757, fol. 2 vols.

'''Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772-1834)'''. *The Watchman. A periodical which he started publishing in 1796, and which lasted only two months.

'''Cooke, Josiah Parsons (1827-94)'''. *The New Chemistry, 1872; 2nd ed., London, 1874. See Vol. IX, p. 240, for biogr. sketch.

'''Cossa, Pietro (1830-80)'''. Italian dramatist, b. at Rome. Fought for Roman republic in 1849 and later emigrated to South America. He soon returned to Italy, however, and lived precariously as a literary man until 1870, when he gained unexpected success for his acted tragedy Nerone. He produced several other tragedies on classical subjects.

'''Crawford, Francis Marion'''. American author, b. at Bagni di Lucca, Italy, Aug. 2, 1854; d. at Sorrento, April 9, 1909. Son of the American sculptor, Thomas Crawford. Educated at St. Paul’s school, Concord, N. H., Trinity College, Cambridge, Heidelberg and Rome. Went to India, 1879, where he studied Sanskrit and edited the Allâhâbâd Indian Herald. Returning to America, continued his studies at Harvard and in 1882 produced his first novel, Mr. Isaacs, a brilliant sketch of Anglo-Indian life mingled with Oriental mystery, and which had an immediate success. After further travels, he made in 1883 his permanent home in Italy, where he wrote a large number of novels and historical works with imaginative vividness and accuracy.

'''Csoma de Koros, Alexander (Sandor) (1784-1842)'''. See Vol. V, p. 372, for biographical data.

'''Daji Raja Chandra Singhjee, Thakur Sahib of Wadhwan (?-1885)'''. His Highness was a Prince of the Jhala tribe of Rajputs; he had been educated at the Rajkumar College of Rajkote, where he availed himself of a liberal and varied education. He believed that the ultimate object of good government is the well-being of the people, and he spared neither pains nor money to carry out this most noble precept. He is said to have possessed all the salient traits which mark the character of a wise and just administrator. During his brief reign, he was instrumental in introducing gas into his capital, the city of Wadhwan, in encouraging the building of new suburbs, in providing an abundant supply of good water for the city, in establishing careful administration of the State revenues, and in pursuing the highest form of justice. His liberality to public institutions, and especially to the Talukdari Girasia School, knew no bounds.

Daji Raja was a close friend of both H.P.B. and Col. Olcott, and was the President of the Daji Raja Theosophical Society at Wadhwan. He was a man of exquisite taste and possessed a thorough knowledge of architecture; when in Europe on a trip, he purchased furniture for a palace he was then building. He married the daughter of Raja Gajapati Row, late Member of Council. He attended the anniversary meetings of the T.S. at Bombay, and visited the then newly founded Headquarters at Adyar. He died of tuberculosis. (Cf. The Theoso- phist, Vol. VI, Supplement to June, 1885, p.. 224.)

'''Darmesteter, James (1849-94)'''. See Avesta.

'''Davy, Sir Humphry'''. English chemist, b. at Penzance, Cornwall, Dec. 17, 1778; d. at Geneva, May 29, 1829. A gifted student from early youth, he turned to chemistry in 1797, and became associated with the Medical Pneumatic Institution of Bristol investigating the medicinal properties of gases. Engaged, 1801, as lecturer in chemistry at the recently established Royal Institution in London, where his chief interest soon became electro-chemistry. He discovered potassium, sodium, chlorine and boron, and delivered a number of important lectures on his research. On his return from Italy, where he went with his wife and the young Michael Faraday as “assistant,” he became in 1820 President of the Royal Society. He contributed a great deal to the development of Agricultural Chemistry, and devised a miner’s safety lamp. Apart from his scientific pursuits, he was a poet of considerable accomplishment. His Elements of Chemical Philosophy was published in 1812.

'''Dax, Marc''', French physician, b. at Sommieres in 1771, where he practiced and died June 3, 1837.

'''Dee, John'''. English mathematician and astrologer, b. in London, July 13, 1527; d. at Mortlake, September, 1608. He was educated in St. John’s College, Cambridge, receiving his B.A., 1545, and his M.A., 154-8. He studied for two years at Louvain and Rheims, 154850, then went to Paris where he lectured on mathematics. Returning to England, 1551, he received a pension from Edward VI, which he later exchanged for a living at Upton-upon-Severn. Since his Cambridge days he had been suspected of practicing magic, and shortly after the accession of Mary I, he was imprisoned on a charge of using enchantment against her life, but was released, 1555. Dee enjoyed the favor of Elizabeth I, and was consulted by her as to a propitious day for her coronation. He gave the Queen lessons in the mystical interpretation of his writings, and was sent abroad in 1578 to consult with German physicians and astrologers on the nature of her illness. An advocate of the Gregorian calendar, Dee made in 1583 preparatory calculations for its possible adoption in England. Dee did much for the development of mathematical studies in England, as may be seen from “John Dee his Mathematical Praeface” to Billingsley’s version of The Elements of Geometric of the most Ancient Philosopher Euclide of Megara (1570), in which the fifteen books are translated for the first time in English, and of which we are lucky enough to possess a copy. Other works by Dee are: Propaedeumata aphoristica (1558), Monas hieroglyphica (Antwerp, 1564), and a large number of mathematical essays fully listed in his Compendious Rehearsal (1592).

The life of John Dee is very instructive to students of the Ancient Wisdom, as it depicts the fall of a man of great ability, restless energy, and laborious application, through over-credulity in the psychic visions of a “sensitive” which had exercised on Dee a hypnotic effect, a dangerous type of glamor. Thomas Smith, a “Doctor of Sacred Theology and Presbyter of the Anglican Church,” published in Latin a life of Dee in his Vitae illustrium virorum (1707). This has been translated as The Life of John Dee (London: Theosophical Publishing Society, 1908) by the Reverend Wm. Alex. Ayton, an old and respected friend of H.P.B., and deserves careful perusal.

'''Denton, William (1823-83) and Elizabeth M'''. Foote Denton. *The Soul of Things, or, Psychometric Researches and Discoveries, 3rd rev. ed., Boston: Walker, Wise & Co., 1866. The first ed. of this work was entitled Nature’s Secrets, or Psychometry, and was published in 1863.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Desâtîr'''. Persian text and Eng. tr. by Mulla Bin Kaus, published by Courier Press, Bombay 1818; republ. by the Educational Society’s Press, 1888, and Wizard’s Bookshelf, 1975.

'''Desideri, Ippolito'''. Italian Jesuit missionary, b. at Pistoia, 1684; d. at Rome, 1733. Went to India, 1712, staying in Surat for a number of years, learning Oriental languages. Then went to Delhi, Lahore and Kashmir. Continued his journey to Bhutan, 1715, in company with Père Freyre; they were at first received well, but later accused of spying and had to leave. Desideri made his way to Lhasa, 1716: being very zealous, he made enemies among the Capuchin missionaries who forced his withdrawal, 1727. He went to Rome to justify himself, but Pope Benedict XIII refused to permit him to return to Tibet. Desideri translated the Kanjur into Latin. His Letters may be found in Lettres édifiantes and in the Bibliotheca Pistoriensis.

'''Dickinson or Dickenson, Edmund'''. English physician and alchemist, b. in Berkshire, Sept. 26, 1624; d. April 3, 1707. Educated at Eton and Merton College, Oxford; became an M.D., 1656. At about this time, he met Theodore Mundanus, a French alchemist, who prompted him to devote himself to the study of chemistry. He practiced medicine for some years in Oxford, settling in London in 1684. As a result of successful treatments he was recommended to King Charles II who appointed him as his physician; the King also built for him a laboratory under the royal bedchamber, {{Page aside|644}}with communication by means of a private staircase. It is said that many curious experiments were made there for the edification of the King and the Duke of Buckingham. Dickinson held his office until the abdication of James II, 1688. The remaining years of his life he spent in study and writing. He was buried in the church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields. Among his works should be mentioned: *Epistola ad T. Mundanum de Quintessentia Philosophorum, Oxford, 1686 and 1705.—Physica vetus et vera, London, 1702, 4to, a work on which he spent the last years of his life and which expounds an entire system of philosophy. (Cf. Blomber’s Dickinson s Life and Writings, 1737; 2nd ed., 1739.)

'''Diodorus Siculus'''. See Vol. V, p. 373, for data.

'''Donnelly, Ignatius'''. American politician, reformer, orator and writer of Irish descent, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 3, 1831; d. at Nininger, Minn., Jan. 1, 1901. Graduated, 1849, from the Central High School of his native city. He then read law in the office of Benjamin H. Brewster and was admitted to the bar in 1852. After marrying, he emigrated in 1856 to Nininger, Minn., to seek wealth through land speculations, but the panic of 1857 left him burdened with debts, and he turned to farming and the practice of law. Soon after, he entered politics as a Republican and found himself in Congress where he spent three terms, 1863-69. Famous for his oratory, he fought for a number of years for various progressive reforms, espoused the cause of abolitionism and universal education, and later edited the Anti-Monopolist. His ideas were often considered “visionary” and “radical,” and he had to contend with fierce opposition, but some of these ideas later became accomplished facts.

His literary career dates from about 1878. Donnelly was a great lover of books, had collected an excellent library, read very widely, and was inclined, in literature as well as in politics, to espouse unpopular causes. Unlike many contemporary members of Congress, he had devoted the large amount of time on his hands to assiduous study in the Library of Congress, with the result that, after a short time in retirement, he produced his first work entitled Atlantis: The Antediluvian World (New York and London: Harper & Bros., 1882, x, 490 pp., ill.), a book which passed through upward of twenty editions in America, and several in England. This critical study of the whole Atlantis problem, written by a man of such an encyclopaedic mind, has had a great effect upon scientific thought both in Europe and America. Donnelly {{Page aside|645}}may well be considered the father of modem Atlantology, and his work set the compass for serious research, marshalling a great mass of well-observed and ably reasoned material concerning the mutual interrelation existing between languages, cultures, customs and so forth. The popularity of this work never died out, as is shown by the appearance of a revised edition edited by the scholarly Egerton Sykes (New York: Harper & Bros., 1949, xx, 355 pp., ill.). It appears that Gladstone, four times Prime Minister of Britain, not only wrote Donnelly and congratulated him, but in 1882 asked the Cabinet to approve funds for the sending of a ship to trace out the outline of Atlantis in the Atlantic. However, Gladstone failed to secure the necessary support from the Treasury. Today, when more than five thousand works have been published dealing with Atlantis and other submerged continents, it can be definitely stated that a majority of scientists consider the work of Donnelly as epoch-making and look upon him as a pioneer in this field of research.

Donnelly’s second book was Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel (1883) which passed through eleven editions; his third one: The Great Cryptogram (1888) attempted to prove that Francis Bacon had written the plays attributed to Shakespeare. The royalties from his first two books and the lecture engagements which Donnelly was called upon to fill, brought him a secure income. He made a trip to Europe and became a frequent contributor to the North American Review. He also wrote a novel called Caesar s Column; a Story of the Twentieth Century (1891) which had similarities with Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward and sold 60,000 copies in one year.

'''Draper, John William (1811-82)'''. *History of the Conflict between Religion and Science. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1874. xxii, 373 pp.; 3rd ed., 1875; 5th ed., 1875, etc.

'''Duguid, David'''. A Glasgow painting medium who achieved considerable success in his line. He was a cabinet-maker, who in 1866 found himself possessed of mediumistic faculties. At first an ordinary rapping medium, he soon developed the power of painting and drawing in the dark. These drawings, generally copies of Dutch masters, purporting to be by the original artists, are said to have been of some merit. His two principal “controls” were supposed to be Ruysdael and Steen. In 1869 control of the medium’s organism was taken by Hafed, prince of Persia at the beginning of the Christian era, and Archmagus. Hafed related his many adventures through Duguid, including his death in the arena at Rome. These accounts were published as *Hafed, Prince of Persia (Ed. by H. Nisbet. London, 1876, 8vo.).

'''Dumas, Jean Baptiste André'''. French chemist, b. at Alais (Gard), July 15, 1800; d. at Cannes, April 11, 1884. At first, apprenticed to an apothecary in his native town; moved later to Geneva, where he attended the lectures of Pictet, de la Rive and A. P. de Candolle. Before he was 21, he was engaged with Dr. J. L. Prévost in original work on physiological chemistry and embryology. In 1823 he was induced by the great Humboldt to go to Paris, where he remained for the rest of his life. He became a senator and the president of the municipal council of Paris; also master of the French mint, but his official career ended with the fall of the Second Empire. As a chemist, Dumas ranks as one of the greatest figures of the 19th century. He was a prolific writer, conducted two scientific journals, and was elected to the French Academy in 1875.

'''Dyer, W. T. Thiselton''', *“The Sacred Tree of Kum-Bum,” in Nature, Vol. XXVII, Jan. 4, 1883, pp. 223-24.

'''Eberty, Gustav'''. *The Stars and the Earth, etc. See p. 284 footnote, in the present Volume for bibliographical data.

'''Elliotson, John'''. English physician, b. at Southwark, London, Oct. 29, 1791; d. in London, July 29, 1868. Studied medicine at Edinburgh, Cambridge and London. Prof, at London University and, 1834, physician to University Hospital. His interest in mesmerism eventually brought him into collision with the medical committee of the hospital, and he resigned in 1838. Founded, 1849, a hospital of mesmerism. Contributed many papers to the Transactions of the Medico- Chirurgical Society and was founder of the Phrenological Society.

'''Ennemoser, J'''. *The History of Magic, London, 1854.

'''Epiphanius, Saint (ca. 315-402)'''. *Panarion (or Treatise on Heresies). Text in Petavius, Paris, 1622, and Migne, Patr. Graec., XLI-XLII.

'''Esdaile, James'''. English physician and student of mesmerism, b. February 6, 1808, a son of Rev. Dr. Esdaile; d. January 10, 1859. Graduated as M.D. at Edinburgh, 1830; reached Calcutta in the East India medical service, 1831; in charge of the Hughli Hospital, 1838; was devoted to the study of mesmerism and performed with remarkable success surgical operations with its aid as anaesthetic. His experiments were scientifically investigated, and he was made Superintendent of a small hospital for mesmerism in 1846, and Presiding Surgeon. Disliking India, retired in 1851. Author of: Mesmerism in India, and its Practical Application in Surgery and Medicine, London, 1846; * Natural and Mesmeric Clairvoyance, London & New York, H. Bailliere, 1852.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Farhang-i-Jahangiri'''. Persian Encyclopaedia, the first word (also ferheng and frahang in Pahl.) meaning “instruction,” “education”; begun in 1597 on order of Akbar by Jamal al-Din Husain Inja, and ‘Alid of Shiraz, and finished in 1608 in the reign of Jahangir. It is a dictionary of pure Persian words, preceded by an outline of Persian grammar. It is available in Manuscript form (ff. 576), at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

'''“Fragments of Occult Truth.”''' This series of essays on some of the teachings of the occult philosophy are referred to by H.P.B. on a number of occasions in the present Volume, as may be found by consulting the Index.

Their authorship has been often in doubt, quite needlessly so, when all available evidence is taken into consideration. The first Three Fragments were published with no author’s name in The Theosophist, Vol. HI, October, 1881, March and September, 1882, in reply to certain letters from an Australian Theosophist, W. H. Terry, embodying a number of questions. These first “Fragments” were from the pen of Allan Octavian Hume, as may be shown by consulting The Mahatma Leiters to A. P. Sinnett (pp. 63, 84, 90, 123, 174 and 250) and The Letters of H. P. Blavatsky to A. P. Sinnett (pp. 8, 9 and 41).

Later installments of the “Fragments,” signed “Lay Chela,” are from the pen of A. P. Sinnett who took over where Hume had left off. They appeared in later issues of The Theosophist.

Some students have felt that H.P.B. had a hand in the production of the early “Fragments,” and that possibly others, like Subba Row, for instance, may have contributed to them. There is no {{Page aside|648}}solid evidence in support of this, especially when H.P.B.’s own statements are taken into account, particularly the one where she tells Sinnett that she cannot reply to “a new article from Terry” as “my style would so clash with his [Hume’s] in the Fragments.”

'''Frothingham, Octavius Brooks'''. American clergyman and author, b. in Boston, Nov. 26, 1822; d. Nov. 27, 1895. Graduated from Harvard, 1843, later its Divinity School, 1846. Pastorates at Unitarian churches in Salem, New York and Jersey City. Returned to Boston and spent remainder of life writing. Being very broadminded, he became the first president of the National Free Religious Association, 1867, an anti-slavery leader and an ardent early disciple of Darwin and Spencer. Chief works: Life of Theodore Parker, 1874.—The Spirit of New Faith, 1877. — Transcendentalism in New England, 1876.

'''Gall, Franz Joseph'''. German anatomist and physiologist, b. at Tiefen· brunn, Baden, March 9, 1758; d. in Paris, Aug. 22, 1828. Studied at Baden, Strasburg and Vienna, where he started praticing as a physician, 1785. He related the talents and dispositions of people to the external appearance of the skull, and became the founder of modern phrenology. His lectures on phrenology, begun in Vienna, 1796, met with increasing success until in 1802 they were interdicted by the Government as dangerous to religion. Gall transferred his seat to London, 1823, but did not meet with much success.

'''Gautama Rishi'''. *Dharma-Sastr a. See The Dharma Sutras. Text and translation of the twenty Samhitâs. Ed. and publ. by Manmatha Nath. Dutt. Calcutta, Society for the Resuscitation of Indian Literature, 1906-08.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Gemara'''. See Talmud.

'''Gougenot des Mousseaux, Le Chevalier Henry-Roger (1805-78)'''. *Moeurs et Pratiques des Démons, Paris, 1854; 2nd rev. ed. Paris, 1865.—*La Magie au XIXme Siècle, ses agents, ses vérités, ses mensonges, Paris; H. Plon, E. Dentu, 1860. *Les Hauts Phénomènes de la Magie, précédés du spiritisme antique. Paris: H. Plon, 1864. Sec Vol V, pp. 374-75, for biogr. data.

'''Gregory, William (1803-1858)'''. See Vol. II, pp. 530-31, for biographical data.

'''Grüber, Johann'''. German Jesuit missionary in China and noted explorer, b. at Linz, Oct. 28, 1623; d. in Florence in 1665. Joined the Society of Jesus, 1641; went to China, 1656, where he was active at the court of Peking as professor of mathematics. In 1661, his superiors sent him to Rome on business concerning the Order. As it was impossible to journey by sea on account of the blockade of Macao by the Dutch, Grüber and his companion, the Belgian Father Albert d’Orville, conceived the daring idea of going overland to India by way of China and Tibet. This led to a memorable journey which won them fame as some of the most successful explorers of the 17th century. Travelling through the Kukunor territory and Kalmuk Tartary, they reached Lhasa; thence they crossed, and amid countless hardships, the mountain passes of the Himalayas, arriving in Nepal, and then passed over the Ganges plateau to Patna and Agra, where d’Orville died as a result of these hardships. This journey lasted 214 days. Grüber,, accompanied by the Sanskrit scholar, Father Henry Roth, followed the overland route through Asia and reached Europe. The journey produced a sensation and proved the possibility of a direct overland route between China and India. Grüber set out to return to China, attempted to push his way through Russia, was obliged to return, and undertook the land route to Asia. However, he was taken sick and died on the way.

An account of this first journey through Tibet in modern times was published by Father Athanasius Kircher to whom Grüber had left his journals and charts, under the title of China illustraia, Amsterdam, 1667, a French ed. of which appeared in 1670.

'''Gurney, Edmund'''. English philosophical writer and student of music, b. March 23, 1847, at Hersham, Surrey; d. at Brighton, June 23, 1888. His early interests were music, poetry, and the Classics; he attained a Fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge, 1872; by 1879, he had written a serious work titled The Power of Sound. His intense sympathy with human suffering made him engage in the study of medicine; his high ethical standards made him rebel against vivisection and he wrote in opposition to its practice, a position which was endorsed at the time by Darwin himself. After a period in which his interests had turned to the study of law, his restless mind turned to the consideration of subjects connected with the unseen world. He became in 1882 one of the organizers of the Society for Psychical Research, and one of its most active workers. Together with F.W.H. Myers and F. Podmore, he produced a large work in two volumes entitled Phantasms of the Living (London, 1886). He collected many {{Page aside|650}} of his philosophical writings in a two volume work entitled Tertium Quid (1887). Many of his articles appeared in the publications of the Society which he helped to found.

'''<nowiki>*</nowiki>Hàdhôkht Nask'''. See Khordah Avesta.

'''Hahnemann, Samuel Friedrich Christian'''. German physician and founder of the Homeopathic School of medicine. He was born at Meissen, April 10, 1755, the son of a porcelain painter, and died at Paris, July 2, 1843. Graduated, 1775, from the well-known Fürstenschule in his native town. After further studies in Leipzig and Vienna, became an M.D. in 1779. In the period of 1779-1816, he lived in various cities of Germany, practicing medicine, translating foreign medical works, and writing himself. His principal work, Organon der Heilkunst was published at Dresden in 1810; this was followed by Reine Arzneimittellehre (Six Parts, Dresden, 1811-20). His practice in Leipzig, 1816-22, was crowned with great success and a number of physicians came to him to learn the principles of his method. Naturally enough, he encountered opposition and persecution from other members of the profession, as well as the local druggists, and his own rather dogmatic attitude led to a conflict between him and some of his followers. In 1835, Hahnemann married a second time; his wife being French, he settled in Paris and acquired a large following in that City. He was buried in the famous Père La (liaise Cemetery. In 1851 a monument in his honor was erected at Leipzig.

Consult Richard Haehl, Samuel Hahnemann, sein Leben, und Schaffen, Leipzig, 1922, 2 vols, and T. L. Bradford, The Life and Letters of Samuel Hahnemann (with portrait), Philadelphia, 1895. Also Μ. Gumpert, Hahnemann: The Adventurous Career of a Medical Rebel, New York, 1945.

'''Haller, Albrecht von'''. Swiss anatomist and physiologist, b. at Berne, Oct. 16, 1708; d. Dec. 17, 1777. Very precocious as a child, studied medicine at Tübingen under Camerarius, and at Leyden under Boerhaave and Albinus, graduating in 1727. Went to Basle, {{Page aside|651}}1728, where he started a collection of plants which became the basis of his great work on Swiss flora. Began practicing medicine at Berne, 1730; the fame of his research work led George II to offer him in 1736 the chair of medicine, anatomy, surgery and botany in the newly-founded university of Göttingen, a chair he held for 17 years. He also conducted the monthly Göttingische gelehrte Anzeiger to which he is said to have contributed several thousand articles on almost every branch of knowledge. He resigned in 1753 and went back to Berne where he engaged in various municipal and State duties, and the preparation of his Bibliotheca medica and his famed Elementa physiologiae corporis humani (1757-60). He was also the author of some philosophical fiction expounding his views on government, and of numerous poems. A prolific writer on medical lines, his contribution to the science of medicine was very great.

'''Hardinge-Britten, Mrs. Emma (?-1899)'''. See Vol. I, pp. 466-67, for biographical data.

'''Hare, Robert (1781-1858)'''. See Vol. I, pp. 467-68, for biographical sketch.

'''Haug, Martin'''. German Orientalist, b. at Ostdorf, Württemberg, Jan. 30, 1827; d. at Munich, June 3, 1876. Studied Oriental languages, especially Sanskrit, at Tübingen and Göttingen, and settled in 1854 as Privatdozent at Bonn. Moved, 1856, to Heidelberg, where he assisted Bunsen in his literary work. Went to India in 1859, where he became superintendent of Sanskrit studies and Prof, of Sanskrit at Poona. He returned to Stuttgart in 1866, and was called to Munich in 1868 as Prof, of Sanskrit and comparative philology. His chief work is: Essays on the Sacred Languages, Writings, and Religion of the Parsees, Bombay, 1862; 2nd ed., 1878; 3rd ed., 1878. He translated the Aitareya-Brahmana of the Rigveda, Bombay, 1863, 2 vols.

'''Heidenhain, Rudolf Peter Heinrich'''. Prussian physician, b. at Marienwerder, Jan. 29, 1834; d. at Breslau, Oct. 13, 1897. Educated at Berlin, Halle, Königsberg. Considered as one of the best scholars of physiology in the 19th century, in the domain of which he is credited with epoch-making research on glands, nerves and hypnotic phenomena. Wrote a number of works and essays in support of his theories.

'''Heliodorus (5th cent.)'''. See Vol. VIII, p. 458, for data.